Calluna vulgaris (known as common heather, ling, or simply heather)^[1] is the sole species in the genus Calluna in the flowering plant family Ericaceae. It is a low-growing perennial shrub growing to 20 to 50 centimetres (7.9 to 19.7 in) tall, or rarely to 1 metre (39 in) and taller,^[2] and is found widely in Europe and Asia Minor on acidic soils in open sunny situations and in moderate shade. It is the dominant plant in most heathland and moorland in Europe, and in some bog vegetation and acidic pine and oak woodland. It is tolerant of grazing and regenerates following occasional burning, and is often managed in nature reserves and grouse moors by sheep or cattle grazing, and also by light burning.

Calluna was separated from the closely related genus Erica by Richard Anthony Salisbury, who devised the generic name Calluna probably from the Greek Kallyno (καλλύνω), "beautify, sweep clean", in reference to its traditional use in besoms. The specific epithet vulgaris is Latin for 'common'. Calluna is differentiated from Erica by its corolla and calyx each being in four parts instead of five.

Description

Calluna has small scale-leaves (less than 2–3 mm long) borne in opposite and decussate pairs, whereas those of Erica are generally larger and in whorls of 3-4, sometimes 5.^[3] The flowers emerge in late summer; in wild plants these are normally mauve, but white-flowered plants also occur occasionally. They are terminal in racemes with sepal-like bracts at the base with a superior ovary, the fruit a capsule.^[4] Unlike Erica, Calluna sometimes sports double flowers. Calluna is sometimes referred to as Summer (or Autumn) heather to distinguish it from winter or spring flowering species of Erica.

Distribution

Calluna is native to Europe, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and the Azores.^[5] It has been introduced into many other places worldwide with suitable climates, including North America, Australia, New Zealand and the Falkland Islands.^[6]

Cultivation

Despised until the 19th century for its associations with the most rugged rural poverty, heather's growth in popularity may be paralleled with the vogue for alpine plants. It is a very popular ornamental plant in gardens and for landscaping, in lime-free areas where it will thrive, but has defeated many a gardener on less acid soil.^[7] There are many named cultivars, selected for variation in flower colour and for different foliage colour and growing habits.

Different cultivars have flower colours ranging from white, through pink and a wide range of purples, and including reds. The flowering season with different cultivars extends from late July to November in the northern hemisphere. The flowers may turn brown but still remain on the plants over winter, and this can lead to interesting decorative effects.

Cultivars with ornamental foliage are usually selected for reddish and golden leaf colour. A few forms can be silvery grey. Many of the ornamental foliage forms change colour with the onset of winter weather, usually increasing in intensity of colour. Some forms are grown for distinctive young spring foliage. Cultivars include ‘Beoley Crimson’ (Crimson red), ‘Boskoop’ (light purple), ‘Cuprea’ (copper), 'Firefly' (deep mauve),‘Long White’ (white).

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

'Alexandra' (Garden Girls series)[8] 'Alicia' (Garden Girls series)[9] 'Allegro'[10] 'Annette' (Garden Girls series)[11] 'Anne Marie'[12] 'Anthony Davis'[13] 'Beoley Gold'[14] 'Dark Beauty'[15] 'Dark Star'[16] 'Darkness'[17]

'Elsie Purnell'[18] 'Firefly'[19] 'Joy Vanstone'[20] 'Kerstin'[21] 'Kinlochruel'[22] 'Mair's Variety'[23] 'Mullion'[24] 'My Dream'[25] 'Peter Sparkes'[26] 'Radnor'[27]

'Robert Chapman'[28] 'Roland Haagen'[29] 'Serlei Aurea'[30] 'Silver Rose'[31] 'Sir John Charrington'[32] 'Sister Anne'[33] 'Spring Cream'[34] 'Sunset'[35] 'Tib'[36] 'Wickwar Flame'[37]

Uses

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Heather is an important food source for various sheep and deer which can graze the tips of the plants when snow covers low-growing vegetation. Willow Grouse and Red Grouse feed on the young shoots and seeds of this plant.^[38] Both adult and larva of the Heather Beetle Lochmaea suturalis feed on it, and can cause extensive mortality in some instances. The larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species also feed on the plant, notably the small emperor moth Saturnia pavonia.

