''Candidula'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of air-breathing
land snails,
terrestrial
Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth.
Terrestrial may also refer to:
* Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...
pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s in the family
Geomitridae,
.
[MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Candidula Kobelt, 1871. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426353 on 2020-07-25] the hairy snails and their allies.
The genus is characterized by the presence of a big dart sac, a sac containing an arrow-like structure found on a land snail's reproductive organs.
Species
Species within the genus ''Candidula
s.l.'' include:
[Welter Schultes F.(2009)]
"Genus summary for ''Candidula''"
AnimalBase, Accessed 14 November 2014.
* ''
Candidula candidescens''
A. J. Wagner, 1928 (taxon inquirendum)
* ''
Candidula castriota''
Soós, 1924
* ''
Candidula cavannae''
(Paulucci, 1881)
* ''
Candidula codia''
(Bourguignat, 1859)
* ''
Candidula eustricta''
(Bourguignat, 1863)
* ''
Candidula lernaea''
Hausdorf, 1991
* ''
Candidula rhabdotoides''
(Wagner, 1928)
* ''
Candidula rugosiuscula''
(Michaud, 1831)
* † ''
Candidula soosi''
(Gaál, 1910)
* ''
Candidula syrensis''
(Pfeiffer, 1846) species-complex! (taxon inquirendum)
* ''
Candidula unifasciata''
(Poiret, 1801) - type species
* ''
Candidula verticillata''
(Pfeiffer, 1871) (taxon inquirendum, generic affiliation unclear)
;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Candidula arganica''
(Servain, 1880): synonym of ''
Zarateana arganica''
(Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula belemensis'' (Servain, 1880): synonym of ''
Xeroplexa belemensis''
(Servain, 1880)
* ''Candidula camporroblensis''
(Fez, 1944): synonym of ''
Backeljaia camporroblensis''
(Fez, 1944) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula corbellai''
Martínez-Ortí, 2011: synonym of ''
Backeljaia corbellai''
(Martínez-Ortí, 2011) (original combination)
* ''Candidula coudensis''
Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010: synonym of ''
Xeroplexa coudensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010) (original combination)
* ''Candidula fiorii''
(Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938): synonym of ''
Xerogyra fiorii''
(Alzona & Alzona Bisachii, 1938) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula gigaxii''
(Pfeiffer, 1847): synonym of ''
Backeljaia gigaxii''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1847) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula grovesiana''
(Paulucci, 1881): synonym of ''
Xerogyra grovesiana''
(Paulucii, 1881) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula intersecta''
(Poiret, 1801): synonym of ''
Xeroplexa intersecta'' (Poiret, 1801) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula najerensis''
(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of ''
Backeljaia najerensis''
(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula olisippensis''
(Servain, 1880): synonym of ''
Xeroplexa olisippensis''
(Servain, 1880) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula rocandioi''
(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950): synonym of ''
Zarateana rocandioi''
(Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula setubalensis''
(Pfeiffer, 1850): synonym of ''
Xeroplexa setubalensis''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1850) (invalid combination)
* ''Candidula spadae''
(Calcara, 1845): synonym of ''
Xerogyra spadae''
(Calcara, 1845) (invalid combination)
* † ''Candidula striataformis''
(Lörenthey, 1906): synonym of †
Helicella striataformis (Lörenthey, 1906)
* ''Candidula ultima''
(Mousson, 1872): synonym of ''
Orexana ultima
''Orexana ultima'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. Daphnella (Asperdaphne) plutonis Thiele, 1925
The species is ...
''
(Mousson, 1872) (invalid combination)
Taxonomy
Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed the
polyphyly of the genus being divided into at least six genera
The species of ''Candidula s.l.'' should be classified as follows:
* ''
Backeljaia''
**''Backeljaia camporroblensis''
(Fez, 1944)
** ''Backeljaia corbellai'' (Martínez-Ortí, 2011)
** ''Backeljaia gigaxii'' (Pfeiffer, 1847)
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...
** ''Backeljaia najerensis'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
*''Candidula''
* ''
Orexana
''Orexana'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae.
It is distributed along west coast of Morocco and Canary Islands.
Species
Species within the ...
''
**''
Orexana ultima
''Orexana ultima'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. Daphnella (Asperdaphne) plutonis Thiele, 1925
The species is ...
'' (Mousson, 1872)
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...
* ''
Xerogyra''
**''Xerogyra fiorii'' (Alzona & Alzona Bisacchi, 1938)
** ''Xerogyra grovesiana'' (Paulucci, 1881)
** ''
Xerogyra spadae'' (Calcara, 1845)
* ''
Xeroplexa''
**''
Xeroplexa arrabidensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
** ''Xeroplexa belemensis''
(Servain, 1880): synonym of
Xeroplexa belemensis (Servain, 1880)
** ''
Xeroplexa carrapateirensis''
(Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
** ''Xeroplexa coudensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2010)
** ''Xeroplexa intersecta'' (Poiret, 1801)
** ''Xeroplexa olisippensis'' (Servain, 1880)
** ''
Xeroplexa ponsulensis'' (Holyoak & Holyoak, 2014)
** ''
Xeroplexa scabiosula''
(Locard, 1899)
** ''
Xeroplexa setubalensis''
(Pfeiffer, 1850) type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...
** ''Xeroplexa strucki''
(Maltzan, 1886)
* ''
Zarateana''
**''
Zarateana arganica'' (Servain, 1880)
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...
** ''
Zarateana rocandioi'' (Ortiz de Zárate y López, 1950)
References
* Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16th, 2017.
External links
Monterosato, T. A. di. (1892). Molluschi terrestri delle isole adiacenti alla Sicilia. Atti della Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Belle Arti di Palermo. 3rd Series, 2: 1-34Chueca, L. J., Gómez-Moliner, B. J., Madeira, M. J. & Pfenninger, M. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of Candidula (Geomitridae) land snails inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveals the polyphyly of the genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 118: 357-368
Gastropod genera
{{Geomitridae-stub