Budin Eyalet (also known as Province of Budin/Buda or Pashalik of Budin/Buda, ota, ایالت بودین, Eyālet-i Budin) was an

administrative territorial entity Administration may refer to: Management of organizations * Management, the act of directing people towards accomplishing a goal ** Administrative Assistant, traditionally known as a Secretary, or also known as an administrative officer, adminis ...

of the Ottoman Empire in Central Europe and the Balkans. It was formed on the territories that Ottoman Empire conquered from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and Serbian Despotate. The capital of the Budin Province was Budin (Hungarian: Buda). Population of the province was ethnically and religiously diverse and included Hungarians, Croats, Serbs,

Bosniaks The Bosniaks ( bs, Bošnjaci, Cyrillic: Бошњаци, ; , ) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry ...

, Slovaks, Muslims of various ethnic origins (living mainly in the cities) and others (Jews, Romani people, Romani, etc.). The city of Buda itself became majority Muslim during the seventeenth century, largely through the immigration of Balkan Muslims.

History

In the 16th century the Ottoman Empire had conquered the southern "line of fortresses" (végvár) of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Battle of Mohács where the Kingdom of Hungary was heavily defeated, and the turmoil caused by the defeat, the influence was spread on the middle part of the Kingdom of Hungary. While Ottoman troops invaded Buda in 1526 and 1529, Suleyman I used the Buda area as a territory of the allied kingdom and did not annex it fully to the Empire. In 1541, Suleyman decided to consolidate the conquered Buda area and to set it up as an organic part of the Empire. He drove away the Austrian commander Wilhelm von Roggendorf, besieging the city, and on 29 August 1541 he took control of the city, together with the city on the other side of the Danube, Pest County, Pest. He immediately organised the first Central European eyalet (province) with its capital in Buda (''Budin'' in Turkish language, Turkish). The same year, several other cities fell under Ottoman rule: Szeged, Kalocsa and Subotica, Szabadka (Serbian: Subotica). In the years 1543–44, the Ottomans conquered the fortresses of Nógrád, Vác, Székesfehérvár, Fehérvár, Pécs and Siklós which were embedded into the new eyalet. In 1552 the eyalet was expanded with new territories in the North, and the new Temeşvar Eyalet, Eyalet of Temeşvar was established. Military control of the surrounding areas was driven from Budin. The following year, the advance of the Ottomans slowed down and the territory of the Budin vilajet did not change until the ending of the Long War (Ottoman wars), Fifteen Years War and the Peace of Zsitvatorok, where the Ottomans lost territories North of Nógrád. However Eger, Hungary, Eğri and Nagykanizsa, Kanije were captured during these wars and were shortly managed as sanjaks in this province. The territory of the eyalet was significantly reduced in size with the establishment of the eyalets of Eğri Eyalet, Eğri (1596) and Kanije Eyalet, Kanije (1600). By Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters Nevertheless, it remained the foremost Ottoman province in Central Europe, owing to the strategic importance of Budin as a major port on the Danube. In the 17th century Kara Mustafa Pasha conquered more areas from the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary and its vassal, the Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711), Principality of Transylvania, but did not succeed in conquering Vienna in 1683. This failed attempt heralded the gradual decline of Ottoman power in Europe. On 2 September 1686 Siege of Buda (1686), Budin was captured by the troops of the Holy League (1684), Holy League.

Military

Military clashes between the House of Habsburg, Habsburgs and the Ottomans were inevitable. They formed a border with one another, and although the European Eyalet had been established, there was a strong military presence in Buda. The number of the troops in the province at this time is difficult to estimate. There are documents to show 10,200 soldiers in the fortresses in 1546, and 12,451 soldiers in 1568. Auxiliary troops called sipahi were also present. The cost of maintaining this large force put pressure on the budget of the province. In 1552, for example, the Ottoman Porte, Porte sent 440,000 gold coins to Budin to provision the army. If the sultan or the beylerbey was not present, then the post of general commander was taken by the pashas of Budin.

Fortresses

The Ottoman Empire put all efforts to strengthen the stronghold in Budin. They built several rings of defence around Budin and defended roads for supplies to Vienna, as their aim was to crush the capital of the Habsburgs, which they did not succeed. The most important fortresses around Budin were Esztergom, Székesfehérvár, and also less important Vác and Visegrád. To the south, the most relevant fortress was Szigetvár.

Budin

In the 145 years Ottoman era, the city of Budin was not converted to the "Italian" type of defensive fortress, which was in the fashion at that time. The old fortress was enlarged by the "Víziváros" walls and a small stronghold was built on the Gellért hill. The Buda Castle, Budin Castle was already standing on a Medieval castle, with more or less same walls as per now. Various towers were built by Ottomans i.e. "Murad pasha tower" (Turkish: ''Murat paşa kulesi'') between 1650 and 1653. The walls were enlarged in Gellért hill, in Rózsadomb, Nap-hegy and on the side of the Danube. The main castle was also walled inside, where they have made small openings so that the sentry could move easily.