Formerly heather was used to dye wool yellow and to tan leather. With malt, heather is an ingredient in gruit, a mixture of flavourings used in the brewing of heather-beer during the Middle Ages before the use of hops. Thomas Pennant wrote in A Tour in Scotland (1769) that on the Scottish island of Islay "ale is frequently made of the young tops of heath, mixing two thirds of that plant with one of malt, sometimes adding hops".^[39] The use of heather in the brewing of modern heather beer is carefully regulated. By law^[specify], the heather must be cleaned carefully before brewing, as the undersides of the leaves may contain a dusting of an ergot-like fungus, which is a hallucinogenic intoxicant.^{[citation needed]}

From time immemorial heather has been used for making besoms, a practice recorded in Buy Broom Buzzems a song probably written by William Purvis (Blind Willie) (1752–1832) from Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.

Heather honey is a highly valued product in moorland and heathland areas, with many beehives being moved there in late summer. Not always as valued as it is today,^[40] it was dismissed as mel improbum by Dioscurides.^[41] Heather honey has a characteristic strong taste, and an unusual texture, for it is thixotropic, being a jelly until stirred, when it becomes a syrup like other honey, but then sets again to a jelly. This makes the extraction of the honey from the comb difficult, and it is therefore often sold as comb honey.

White heather is regarded in Scotland as being lucky,^[42] a tradition brought from Balmoral to England by Queen Victoria^[43] and sprigs of it are often sold as a charm and worked into bridal bouquets.

Heather stalks are used by a small industry in Scotland as a raw material for sentimental jewelry. The stalks are stripped of bark, dyed in bright colors and then compressed with resin.

Calluna vulgaris herb has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea for treatment of disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract.^[44]

Invasive species

The plant was introduced to New Zealand and has become an invasive weed in some areas, notably the Tongariro National Park on the North Island and the Wilderness Reserve (Te Anau) on the South Island, overgrowing native plants. Heather beetles have been released to stop the heather, with preliminary trials successful to date.^[45]

Chemistry

The shoots of Calluna vulgaris contain the phenolic compounds chlorogenic acid, its 3-O-glucoside, 3-O-galactoside and 3-O-arabinoside.^[46]

Cultural references

Heather is seen as iconic of Scotland, where the plant grows widely. When poems like Bonnie Auld Scotland speak of "fragrant hills of purple heather', when the hero of Kidnapped flees through the heather, when heather and Scotland are linked in the same sentence, the heather talked about is Calluna vulgaris.^[47]

Scottish writer Nan Shepherd speaks of the heather in her book The Living Mountain.

The Robert E. Howard story "Kings of the Night" frequently references heather when describing a portion of what would later become Great Britain.

The English folksong, Scarborough Fair, has the line, "Gather it all in a bunch of heather".

The Joy of Living, written by folksinger-songwriter Ewan MacColl refers to his growing old and his saying goodbye to the hills, mountains and his loved ones, the last verse containing his dying wishes in the lines: "Take me to some high place of heather, rock and ling, Scatter my dust and ashes, feed me to the wind...". MacColl's most famous song, The Manchester Rambler, relates to the Mass Trespass of Kinder Scout in 1932, in which he retorts to an angry gamekeeper: "My rucksack has oft been my pillow, The heather has oft been my bed, And sooner than part from the mountains, I think I would rather be dead".

A poem written by Robert Louis Stevenson, Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend, tells a story of a long-forgotten drink of heather ale.

Purple heather is one of the two national flowers of Norway.

See also

• List of Lepidoptera that feed on Calluna
• Heath (habitat).
• Erica

References

External links

• Media related to Calluna at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Calluna at Wikispecies