Boyle Heights, historically known as Paredón Blanco, is a neighborhood in

Los Angeles Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the List of municipalities in California, largest city in the U.S. state, state of California and the List of United States cities by population, sec ...

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...

, located east of the

Los Angeles River , name_etymology = , image = File:Los Angeles River from Fletcher Drive Bridge 2019.jpg , image_caption = L.A. River from Fletcher Drive Bridge , image_size = 300 , map = LARmap.jpg , map_size ...

. It is one of the city's most notable and historic

Chicano Chicano or Chicana is a chosen identity for many Mexican Americans in the United States. The label ''Chicano'' is sometimes used interchangeably with ''Mexican American'', although the terms have different meanings. While Mexican-American ident ...

/ Mexican-American communities and is known as a bastion of Chicano culture, hosting cultural landmarks like Mariachi Plaza and events like the annual Día de los Muertos celebrations.

History

Boyle Heights was called ("White Bluff") during the Spanish, Mexican, and early American periods. During Mexican rule, what would become Boyle Heights became home to a small settlement of relocated

Tongva The Tongva ( ) are an Indigenous people of California from the Los Angeles Basin and the Southern Channel Islands, an area covering approximately . Some descendants of the people prefer Kizh as an endonym that, they argue, is more historically ...

refugees from the village of

Yaanga Yaanga was a large Tongva (or Kizh) village originally located near what is now downtown Los Angeles, just west of the Los Angeles River and beneath U.S. Route 101. People from the village were recorded as ''Yabit'' in missionary records althou ...

in 1845. The villagers were relocated to this new site known as Pueblito after being forcibly evicted from their previous location on the corner

Alameda An alameda is a Avenue (landscape), street or path lined with trees () and may refer to: Places Canada *Alameda, Saskatchewan, town in Saskatchewan **Grant Devine Dam, formerly ''Alameda Dam'', a dam and reservoir in southern Saskatchewan Chile ...

and Commercial Street by German immigrant Juan Domingo (John Groningen), who paid Governor Pío Pico $200 for the land. On August 13, 1846, Los Angeles was seized by invading American forces during the

Mexican–American War The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the (''United States intervention in Mexico''), was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1 ...

.Ríos-Bustamante, Antonio. ''Mexican Los Ángeles: A Narrative and Pictorial History'', Nuestra Historia Series, Monograph No. 1. (Encino: Floricanto Press, 1992), 50–53. . Under American occupation,

Indigenous Indigenous may refer to: *Indigenous peoples *Indigenous (ecology), presence in a region as the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention *Indigenous (band), an American blues-rock band *Indigenous (horse), a Hong Kong racehorse ...

elimination became a core principal of governance and the Pueblito site was razed to the ground in 1847: "the Indians were required to live in dispersed settlements or with their employers in the city." The destruction of Pueblito was reportedly approved by the

Los Angeles City Council The Los Angeles City Council is the legislative body of the City of Los Angeles in California. The council is composed of 15 members elected from single-member districts for four-year terms. The president of the council and the president pro tem ...

and largely displaced the final generation of the villagers, known as Yaangavit, into the '' Calle de los Negros'' ("place of the dark ones") district. The area became named after

Andrew Boyle Andrew Philip More Boyle (27 May 1919 – 22 April 1991) was a Scottish journalist and biographer. His biography of Brendan Bracken won the 1974 Whitbread Awards and his book ''The Climate of Treason'' exposed Anthony Blunt as the "Fourth Ma ...

, an

Irishman The Irish ( ga, Muintir na hÉireann or ''Na hÉireannaigh'') are an ethnic group and nation native to the island of Ireland, who share a common history and culture. There have been humans in Ireland for about 33,000 years, and it has been c ...

born in

Ballinrobe Ballinrobe () is a town in County Mayo in Ireland. It is located on the River Robe, which empties into Lough Mask two kilometres to the west. As of the 2016 census, the population was 2,786. History Foundation and development Ballinrobe is c ...