Administrative divisions

After 1541, province included following sanjaks:Dr Dušan J. Popović, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga I, Novi Sad, 1990, page 201. #Sanjak of Budin (Buda) #Sanjak of Sanjak of Smederevo, Semendire (Smederevo) #Sanjak of Zvornik, İzvornik (Zvornik) #Sanjak of Vučitrn, Vulçetrin (Vushtrri) #Sanjak of Sanjak of Pojega, Pojega (Požega) #Sanjak of Mohács, Mohaç (Mohács) #Sanjak of İstolni Belgrad (Székesfehérvár) #Sanjak of Segedin (Szeged) #Sanjak of Sanjak of Syrmia, Sirem (Syrmia) #Sanjak of Törökkoppány, Kopan (Koppany) #Sanjak of Siklos, Şikloş (Siklos) #Sanjak of Pécs, Peçuy (Pécs) #Sanjak of Vidin #Sanjak of Kruševac, Alacahisar (Kruševac) #Sanjak of Cenad, Çanad (Cenad) #Sanjak of Beçkerek (Zrenjanin) #Sanjak of Hipovo In about 1566, province included following sanjaks: #Sanjak of Budin (Buda) #Sanjak of Sanjak of Smederevo, Semendire (Smederevo) #Sanjak of Sanjak of Pojega, Pojega (Požega) #Sanjak of Mohács, Mıhaç (Mohács) #Sanjak of Székesfehérvár, İstolni Belgrad (Székesfehérvár) #Sanjak of Segedin (Szeged) #Sanjak of Sanjak of Syrmia, Sirem (Syrmia) #Sanjak of Babocsa, Baboça (Babocsa) #Sanjak of Szigetvár, Zigetvar (Szigetvar) #Sanjak of Pécs, Peçuy (Pécs) #Sanjak of Esztergom, Estergon (Esztergom) #Sanjak of Hatvan #Sanjak of Filakovo, Filek (Filakovo) #Sanjak of Szécsény, Seçen (Szécsény) #Sanjak of Szolnok, Sonluk (Szolnok) #Sanjak of Simontornya, Şimontorna (Simontornya) #Sanjak of Törökkoppány, Kopan (Koppány) #Sanjak of Siklós, Şikloş (Siklós) #Sanjak of Szekszárd, Sekçay (Szekszárd) #Sanjak of Nograd, Novigrad (Nograd) #Sanjak of Veszprém, Pespirim (Veszprém) In about 1600, province included following sanjaks: #Sanjak of Sanjak of Smederevo, Semendire (Smederevo) #Sanjak of Sanjak of Syrmia, Sirem (Syrmia) #Sanjak of Ráckeve #Sanjak of Törökkoppány, Kopan (Koppány) #Sanjak of Székesfehérvár, İstolni Belgrad (Székesfehérvár) #Sanjak of Mohács, Mıhaç (Mohács) #Sanjak of Siklós, Şikloş (Siklós) #Sanjak of Seçuy In 1610, province included following sanjaks: #Sanjak of Budin (Buda) #Sanjak of Sanjak of Syrmia, Sirem (Syrmia) #Sanjak of Ráckeve #Sanjak of Törökkoppány, Kopan (Koppány) #Sanjak of Székesfehérvár, İstolni Belgrad (Székesfehérvár) #Sanjak of Mohács, Mıhaç (Mohács) Before the end of Ottoman administration (i.e. before 1699), province included following sanjaks: #Sanjak of Budin (Buda) #Sanjak of Sanjak of Syrmia, Sirem (Syrmia) #Sanjak of Sanjak of Smederevo, Semendire (Smederevo) #Sanjak of Szekszárd, Sekçay (Szekszárd) #Sanjak of Simontornya, Şimontorna (Simontornya) #Sanjak of Székesfehérvár, İstolni Belgrad (Székesfehérvár) #Sanjak of Esztergom, Estergon (Esztergom) #Sanjak of Mohács, Mohaç (Mohács) #Sanjak of Pécs, Peçuy (Pécs)

Notes

References

*Peter Rokai - Zoltan Đere - Tibor Pal - Aleksandar Kasaš, Istorija Mađara, Beograd, 2002. *Dr. Dušan J. Popović, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga 1, Novi Sad, 1990.

External links

Beylerbeys of Budin 1541 - 1686MapMapMapMapMapFortresses of the Kingdom of Hungary
{{Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman period in the history of Bulgaria Ottoman period in the history of Croatia Ottoman period in Hungary Ottoman history of Vojvodina Ottoman Serbia Ottoman period in Slovakia Ottoman period in the history of Kosovo Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Europe States and territories established in 1541 1541 establishments in the Ottoman Empire 1686 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire