Camellia
Camellia japonica, known as common camellia[1] or Japanese camellia,
is one of the best known species of the genus Camellia. Sometimes
called the Rose of winter,[2] it belongs to the
Theaceae
Theaceae family. It is
the official state flower of Alabama. There are thousands of cultivars
of C. japonica in cultivation, with many different colors and forms of
flowers.
In the wild, it is found in mainland China (Shandong, east Zhejiang),
Taiwan, southern Korea and southern Japan.[3] It grows in forests, at
altitudes of around 300–1,100 metres (980–3,610 ft).[4]
Contents
1 Description
2 Taxonomy
2.1
Camellia
Camellia japonica var. japonica
2.2
Camellia
Camellia japonica var. rusticana
3 History
3.1 China
3.2 Australia
3.3 Europe
3.4 United States
4 Cultivars
4.1 Flower form or style
4.1.1 Single
4.1.2 Semi-Double
4.1.3 Irregular Semi-Double
4.1.4 Formal Double
4.1.5 Elegans Form
4.1.6 Informal Double
5 Cultivation
5.1 Diseases
6 In culture and art
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Description[edit]
A bud of a Japanese camellia
Camellia
Camellia japonica is a flowering tree or shrub, usually 1.5–6 metres
(4.9–19.7 ft) tall, but occasionally up to 11 metres
(36 ft) tall. Some cultivated varieties achieve a size of 72m²
or more. The youngest branches are purplish-brown, becoming
grayish-brown as they age. The alternately arranged leathery leaves
are dark green on the top side, paler on the underside, usually 5–11
centimetres (2.0–4.3 in) long by 2.5–6 centimetres
(1.0–2.4 in) wide with a stalk (petiole) about 5–10
millimetres (0.2–0.4 in) long. The base of the leaf is pointed
(cuneate), the margins are very finely toothed (serrulate) and the tip
somewhat pointed.[4]
In the wild, flowering is between January and March. The flowers
appear along the branches, particularly towards the ends, and have
very short stems. They occur either alone or in pairs, and are 6–10
centimetres (2.4–3.9 in) across. There are about nine greenish
bracteoles and sepals. Flowers of the wild species have six or seven
rose or white petals, each 3–4.5 centimetres (1.2–1.8 in)
long by 1.5–2.5 centimetres (0.6–1.0 in) wide; the innermost
petals are joined at the base for up to a third of their length.
(Cultivated forms often have more petals.) The numerous stamens are
2.5–3.5 centimetres (1.0–1.4 in) long, the outer whorl being
joined at the base for up to 2.5 centimetres (1.0 in). The
three-lobed style is about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) long.[4]
The fruit consists of a globe-shaped capsule with three compartments
(locules), each with one or two large brown seeds with a diameter of
1–2 centimetres (0.4–0.8 in). Fruiting occurs in September to
October in the wild.[4]
C. japonica leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera,
such as
The Engrailed
The Engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia). The Japanese white eye
bird (Zosterops japonica) pollinates
Camellia
Camellia japonica.[5]
Taxonomy[edit]
The genus
Camellia
Camellia was named after a Jesuit priest and botanist named
Georg Kamel.[6] The specific epithet japonica was given to the species
by
Carl Linnaeus
_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Carl_von_Linné,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg)
Carl Linnaeus in 1753 because
Engelbert Kaempfer
.jpg/660px-Beschrijving_van_Japan_-_ABC_(cropped).jpg)
Engelbert Kaempfer was the first to
give a description of the plant while in Japan.[7]
Two varieties are distinguished in the Flora of China: C. japonica
var. japonica and C. japonica var. rusticana[4][8]
Camellia
Camellia japonica var. japonica[edit]
C. japonica var. japonica is the form named by Linnaeus, and naturally
occurs in forests at altitudes of 300–1,100 metres
(980–3,610 ft) in Shandong, eastern
Zhejiang
.svg/550px-Zhejiang_in_China_(_all_claims_hatched).svg.png)
Zhejiang in mainland China
and in Taiwan, south Japan, and South Korea. The leaf has a glabrous
stem (petiole) about 1 centimetre (0.4 in) long. The bracteoles
and sepals are velvety (velutinous). It flowers between
January–March, and fruits in September–October.[8] It is grown as
a garden plant in the form of many cultivars throughout the world.