, who purchased on the bluffs overlooking the

after fighting in the Mexican–American War for $4,000. Boyle established his home on the land in 1858. In the 1860s, he began growing grapes and sold the wine under the “Paredon Blanc” name. His son-in-law William Workman served as early mayor and city councilman and also built early infrastructure for the area. From 1889 through 1909 the city was divided into nine wards. In 1899 a motion was introduced at the Ninth Ward Development Association to use the name Boyle Heights to apply to all the highlands of the Ninth Ward, including Brooklyn Heights and Euclid Heights. XLNT Foods had a factory making tamales here early in their history. The company started in 1894, when tamales were the most popular ethnic food in Los Angeles. The company is the oldest continuously operating Mexican food brand in the United States, and one of the oldest companies in Southern California. HollenbeckBH (cropped)

In the early 1910s, Boyle Heights was one of the only communities that did not have restricted housing covenants that discriminated against Japanese and other people of color. The Japanese community of Little Tokyo continued to grow and extended to the First Street Corridor into Boyle Heights in the early 1910s. Boyle Heights became Los Angeles’s largest residential communities of Japanese immigrants and Americans, apart from Little Tokyo. In the 1920s and 1930s, Boyle Heights became the center of significant churches, temples, and schools for the Japanese community. These include the Tenrikyo Junior Church of America, the Konko Church, and the Higashi Honganji Buddhist Temple; all designed by Yos Hirose. The Japanese Baptist Church was built by the Los Angeles City Baptist Missionary Society. A hospital, also designed by Hirose, opened in 1929 to serve the Japanese American community. Kiosk (14087559131) (cropped)

Malabar Branch Library, Los Angeles, California

By the 1920s through the 1960s, Boyle Heights was racially and ethnically diverse as a center of

Jewish Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...

, Mexican and

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese diaspor ...

immigrant life in the early 20th century, and also hosted significant Yugoslav,

Armenian Armenian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Armenia, a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia * Armenians, the national people of Armenia, or people of Armenian descent ** Armenian Diaspora, Armenian communities across the ...

, African-American and

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

populations. Bruce Phillips, a sociologist who tracked Jewish communities across the United States, said that Jewish families left Boyle Heights not because of racism, but instead because of banks redlining the neighborhood (denying home loans) and the construction of several freeways through the community. In 1961, the construction of the East LA Interchange began. At 135 acres in size, the interchange is three times larger than the average highway system, even expanding at some points to 27 lanes in width. The interchange handles around 1.7 million vehicles daily and has produced one of the most traffic congested regions in the world as well as one of the most concentrated pockets of air pollution in America. Since the 1920s, both elite and working-class communities throughout Southern California have witnessed the enforcement of highly effective racial covenants and other exclusionary measures that aim to distinguish separate white and non-white neighborhoods. This resulted in the development of Boyle Heights, a multicultural, interethnic neighborhood in East Los Angeles whose celebration of cultural difference has made it a role model for democracy. In 2017, some residents were protesting

gentrification Gentrification is the process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses. It is a common and controversial topic in urban politics and planning. Gentrification often increases the ec ...

of their neighborhood by the influx of new businesses, a theme found in the TV series '' Vida'' and '' Gentefied'', both set in the neighborhood.

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 92,785 people in the neighborhood, which was considered "not especially diverse" ethnically, with the racial composition of the neighborhood at 94.0% Latino, 2.3% Asian, 2.0%

White White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue). It is the color of objects such as snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. White o ...

(non-Hispanic), 0.9%

African American African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of ens ...

, and 0.8% other races. The median household income was $33,235, low in comparison to the rest of the city. The neighborhood's population was also one of the youngest in the city, with a median age of just 25. As of 2011, 95% of the community was Hispanic and Latino. The community had Mexican Americans, Mexican immigrants, and Central American ethnic residents. Hector Tobar of the ''

Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' (abbreviated as ''LA Times'') is a daily newspaper that started publishing in Los Angeles in 1881. Based in the LA-adjacent suburb of El Segundo since 2018, it is the sixth-largest newspaper by circulation in the U ...

'' said, "The diversity that exists in Boyle Heights today is exclusively Latino".Tobar, Hector.
A look back at the Boyle Heights melting pot
." ''

''. December 9, 2011. Retrieved on December 10, 2011. Latino communities

Latino political influence

The emergence of Latino politics in Boyle Heights influenced the diversity in the community. Boyle Heights was a predominantly Jewish community with "a vibrant, pre-World War II,

Yiddish Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ve ...

