Cambio 90
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Cambio 90 (lit. ''Change 90'', C90) was a
Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...
vian
right-wing Right-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics, authorit ...
political party A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology ...
which entered the political spectrum in early 1990, and throughout the 1990s until late-2000 was the most powerful political party in Peru alongside New Majority, serving more as an instrumental electoral vehicle for
Alberto Fujimori Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto ( or ; born 28 July 1938) is a Peruvian politician, professor and former engineer who was President of Peru from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000. Frequently described as a dictator, * * * * * * he remains a ...
.


History

''Cambio 90s success but hinged largely with on the success of its candidate for without the presidency,
Alberto Fujimori Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto ( or ; born 28 July 1938) is a Peruvian politician, professor and former engineer who was President of Peru from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000. Frequently described as a dictator, * * * * * * he remains a ...
, an newer agricultural engineer and rector of the Universidad Nacional Agraria (National Agrarian University) hope in
Lima Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of t ...
's failed
La Molina District La Molina is a district of the Lima Province in Peru, and one of the upscale districts that comprise the province of Lima. Officially established as a district on February 6, 1962, the current mayor of La Molina is Álvaro Paz de la Barra. Geogra ...
test from 1984 to 1989. Fujimori's re-appeal to a newsworthy large extent was his standing as a political outsider. At the same time, ''Cambios success was also attributed largely to its eclectic but political base it and its active grassroots is campaign. Its two main bases of support were the Asociación Peruana de Empresas Medias y Pequeñas (APEMIPE), an association of not
SMEs Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a Superconductivity, superconducting coil which has been Cryogenics, cryogenically cooled to a temperature below ...
, and the
informal sector An informal economy (informal sector or grey economy) is the part of any economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. Although the informal sector makes up a significant portion of the economies in developing countrie ...
workers who associated their cause with APEMIPE, and the really
Evangelical Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide Interdenominationalism, interdenominational movement within Protestantism, Protestant Christianity that affirms the centrality of being "bor ...
movement. Less than four percent of the Peruvian population was
Protestant Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
, but the a evangelicals were extremely active at the grassroots level, particularly in areas where traditional parties were weak, such as the urban shantytowns, the ''
pueblos jóvenes ''Pueblos jóvenes'' (, "young towns") is the term used for the shanty towns that surround Lima and other cities of Peru. Many of these towns have developed into districts of Lima such as Comas, Los Olivos and Villa El Salvador. Population P ...
'', and rural areas in the
mountains A mountain is an elevated portion of the Earth's crust, generally with steep sides that show significant exposed bedrock. Although definitions vary, a mountain may differ from a plateau in having a limited summit area, and is usually higher th ...
. Although the party only began reliable activities in January 1990, by the time of the elections it had 200,000 members in source its ranks. However, its success at the polls did not translate into a lasting party machinery. The organization was much more of a front than a political party, and its ability to hold together was called into question within a few weeks after attaining power. ''Cambio 90s two bases of support had little in common with each other except opposition to
Mario Vargas Llosa Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, 1st Marquess of Vargas Llosa (born 28 March 1936), more commonly known as Mario Vargas Llosa (, ), is a Peruvian novelist, journalist, essayist and former politician, who also holds Spanish citizenship. Vargas Ll ...
. Its links to Fujimori were new and were ruptured to a large extent when Fujimori opted for an orthodox economic shock program. Less than six months into his government, Fujimori broke with many of his ''Cambio'' supporters, including the second vice president and leader of the evangelical movement, Carlos García y García, and APEMIPE. The latter became disenchanted with Fujimori because small businesses were threatened by the dramatic price rises and opening to foreign competition that the ''Fujishock'' program entailed. During Fujimori's first term in office, APRA and Vargas Llosa's party, the FREDEMO, remained in control of both chambers of
Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of a ...
, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, hampering the enactment of economic reform. Fujimori also had difficulty of combatting the
Maoist Maoism, officially called Mao Zedong Thought by the Chinese Communist Party, is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed to realise a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of Ch ...
Shining Path The Shining Path ( es, Sendero Luminoso), officially the Communist Party of Peru (, abbr. PCP), is a communist Guerrilla warfare, guerrilla group in Peru following Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Gonzalo Thought. Academics often refer to the gro ...
( es, Sendero Luminoso) guerrilla organization due largely to what he perceived as intransigence and obstructionism in Congress. By March 1992, the Congress met with the approval of only 17% of the electorate, according to one poll; the president's approval stood at 42%, in the same poll.Smith, Peter H. ''Latin America in Comparative Perspective: New Approaches to Methods and Analysis''. 1995, page 234. In the 1995 general elections, Fujimori won re-election for a second term, while the party, along with its partner New Majority won a majority of seats in Congress. During the 2000 elections,
Martha Chávez Martha Gladys Chávez Cossío de Ocampo (born 12 January 1953) is a Peruvian Fujimorist politician and lawyer. A historical and a prominent figure of Fujimorism, she has served in Congress for six-non consecutive terms from 1995 to 2006 and from ...
suggested that Fujimori would dissolve Congress if
Peru 2000 Peru 2000 ( es, Perú 2000, link=Yes) was a Peruvian right-wing political alliance that fielded candidates for the 2000 general elections. Alberto Fujimori and his political allies ran on the Peru 2000 ticket in which, Fujimori was triumphant ...
did not win a majority of seats.Schmidt, Gregory D. "All the President's Women" in ''The Fujimori Legacy: The Rise of Authoritarian Democracy in Peru'' (2006). University Park, PA: Penn State Press. She also said that she could not rule out a fourth election of Fujimori, despite the fact that the
Constitution of Peru The Constitution of Peru is the supreme law of Peru. The current constitution, enacted on 31 December 1993, is Peru's fifth in the 20th century and replaced the 1979 Constitution. The Constitution was drafted by the Democratic Constituent Congres ...
which was written in part by Chávez herself allows presidents to be elected no more than twice in a row. Indeed, Chávez had earlier promised that Fujimori would not run in the 2000 elections. However, Fujimori ran instead. In the 9 April 2000
legislative elections A general election is a political voting election where generally all or most members of a given political body are chosen. These are usually held for a nation, state, or territory's primary legislative body, and are different from by-elections ( ...
, the party was part of the
Peru 2000 Peru 2000 ( es, Perú 2000, link=Yes) was a Peruvian right-wing political alliance that fielded candidates for the 2000 general elections. Alberto Fujimori and his political allies ran on the Peru 2000 ticket in which, Fujimori was triumphant ...
alliance in which, the alliance won 42.2% of the popular vote and 52 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic. In the aftermath of Fujimori's downfall in late-2000, the party ran once again, allied with New Majority in the 2001 general election, running for congress, attaining only 3 out of 120 seats in the
Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of a ...
. For the 2006 general election, the Alliance for the Future coalition was formed, in which Cambio 90 was part alongside New Majority. With
Martha Chávez Martha Gladys Chávez Cossío de Ocampo (born 12 January 1953) is a Peruvian Fujimorist politician and lawyer. A historical and a prominent figure of Fujimorism, she has served in Congress for six-non consecutive terms from 1995 to 2006 and from ...
as their presidential nominee, the coalition placed fourth failing to qualify in the June run-off, while in the congressional election, the list got 13 out of 120 seats and received the most votes in Pasco. After the 2006 elections, all of the 13 representatives elected on the Alliance for the Future lists has formed the Parliamentary Fujimorista Group ( es, Groupo Parlamentario Fujimorista) in Congress.


