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A bressummer, breastsummer, summer beam (somier, sommier, sommer, somer, cross-somer, summer, summier, summer-tree, or dorman, dormant tree) is a load-bearing beam in a

timber-framed Timber framing (german: Holzfachwerk) and "post-and-beam" construction are traditional methods of building with heavy timbers, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large woode ...

building. The word ''summer'' derived from sumpter or French sommier, "a pack horse", meaning "bearing great burden or weight". "To support a superincumbent wall", "any beast of burden", and in this way is similar to a

wall plate A plate or wall plate is a horizontal, structural, load-bearing member in wooden building framing. Timber framing A plate in timber framing is "A piece of Timber upon which some considerable weight is framed...Hence Ground-Plate...Window-plat ...

. The use and definition of these terms vary but generally a bressummer is a

jetty A jetty is a structure that projects from land out into water. A jetty may serve as a breakwater, as a walkway, or both; or, in pairs, as a means of constricting a channel. The term derives from the French word ', "thrown", signifying some ...

sill and a summer is an interior beam supporting ceiling

joist A joist is a horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open space, often between beams that subsequently transfer loads to vertical members. When incorporated into a floor framing system, joists serve to provide stiffness to the su ...

s, see below: * (UK) In the outward part of the building, and the middle floors (not in the garrets or ground floors) into which the

girder A girder () is a support beam used in construction. It is the main horizontal support of a structure which supports smaller beams. Girders often have an I-beam cross section composed of two load-bearing ''flanges'' separated by a stabilizing ...

s are framed. In the inner parts of a building, such beams are called "summers". It is part of the timber-frame construction in the overhanging upper story in jettying. * (UK) "Horizontal beam over a fireplace opening (alternatively ''lintel'', mantel beam), or set forward from the lower part of a building to support a jettied wall, a ''jetty bressummer''". * (UK) "...usually the sill of the upper wall above a jetty; otherwise any beam spanning an opening and supporting a wall above." also called a "jetty sill". * (UK) Breastsummer is a beam in a wall which carries the load over a large opening derived from ''breast'' being in the front, mid-level and ''summer'': "A horizontal, bearing beam in a building; spec. the main beam supporting the girders or joists of a floor...". * "a main piece of timber that supports a building, an architrave between two pillars" * "Breast-Summer, an architectural term for a beam employed like a lintel to support the front of a building, is a corruption of bressumer..." * (US) "Summer beam: A large timber spanning a room and supporting smaller floor joists on both sides." * (US) "Summer beam. Heavy main horizontal beam, anchored in gable foundation walls, that supports forebay beams and

barn A barn is an agricultural building usually on farms and used for various purposes. In North America, a barn refers to structures that house livestock, including cattle and horses, as well as equipment and fodder, and often grain.Alle ...

frame above."Ensminger, Robert F. The Pennsylvania barn: its origin, evolution, and distribution in North America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. p.392.

References

{{Room Architectural elements Structural system Timber framing