Camellia
Camellia japonica var. rusticana[edit]
C. japonica var. rusticana in the wild, Aizu area, Fukushima pref.,
Japan
Camellia
Camellia japonica var. rusticana (Honda) T. L. Ming naturally occurs
in forests in
Zhejiang
Zhejiang (island of
Zhoushan
Zhoushan Qundao) in mainland
China[8] and in Honshu, Japan. The leaf has a shorter petiole, about 5
millimetres (0.2 in) long, with fine hairs (pubescent) at the
base. The bracteoles and sepals are smooth (glabrous) on the outside.
The color of the flowers ranges from red through rose to pink,
flowering in April to May. This variety is regarded by some botanical
authorities to be a separate species:
Camellia
Camellia rusticana.[9]
In
Japan
Japan it is known by the common name "yuki-tsubaki" (snow camellia)
as it naturally occurs in areas of heavy snowfall at altitudes ranging
from 1,100 metres (3,500 ft) down to 120 metres (400 ft) on
sloping land under deciduous beech trees in the mountain regions to
the north of the main island of
Honshu
Honshu and facing the Sea of Japan. In
December heavy drifts of snow come in from the north, covering the
plants to a depth of up to 2.4 metres (8 ft). The bushes remain
covered by snow from December till the end of March when the snow
melts in early Spring and the camellias start flowering.[10]
Cultivars of C. japonica var. rusticana include: 'Nishiki-kirin',
'Nishiki-no-mine', 'Toyo-no-hikari' and 'Otome'.
History[edit]
China[edit]
A bonsai specimen of C. japonica
Camellia
Camellia japonica has appeared in paintings and porcelain in China
since the 11th century. Early paintings of the plant are usually of
the single red flowering type. However, a single white flowering plant
is shown in the scroll of the Four Magpies of the Song Dynasty.[7]
Australia[edit]
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Aspasia Macarthur'
The first records of camellias in Australia pertain to a consignment
to
Alexander Macleay
Alexander Macleay of
Sydney
Sydney that arrived in 1826 and were planted
in
Sydney
Sydney at Elizabeth Bay House.[11]
In 1838 six C. japonica plants were imported by the botanist,
horticulturist and agriculturist William Macarthur. During the years
that followed he brought in several hundred varieties and grew them at
Camden Park Estate.[12] For many years Macarthur's nursery was one of
the main sources of supply to the colony in Australia of ornamental
plants, as well as fruit trees and vines.[11]
In 1845,
William Macarthur
William Macarthur wrote to the London nurseryman Conrad
Loddiges, acknowledging receipt of camellias and mentioning: "I have
raised four or five hundred seedlings of camellia, chiefly from seeds
produced by 'Anemoniflora'. As this variety never has anthers of its
own, I fertilised its blossoms with pollen of C. reticulata and Sp.
maliflora." Although most of Macarthur's seedling varieties have been
lost to cultivation, some are still popular today, including 'Aspasia
Macarthur' (named after him).[11]
A well-known camellia nursery in
Sydney
Sydney was "
Camellia
Camellia Grove", set up
in 1852 by Silas Sheather who leased land adjoining the Parramatta
River on what was originally part of Elizabeth Farm.[13] Fuller's
Sydney
Sydney Handbook of 1877 describes his nursery as having 59 varieties
of camellias.[14]
Camellia
Camellia and other flowers from Sheather's nursery
were sent by steamship downriver to florists at
Sydney
Sydney Markets, tied
in bunches and suspended from long pieces of wood which were hung up
about the decks.[13][15] Silas Sheather developed a number of camellia
cultivars, the most popular (and still commercially grown) were C.
japonica 'Prince Frederick William' and C. japonica 'Harriet Beecher
Sheather', named after his daughter.[14][16] The area in the vicinity
of Sheather's nursery was eventually made a suburb and named Camellia,
in honor of
Camellia
Camellia Grove nursery.[17][18]
By 1883, Shepherd and Company, the leading nurserymen in Australia at
the time, listed 160 varieties of
Camellia
Camellia japonica.[12]
Associate Professor
Eben Gowrie Waterhouse
Eben Gowrie Waterhouse was a scholar, linguist,
garden designer and camellia expert who brought about a worldwide
revival of interest in the genus in the first half of the twentieth
century.[19] The E.G. Waterhouse National
Camellia
Camellia Garden in Sydney,
Australia is named after him.[20]
Europe[edit]
According to a research conducted in 1959, by Dr. Frederick Meyer, of
the United States Department of Agriculture, the camellias of Campo
Bello (Portugal) are the oldest known specimens in Europe, which would
have been planted around 1550, that is to say, these trees are
nowadays approximately 460 years old.[21] However it is said that the
camellia was first brought to the West in 1692 by Engelbert Kaempfer,
Chief Surgeon to the Dutch East India Company. He brought details of
over 30 varieties back from Asia.[22] Camellias were introduced into
Europe during the 18th century and had already been cultivated in the
Orient for thousands of years. Robert James of Essex, England, is
thought to have brought back the first live camellia to England in
1739. On his return from Dejima,
Carl Peter Thunberg made a short trip
to London where he made the acquaintance of Sir Joseph Banks. Thunberg
donated to Kew Botanic Gardens four specimens of
Camellia
Camellia japonica.
One of these was supposedly given in 1780 to the botanical garden of
Pillnitz Castle
Pillnitz Castle near
Dresden
Dresden in Germany where it currently measures
8.9 metres (29 feet) in height and 11 metres (36 feet) in
diameter.[23]
Camellia
Camellia japonica in the garden of Pillnitz Castle, Germany
The oldest trees of
Camellia
Camellia japonica in Europe can be found in
Campobello (Portugal),
Caserta
Caserta (Italy) and Pillnitz (Germany).[24]
These were probably planted at the end of the 16th century.
United States[edit]
In the U.S.A., camellias were first sold in 1807 as greenhouse plants,
but were soon distributed to be grown outdoors in the south.[6]
In Charleston, South Carolina, the estate garden of
Magnolia-on-the-Ashley introduced hundreds of new
Camellia
Camellia japonica
cultivars from the 19th century onwards, and its recently restored
collection has been designated an International
Camellia
Camellia Garden of
Excellence. "Debutante", a popular variety, was originally introduced
by Magnolia as "Sarah C. Hastie". The name was changed to give it more
marketing appeal.
Cross-breeding of camellias has produced many cultivars which are
tolerant of hardiness zone 6 winters. These camellia varieties can
grow in the milder parts of the lower Midwest (St. Louis, for
example), Pacific Northwest, NYC area (NYC/NJ/CT), and even Ontario,
Canada (near edge of the Great Lakes).
Cultivars[edit]
Camellia
Camellia japonica is valued for its flowers, which can be single,
semi-double or double flowered.[6] There are more than 2,000 cultivars
developed from C. japonica. The shade of the flowers can vary from red
to pink to white; they sometimes have multi-coloured stripes or
specks. Cultivars include 'Elegans' with large pink flowers which
often have white streaks, 'Giulio Nuccio' with red to pinkish petals
and yellow stamens, 'Mathotiana Alba' with pure white flowers, and the
light crimson semi-double-flowered 'The Czar'.[25]
C. japonica 'Alba Plena' is nicknamed the "Bourbon Camellia". Captain
Connor of the
East Indiaman
East Indiaman Carnatic.[26] brought the flower to
England in 1792.[27] The flowers are pure white and about 3 to
4 inches across. It blooms earlier than most cultivated
camellias, in the early winter or spring, and can flower for 4 to 5
months.[28]
The zig-zag camellia or C. japonica 'Unryu' has different zig-zag
branching patterns. "Unryu" means "dragon in the clouds" in Japanese;
the Japanese believe it looks like a dragon climbing up to the sky.