-speaking community, replete with small shops along Brooklyn Avenue,

union Union commonly refers to: * Trade union, an organization of workers * Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets Union may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * Union (band), an American rock group ** ''Un ...

halls, synagogues and hyperactive politics ... shaped by the enduring influence of the

Socialist Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the ...

and Communist parties" before Boyle Heights became predominantly associated with Mexicans/Mexican Americans. The rise of the socialist and communist parties increased the people's involvement in politics in the community because the "liberal-left exercised great influence in the immigrant community". Even with an ever-growing diversity in Boyle Heights, "Jews remained culturally and politically dominant after World War II". Nevertheless, as the Jewish community was moving westward into new homes, the largest growing group, Latinos, was moving into Boyle Heights because to them this neighborhood was represented as upward mobility. With Jews and Latinos both in Boyle Heights, these men, part of the Jewish Community Relations Council (JCRC) — Louis Levy, Ben Solnit, Pinkhas Karl, Harry Sheer, and Julius Levitt — helped to empower the Latinos who either lived among the Jewish people or who worked together in the factories. The combination of Jewish people and Latinos in Boyle Heights symbolized a tight unity between the two communities. The two groups helped to elect Edward R. Roybal to the City Council over Councilman Christensen; with the help from the

Community Service Organization The Community Service Organization (founded 1947) was an important California Latino civil rights organization, most famous for training Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. It was founded in 1947 by Fred Ross, Antonio Rios and Edward Roybal and was ...

(CSO). In order for Roybal to win a landslide victory over Christensen, "the JCRC, with representation from business and labor leaders, associated with both Jewish left traditions, had become the prime financial benefactor to CSO .. labor historically backed incumbents ... ndthe Cold War struggle for the hearts and minds of minority workers also influenced the larger political dynamic". MunozJaime (cropped)

In the 1947 election, Edward Roybal lost, but Jewish community activist

Saul Alinsky Saul David Alinsky (January 30, 1909 – June 12, 1972) was an American community activist and political theorist. His work through the Chicago-based Industrial Areas Foundation helping poor communities organize to press demands upon landlords ...

and the

Industrial Areas Foundation The Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) is a national community organizing network established in 1940 by Saul Alinsky, Roman Catholic Bishop Bernard James Sheil and businessman and founder of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' Marshall Field III. The IAF p ...

(IAF) garnered support from Mexican Americans to bring Roybal to victory two years later 1949.The Community Service Organization (CSO) helped Roybal win the election and to increase the multi-racial involvement in Boyle Heights.(Bernstein, 243) When Roybal took office as city councilman in 1949, he experienced racism when trying to buy a home for his family. The real-estate agent told him that he could not sell to Mexicans, and Roybal's first act as councilman was to protest racial discrimination and to create a community that represented inter-racial politics in Boyle Heights.(Bernstein, 224). This Latino-Jewish relationship shaped politics in that when

Antonio Villaraigosa Antonio Ramón Villaraigosa (; né Villar Jr.; born January 23, 1953) is an American politician who served as the 41st Mayor of Los Angeles from 2005 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Villaraigosa was a national co-chairman of Hillar ...

became mayor of Los Angeles in 2005, "not only did he have ties to Boyle Heights, but he was elected by replicating the labor-based, multicultural coalition that Congressman Edward Roybal assembled in 1949 to become Los Angeles's first city council member of Latino heritage". Further, the Vladeck Center (named after Borukh Charney Vladeck) contributed to the community of Boyle Heights in a big way because it was not just a building, it was "a venue for a wide range of activities that promoted Jewish culture and politics".

Government and infrastructure

Evergreen Cemetery Boyle Heights (8505344341) (cropped)

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Central Health Center in Downtown Los Angeles, serving Boyle Heights. The

United States Postal Service The United States Postal Service (USPS), also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service, is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the U ...

's Boyle Heights Post Office is located at 2016 East 1st Street. The Social Security Administration is located at 215 North Soto Street Los Angeles, CA 90033 1-800-772-1213

Transportation

Boyle Heights is home to four stations of the LA Metro: * Mariachi Plaza station * Soto station *

Pico/Aliso station Pico/Aliso station is an at-grade light rail station on the L Line of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. It is located in the median of East 1st Street between South Anderson Street and South Utah Street in the Boyle Heights neighborhood of ...

