Bud Dajo ( tsg, Būd Dahu; es, Monte Dajó), is a cinder cone and the second highest point (+600m) in the province of Sulu,

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

. it is one of the cinder cones that make up the island of

Jolo Jolo ( tsg, Sūg) is a volcanic island in the southwest Philippines and the primary island of the province of Sulu, on which the capital of the same name is situated. It is located in the Sulu Archipelago, between Borneo and Mindanao, and has ...

and part of the Jolo Volcanic Group in the Republic of the Philippines. The

extinct volcano A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where tectonic plates a ...

is located southeast from the town of

in Sulu province. The mountain and adjacent lands were declared as Mount Dajo National Park in 1938. It is a sacred mountain for the locals, and the Tausug people at-large, as well as nearby ethnic groups.Pershing and the Disarmament of the Moros. Pacific Historical Review. Vol. 31, No. 3 (Aug., 1962), pp. 241-256. University of California Press.

Physical features

The cinder cone has an elevation of with a base diameter of . On the summit of the mountain is crater that is breached to the southwest. The other volcanic edifices adjacent to Bud Dajo are: Matanding, located northeast of the Bud Dajo with an elevation of asl; Guimba, east and elevation of asl; and Sungal, southeast which is asl., dangerous volcano.

Geology

The

basalt Basalt (; ) is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon. More than 90 ...

ic volcanic cone is part of Zamboanga-Sulu

volcanic arc A volcanic arc (also known as a magmatic arc) is a belt of volcanoes formed above a subducting oceanic tectonic plate, with the belt arranged in an arc shape as seen from above. Volcanic arcs typically parallel an oceanic trench, with the arc lo ...

Eruptions falsely attributed to the mountain

1641

Two volcanoes falsely attributed to the eruption on January 4, 1641, which engulfed southern Philippines in darkness. Further studies later found the eruption to have come from Mount Melibengoy in Cotabato province.

1897

The earthquake and subsequent tsunami on September 21, 1897, that devastated the Southern Philippines was believed to be from a

submarine eruption Submarine eruptions are those volcano eruptions which take place beneath the surface of water. These occur at constructive margins, subduction zones and within tectonic plates due to hotspots. This eruption style is far more prevalent than subae ...

therefore excludes Bud Dajo.

PHIVOLCS monitoring activity

A short-term monitoring (seismic and visuals) surveys were conducted by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology in 1993 and in 1997 on the mountain. No unusual activities were observed within the vicinity of the volcano.

Mount Dajo National Park

Bud dajo as seen from Jolo National Museum

The mountain and surrounding areas were declared as a national park by Proclamation No. 261 on February 28, 1938, encompassing of land. Recent reports have shown that the mountain is very deforested with few remaining forest cover usually on the steep ridges. The

game refuge A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, or features of geological or o ...

is not currently listed as a protected area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) of the

Department of Environment and Natural Resources The Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( fil, Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas na Yaman, DENR or KKLY) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for governing and supervising the exploration, developmen ...

."Protected areas in Region 9"
. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. Retrieved on 2011-09-25.

Fauna

Some vulnerable and endangered species, not necessarily endemic to the area, but can be found within the Mount Dajo National Park are (from BirdLife International): # Grey imperial pigeon (''Ducula pickeringii''), Vulnerable #

Philippine cockatoo The red-vented cockatoo (''Cacatua haematuropygia''), also known as the Philippine cockatoo and locally katala, abukay, agay or kalangay, is a species of cockatoo. It is endemic to the Philippines though pressured by various environmental degradat ...

or the red-vented cockatoo (''Cacatua haematuropygia''), Critically endangered # Sulu hornbill (''Anthracoceros montani''), Critically endangered # Sulu pygmy woodpecker ''Dendrocopos ramsayi'', Vulnerable # Winchell's kingfisher or rufous-lored kingfisher (''Todiramphus winchelli''), Vulnerable

Historical relevance

The mountain was the site of the

First Battle of Bud Dajo The First Battle of Bud Dajo, also known as the Moro Crater Massacre, was a counterinsurgency action fought by the United States Army against Moros in March 1906, during the Moro Rebellion in the southwestern Philippines. Whether the occupants o ...

during the Moro Rebellion of the Philippine–American War in 1906, which culminated in the killing by U.S. forces of over 800-900 villagers, mostly civilians, hiding on the crater of Bud Dajo. The event is known as the

Moro Crater Massacre The First Battle of Bud Dajo, also known as the Moro Crater Massacre, was a counterinsurgency action fought by the United States Army against Moro people, Moros in March 1906, during the Moro Rebellion in the southwestern Philippines. Whether th ...

. The killings, which disrespected the mountain and the spirits, caused massive outrage among the native people as Bud Dajo is a sacred site. The five-day Second Battle of Bud Dajo in 1911 ended with fewer casualties through negotiations, persuading the majority to return home.

References

External links

Bud Dajo
on the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) site
Jolo
at Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program
What happened at Bud Dajo
{{authority control Active volcanoes of the Philippines Volcanic crater lakes Volcanoes of Mindanao National parks of the Philippines Protected areas established in 1938 Landforms of Sulu