Another type of rare camellia is called the fishtail camellia or C.
japonica 'Kingyo-tsubaki'. The tips of the leaves of this plant
resemble a fish's tail.[29]
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's
Award of Garden Merit:[citation needed]
Name
Size
Flower colour
Ref.
Adelina Patti
06.5m²
pink/white
[30]
Adolphe Audusson
64.0m²
red
[31]
Akashigata
06.5m²
rose-pink
[32]
Alexander Hunter
16.0m²
deep crimson
[33]
Annie Wylam
10.0m²
pale pink
[34]
Australis
10.0m²
rose red
[35]
Berenice Boddy
10.0m²
pale pink
[36]
Bob Hope
10.0m²
deep red
[37]
Bob's Tinsie
02.5m²
bright red
[38]
Bokuhan
01.0m²
bright red
[39]
C.M. Hovey
10.0m²
rose pink
[40]
Carter's Sunburst
10.0m²
blush pink
[41]
Commander Mulroy
03.8m²
white
[42]
Drama Girl
10.0m²
rose pink
[43]
Gloire de Nantes
06.3m²
rose pink
[44]
Grand Prix
64.0m²
red
[45]
Name
Size
Flower colour
Ref.
Grand Slam
16.0m²
red
[46]
Giulio Nucco
10.0m²
deep pink
[47]
Hagoromo
10.0m²
blush pink
[48]
Hakurakuten
10.0m²
white
[49]
Joseph Pfingstl
16.0m²
deep red
[50]
Jupiter
10.0m²
rose red
[51]
Lavinia Maggi
16.0m²
white/cerise
[52]
Margaret Davies Picotee
10.0m²
white/red
[53]
Mars
16.0m²
deep red
[54]
Masayoshi
16.0m²
red/white
[55]
Mercury
06.3m²
crimson
[56]
Nuccio's Jewel
10.0m²
white/rose
[57]
Sylva
10.0m²
crimson
[58]
Tricolor
16.0m²
white/red
[59]
Wilamina
06.3m²
pink
[60]
Flower form or style[edit]
Camellia
Camellia flower forms are quite varied but the main types are single,
semi-double, formal double, informal double and elegans (or anemone)
form.
Single[edit]
Single flowers have five to a maximum of eight petals in one row,
petals loose, regular or irregular. May include petaloids; prominent
display of stamens & pistils.
'Ashiya'
'Kamo-honnnami'
'Sekidotaroan'
'Yuletide'
Semi-Double[edit]
Two or more rows of large regular, irregular or loose outer petals
(nine or more) with an uninterrupted cluster of stamens. May include
petaloids; petals may overlap or be set in rows for 'hose in hose'
effect.
'C.M. Wilson'
'The Czar'
'Dr. Tinsley'
'Dr. Clifford Parks'
'Mercury Supreme'
'Royal Velvet'
'Triphosa'
'Ville De Nantes'
Irregular Semi-Double[edit]
A semi-double with one or more petaloids interrupting the cluster of
stamens.
'Bob Hope'
'Drama Girl'
'Fred Sander'
Unidentified cultivar
Formal Double[edit]
Many rows and number of petals (sometimes more than a hundred),
regularly disposed, tiered or imbricated, but no visible stamens.
Usually with a central cone of tightly furled petals.