* Indiana Station

Education

Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School

Just 5% of Boyle Heights residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree by 2000, a low percentage for the city and the county. The percentage of residents in that age range who had not earned a high school diploma was high for the county.

Public

SIATech Boyle Heights Independent Study
Charter High School, 501 South Boyle Avenue
Extera Public School
Charter Elementary, 1942 E. 2nd Street and 2226 E. 3rd Street
Extera Public School #2
Charter Elementary, 1015 S. Lorena Street * Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School, alternative, 1200 North Cornwell Street * Theodore Roosevelt High School, 456 South Mathews Street * Mendez High School 1200 Playa Del Sol * Animo Oscar De La Hoya Charter High School, 1114 South Lorena Street * Boyle Heights Continuation School, 544 South Mathews Street* Central Juvenile Hall, 1605 Eastlake Avenue * Hollenbeck Middle School, 2510 East Sixth Street * Robert Louis Stevenson Middle School, 725 South Indiana Street * KIPP Los Angeles College Preparatory, charter middle, 2810 Whittier Boulevard * Murchison Street Elementary School, 1501 Murchison Street * Evergreen Avenue Elementary School, 2730 Ganahl Street * Sheridan Street Elementary School, 416 North Cornwell Street * Malabar Street Elementary School, 3200 East Malabar Street * Breed Street Elementary School, 2226 East Third Street * First Street Elementary School, 2820 East First Street * Second Street Elementary School, 1942 East Second Street * Soto Street Elementary School, 1020 South Soto Street * Euclid Avenue Elementary School, 806 Euclid Avenue * Sunrise Elementary School, 2821 East Seventh Street * Utah Street Elementary School, 255 Gabriel Garcia Marquez Street * Bridge Street Elementary School, 605 North Boyle Avenue * Garza (Carmen Lomas) Primary Center, elementary, 2750 East Hostetter Street * Christopher Dena Elementary School, 1314 Dacotah Street * Learning Works Charter School, 1916 East First Street * Lorena Street Elementary School, 1015 South Lorena Street * PUENTE Learning Center, 501 South Boyle Avenue * East Los Angeles Occupational Center (Adult Education), 2100 Marengo Street * Endeavor College Preparatory Charter School, 1263 S Soto St, Los Angeles, CA 90023

Private

* Bishop Mora Salesian High School, 960 South Soto Street * Santa Teresita Elementary School, 2646 Zonal Avenue * Assumption Elementary School, 3016 Winter Street * Saint Mary Catholic Elementary School, 416 South Saint Louis Street * Our Lady of Talpa, elementary, 411 South Evergreen Avenue * East Los Angeles Light and Life Christian School, 207 South Dacotah Street * Santa Isabel Elementary School, 2424 Whittier Boulevard * Dolores Mission School, elementary, 170 South Gless Street * Cristo Viene Christian School, 3607 Whittier Boulevard * Resurrection, elementary, 3360 East Opal Street * White Memorial Adventist School, 1605 New Jersey Street * PUENTE Learning Center, 501 South Boyle Avenue

Landmarks

Front_Entrance,_LA_County_USC_Medical_Center

Existing

Breed Street Shul Breed Street Shul, also known as Congregation Talmud Torah of Los Angeles or Breed Street Synagogue, is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue in the Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles, California. It was the largest Orthodox synagogue west of Chicago fr ...

, which was declared a historic-cultural monument in 1988 * Self-Help Graphics and Art, the first community-based organization in the country to create a free public celebration of

Day of the Dead The Day of the Dead ( es, Día de Muertos or ''Día de los Muertos'') is a holiday traditionally celebrated on November 1 and 2, though other days, such as October 31 or November 6, may be included depending on the locality. It is widely obser ...

Los Angeles County+USC Medical Center LOS, or Los, or LoS may refer to: Science and technology * Length of stay, the duration of a single episode of hospitalisation * Level of service, a measure used by traffic engineers * Level of significance, a measure of statistical significanc ...