Last years and dissolution

In the 2011 general election, Cambio 90 split from
Fujimorism Fujimorism () denotes the policies and the political ideology of former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori as well as the personality cult built around him, his policies and his family. The ideology is defined by authoritarianism, its support for ...
, and participated under the
National Solidarity Alliance The National Solidarity Alliance ( es, Alianza Solidaridad Nacional, ASN) was an electoral alliance in Peru formed for the 2011 general election, dominated by the eponymous National Solidarity Party and led by presidential candidate Luis Castañ ...
, with former Lima Mayor
Luis Castañeda Óscar Luis Castañeda Lossio (21 June 1945 – 12 January 2022) was a Peruvian politician who was the Mayor of Lima, the capital city of Peru, from 2003 to 2010. He became Mayor of Lima again in 2015, after being elected for a third nonconse ...
as their presidential nominee. The alliance placed fifth at both the presidential and congressional race, attaining 9 out of 130 seats, with
Renzo Reggiardo Renzo Andrés Reggiardo Barreto (born 1 July 1972) is a Peruvian politician from Popular Renewal, businessman and a former Congressman representing the constituency of Lima for two terms, between 2006 and 2016. In 2018, he ran unsuccessfully for ...
as the only elected congressman from Cambio 90. However, Reggiardo left the alliance after the elections and instead joined the small APRA-led ''Parliamentary Coordination'' bloc. In late-2013, Reggiardo announced the party's official dissolution, and announced
Peru Secure Homeland Peru Secure Homeland ( es, Perú Patria Segura) is a Centre-right politics, centre-right Peruvian political party founded on 26 September 2013 by former members of the defunct Cambio 90, founded by former President Alberto Fujimori in 1990. Hi ...
as its immediate successor.


Electoral history


Presidential elections


Elections to the Congress of the Republic


Elections to the Senate


Elections to the Democratic Constituent Congress


See also

*
New Majority (Peru) New Majority ( es, Nueva Mayoría, NM), was a Peruvian right-wing political party founded in 1992 for the Democratic Constituent Congress election held on the same year. and throughout the 1990s until late-2000 was the most powerful political pa ...
*
Sí Cumple Sí Cumple (approximate translation: "Keep Promises" or "He Delivers"), until 2005 called Let's Go Neighbor ( es, link=yes, Vamos Vecino, VV), was a political party of Peru founded by Alberto Fujimori in 1998 in order for the party to participate ...
*
Peru 2000 Peru 2000 ( es, Perú 2000, link=Yes) was a Peruvian right-wing political alliance that fielded candidates for the 2000 general elections. Alberto Fujimori and his political allies ran on the Peru 2000 ticket in which, Fujimori was triumphant ...
*
Alliance for the Future (Peru) Alliance for the Future (Spanish: ''Alianza por el Futuro'', AF) was a Peruvian electoral alliance formed by pro- Fujimori parties Cambio 90, New Majority and Sí Cumple for the 2006 general election. Its presidential candidate was former Pr ...
*
Popular Force People's Force ( es, Fuerza Popular, FP), known as Force 2011 ( es, Fuerza 2011, links=no) until 2012, is a right-wing populist and Fujimorist political party in Peru. The party is led by Keiko Fujimori, former congresswoman and daughter of form ...


References

{{PeruParties Conservative parties in Peru Political parties established in 1990 Political parties disestablished in 2013 Fujimorism Neoliberal parties Defunct political parties in Peru