'Hikarugenji'
'Black Lace'
'Coquettii'
'Dahlohnega'
'Duchesse de Berry'
'White by the Gate'
Elegans Form[edit]
One or more rows of large outer petals lying flat or undulating, with
a mass of intermingled petaloids and stamens in the center. Previously
called "Anemone Form".
'Althaeiflora'
'Bernhard Lauterbach'
'Chandler's Elegance'
'Nobilissima'
Informal Double[edit]
A mass of raised petals with petaloids (parts of the flower that have
assumed the appearance of small, narrow or twisted petals). Stamens
may or may not be visible. Previously called "Peony Form".
'Ann Blair Brown Variegated'
'Colombo'
'Frankie Winn'
'Nuccio's Jewel'
Cultivation[edit]
Camellias should be planted in the shade in organic, somewhat acidic,
semi-moist but well drained soil. If the soil is not well drained, it
can cause the roots to rot.[61]
As a
Camellia
Camellia species, C. japonica can be used to make tea. Its
processed leaves show aromatic fragrance. It contains caffeine and
catechins of the same kind as C. sinensis.[62]
Diseases[edit]
Some fungal and algal diseases include: Spot Disease, which gives the
upper side of leaves a silver color and round spots, and can cause
loss of leaves; Black Mold; Leaf Spot; Leaf Gall; Flower Blight, which
causes flowers to become brown and fall; Root Rot; and Canker caused
by the fungus Glomerella cingulata, which penetrates plants through
wounds. Some insects and pests of C. japonica are the Fuller Rose
Beetle Pantomorus cervinus, the mealybugs Planococcus citri and
Pseudococcus longispinus, the weevils Otiorhyncus salcatus and
Otiorhyncus ovatus, and the tea scale Fiorinia theae.
Some physiological diseases include salt injury which results from
high levels of salt in soil; chlorosis which is thought to be caused
lack of certain elements in the soil or insufficient acidity
preventing their absorption by the roots; bud drop which causes loss
or decay of buds, and can be caused by over-watering, high
temperatures, or pot-bound roots. Other diseases are oedema and
sunburn. Not much is known about viral diseases in C. japonica.[63]
In culture and art[edit]
C. japonica on a Japanese postage stamp.
Camellias are seen as lucky symbols for the
Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year and
spring and were even used as offerings to the gods during the Chinese
New Year. It is also thought that Chinese women would never wear a
Camellia
Camellia in their hair because it opened much later after the bud
formed. This was thought to signify that she would not have a son for
a long time.[7]
One of the most important plants related to
Camellia
Camellia japonica is the
Camellia
Camellia sinensis, which is the plant tea comes from. This plant is
not usually grown in gardens because it has small white flowers,
unlike the
Camellia
Camellia japonica, which has larger, more beautiful
flowers. It is not seen in art as often as the
Camellia
Camellia japonica, but
it is shown in a painting called the Song Hundred Flowers which hangs
in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
Camellia
Camellia sinensis may have been used
as medicine during the Shang Dynasty. It was first used for drinking
during the Zhou Dynasty.[7]
The following is a poem written by English evangelical Protestant
writer
Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna
Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna in 1834:[64]
THE WHITE CAMELLIA JAPONICA.
Thou beauteous child of purity and grace,
What element could yield so fair a birth?
Defilement bore me — my abiding place
Was mid the foul clods of polluted earth.
But light looked on me from a holier sphere,
To draw me heavenward — then I rose and shone;
And can I vainly to thine eye appear,
Thou dust-born gazer? make the type thine own.
From thy dark dwelling look thou forth, and see
The purer beams that brings a lovelier change for thee.
See also[edit]
List of
Award of Garden Merit
Award of Garden Merit camellias
References[edit]
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Camellia japonica".
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^ "
Camellia
Camellia rusticana". The
Plant
Plant List. Retrieved 17 August
2014.
^ Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (August 1963). "
Camellia
Camellia rusticana - The
"Snow-camellia" of Japan" (PDF). The
Camellia
Camellia Bulletin. 16 (4):
8.