Keck School of Medicine of USC The Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California teaches and trains physicians, biomedical scientists and other healthcare professionals, conducts medical research, and treats patients. Founded in 1885, it is the second oldest ...

* Los Angeles County Department of Coroner * Estrada Courts Murals * Evergreen Cemetery * Hazard Park * Mariachi Plaza *

Hollenbeck Park Hollenbeck Park is a city park in the Boyle Heights district of Los Angeles, California. It is located on the corner of Saint Louis and Fourth Streets, near Boyle Avenue. The park features grassy knolls, picnic areas, playgrounds, a skateboard p ...

Linda Vista Community Hospital Linda Vista Community Hospital is a former hospital located at 610-30 South St. Louis Street in Los Angeles, California, United States, in the Boyle Heights neighborhood. The hospital was originally constructed for employees of the Santa Fe Rail ...

(Now Hollenbeck Terrace Apartments, former Santa Fe Coast Lines Hospital) * Sears Building, Olympic Boulevard and Soto St. * Malabar Public Library * Lucha Underground Temple, where the television program '' Lucha Underground'' is taped. * St. Mary's Catholic Church (4th and Chicago Streets)

Demolished

Soto-Michigan Jewish Community Center Soto-Michigan Jewish Community Center (active from 1934–2006) was a community center located at the corner of Soto Street and Michigan Avenue in the Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles, California. The building was notable for its architecture a ...

* Aliso Village * Sisters Orphan Home, operated by Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, 917 S. Boyle Ave. demolished due to earthquake damage and construction of freeway

Notable people

Politics

* Sheldon Andelson, first openly gay person to be appointed to the

University of California Regents The Regents of the University of California (also referred to as the Board of Regents to distinguish the board from the corporation it governs of the same name) is the governing board of the University of California (UC), a state university sys ...

or any high position in state government * Hal Bernson, Los Angeles City Council member, 1979–2003 * Martin V. Biscailuz, attorney and Common Council member, 1884–85 * Howard E. Dorsey, City Council member, 1937Los Angeles Public Library reference file
This file was compiled in 1937 by

Works Progress Administration The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally educated) to carry out public works projects, i ...

worker Clare Wallace from an interview with Dorsey on June 23 of that year and from newspaper articles. * Oscar Macy, county sheriff and member of the Board of Supervisors * Edward R. Roybal, Democrat in the U.S. House of Representatives for the 30th District and later for the 25th District of California; member of the Los Angeles City Council * Winfred J. Sanborn, City Council member, 1925–29Devin Carroll, Brian Carroll and Wayne Raymond, ''Winfred and Mamie Sanborn'' (privately printed) *

, Mayor of Los Angeles *

Zev Yaroslavsky Zev Yaroslavsky (born December 21, 1948) is a politician from Los Angeles County, California. He was a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors from District 3, which includes the San Fernando Valley, the Westside of Los Angeles and ...

, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 3rd District

Sports

* Lillian Copeland (1904–1964), Olympic discus champion; set world records in discus, javelin, and shot put *

William Harmatz William Harmatz (February 9, 1931 – January 27, 2011) was an American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey who won the 1959 Preakness Stakes aboard Royal Orbit. The recipient of the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award in 1960, given to a jockey ...

, jockey *

Ron Mix Ronald Jack Mix (born March 10, 1938) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle. He is a member of the American Football League (AFL) All-Time Team, and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 19 ...

(born 1938), Football Hall of Famer *

Donald Sterling Donald T. Sterling (born Donald Samuel Tokowitz; April 26, 1934) is an American attorney and businessman who was the owner of the San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers professional basketball franchise of the National Basketball Association (NBA) fro ...

, Former Los Angeles Clippers owner

Crime

Mickey Cohen Meyer Harris "Mickey" Cohen (September 4, 1913 – July 29, 1976) was an American gangster, boxer and entrepreneur based in Los Angeles during the mid-20th century. Early life Mickey Cohen was born on September 4, 1913, in New York City to Je ...

, gangster

Arts and culture

* Oscar Zeta Acosta, attorney, writer, community activist *

Lou Adler Lester Louis Adler (born December 13, 1933) is an American record and film producer and the co-owner of the Roxy Theatre in West Hollywood, California. Adler has produced and developed a number of iconic musical artists, including The Grass R ...

, record producer, manager *

Herb Alpert Herb Alpert (born March 31, 1935) is an American trumpeter who led the band Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass in the 1960s. During the same decade, he co-founded A&M Records with Jerry Moss. Alpert has recorded 28 albums that have landed on the ...

* Greg Boyle,

Catholic priest The priesthood is the office of the ministers of religion, who have been commissioned ("ordained") with the Holy orders of the Catholic Church. Technically, bishops are a priestly order as well; however, in layman's terms ''priest'' refers only ...

, community activist *

Norman Granz Norman Granz (August 6, 1918 – November 22, 2001) was an American jazz record producer and concert promoter. He founded the record labels Clef, Norgran, Down Home, Verve, and Pablo. Granz was acknowledged as "the most successful impres ...

Josefina López Josefina López (born 1969, San Luis Potosí, Mexico) is a Chicana playwright, perhaps best known as the author of the play (and co-author of the screenplay) '' Real Women Have Curves''. López is also the Founding Artistic Director of the CASA ...

, writer *

Anthony Quinn Manuel Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca (April 21, 1915 – June 3, 2001), known professionally as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican-American actor. He was known for his portrayal of earthy, passionate characters "marked by a brutal and elemental v ...

, actor * Andy Russell, international singing star * Julius Shulman, photographer *

Taboo A taboo or tabu is a social group's ban, prohibition, or avoidance of something (usually an utterance or behavior) based on the group's sense that it is excessively repulsive, sacred, or allowed only for certain persons.''Encyclopædia Britannica ...

, rapper * will.i.am, recording artist and music producer

Publishing

* Jack T. Chick, publisher of Chick tracts

In popular culture

* 1917: '' Nuts in May'' * 1957: ''

The Pajama Game ''The Pajama Game'' is a musical based on the 1953 novel '' 7½ Cents'' by Richard Bissell. The book is by George Abbott and Richard Bissell; the music and lyrics are by Richard Adler and Jerry Ross. and dances were staged by Bob Fosse in his ...

'' * 1979: '' Boulevard Nights'' * 1980: ''

The Other Side of the Bridge ''The Other Side of the Bridge'' is the second novel by Canadian novelist Mary Lawson. It became a bestseller in Canada, and was longlisted for The Booker Prize. Plot summary As with her first novel, '' Crow Lake'', the setting is Northern Onta ...

'' ( es, Del Otro Lado del Puente) * 1987: '' Born in East L.A.'' * 1992: ''

American Me ''American Me'' is a 1992 American crime drama film produced and directed by Edward James Olmos, his first film as a director, and written by Floyd Mutrux and Desmond Nakano. Olmos also stars as the film's protagonist, Montoya Santana, loose ...

'' * 1993: ''

Blood In Blood Out ''Blood In Blood Out'' (also known as ''Bound by Honor'' and ''Blood In Blood Out: Bound By Honor'') is a 1993 American epic crime drama film directed by Taylor Hackford that has become a cult-classic film with a cult following among the Mexi ...

'' * 1995: '' Dangerous Minds'' * 1998–2009 '' Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed'' * 2007: ''

Under the Same Moon ''Under the Same Moon'' ( es, La misma luna) is a 2007 Mexican-American drama film in Spanish and English directed by Patricia Riggen (in her feature film directorial debut) and starring Kate del Castillo, Adrián Alonso, and Eugenio Derbez. P ...

'' * 2008: '' The Take'' * 2011: '' A Better Life'' * 2014–present: '' Lucha Underground'' * 2015: '' East LA Interchange'' (documentary) * 2015/2016: ''

No más bebés ''No Más Bebés'' () is an American documentary film that tells the story of immigrant women who were sterilized upon going into labor. Having been sterilized without knowing at the Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center, the mothers sued county d ...

'' * 2018–2020: '' Vida'' * 2020–2021: '' Gentefied'' * 2021: ''

Night Teeth ''Night Teeth'' is a 2021 American vampire thriller film directed by Adam Randall from a screenplay by Brent Dillon. The film stars Jorge Lendeborg Jr., Debby Ryan, Lucy Fry, Raul Castillo, Sydney Sweeney, Megan Fox, and Alfie Allen. ''Night Teet ...