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Camellia
Camellia Yearbook: 65.
^ a b Barker, Geoff (14 May 2014). "The
Parramatta River
Parramatta River 1848 to 1861
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^ "Horticultur, Farming, Etc". The
Sydney
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^ The Book of
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Sydney Suburbs, Compiled by Frances Pollen, Angus &
Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia
ISBN 0-207-14495-8
^ McClymont, John (2009). "Camellia".
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^ O'Neil, W.M. "Eben Gowrie Waterhouse". Australian Dictionary of
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2016.
^ E. G. Waterhouse National
Camellia
Camellia Garden (official website)
^ Jorge Garrido: "Portuguese Camellias, History&Beauty"
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^ oakleafgardening.com
^ "Die Pillnitzer Kamelie (
Camellia
Camellia japonica L.)" (in German).
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^ P. Vela, J. L. Couselo, C. Salinero, M. González, M. J. Sainz:
"Morpho-botanic and molecular characterization of the oldest camellia
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Camellia Journal, No. 41, 2009,
pp. 51-57
^ Nico Vermeulen. The Complete Encyclopedia of Container Plants, pp.
65-66. Rebo International, Netherlands, 1998. ISBN 90-366-1584-4
^ http://www.internationalcamellia.org/camellia-japonica-alba-plena
^ Booth, William B. History and Description of the
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^ Kirton, Meredith. Dig: Modern Australian Gardening. Murdoch Books,
2004. 399. ISBN 1-74045-365-4
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Adelina Patti'". Retrieved
13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Adolphe Audusson'".
Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Akashigata'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Alexander Hunter'".
Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Annie Wylam'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Australis'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Berenice Boddy'". Retrieved
13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Bob Hope'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Bob's Tinsie'". Retrieved
13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Bokuhan'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'C. M. Hovey'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Carter's Sunburst'".
Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Commander Mulroy'".
Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Drama Girl'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Gloire de Nantes'".
Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Grand Prix'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Grand Slam'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Guilio Nucco'". Retrieved
13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Hagoromo'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Hakurakuten'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Joseph Pfingstl'".
Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Jupiter'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Lavinia Maggi'". Retrieved
13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Margaret Davies'".
Retrieved 13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Mars'". Retrieved 13 June
2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Masayoshi'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Mercury'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Nuccio's Jewel'". Retrieved
13 June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Sylva'". Retrieved 13 June
2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Tricolor'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ "RHS
Plant
Plant Selector -
Camellia
Camellia japonica 'Wilamina'". Retrieved 13
June 2013.
^ Francko, David. A. Palms won't grow here and other myths. Oregon:
Timber Press, Inc. 2003. ISBN 0-88192-575-6
^ Major Components of Teas Manufactured with Leaf and Flower of Korean
Native
Camellia
Camellia japonica L. Cha Young-Ju, Lee Jang-Won, Kim Ju-Hee,
Park Min-Hee and Lee Sook-Young, Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop
Science, Volume 12, Issue 3, 2004, pages 183-190 (abstract in English)
^ Pirone, Pascal P. Diseases and pests of ornamental plants. Edition
5. John Wiley and Sons. 1978. 172-175.
^ Elizabeth, Charlotte (1846). Posthumous and Other Poems. Seeley,
Burnside, and Seeley. p. 91.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Camellia
Camellia japonica.
Media related to
Camellia
Camellia cultivars at Wikimedia Commons
The International
Camellia
Camellia Society
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q160121
APDB: 12241
EoL: 484988
EPPO: CAHJA
FoC: 200014034
GBIF: 3189636
GRIN: 8711
iNaturalist: 83056
IPNI: 828524-1
ITIS: 506117
IUCN: 62054114
NCBI: 4443
PalDat: Camellia_japonica
Plant
Plant List: kew-2694618
PLANTS: CAJA9
Tropic
