Bornaprine (Brand Name: Sormodrem) is a

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anticholinergic medication that is primarily used to treat Parkinson's disease. Additionally, bornaprine has been used to treat other disorders, including hyperhidrosis.

History

Bornaprine was first synthesized in 1960 by the

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scientist H Haas, under the name Kr 399. Additional tests revealed that bornaprine was significantly more effective than nicotine at antagonizing choline. Because of its anticholinergic effects, it was intended to help with the

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of Parkinson's. Early clinical trials with Parkinsonian patients (completed in Germany), showed that bornaprine was successful at treating many of the key side-effects of Parkinson's including akinesia, language,

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s, and

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symptoms.

Pharmacodynamics

Bornaprine is an antimuscarinic agent that nonselectively antagonizes muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, M1 and M2. Bornaprine has been characterized as a very potent anticholinergic medication and further

clinical trials Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietar ...

have indicated its effectiveness at treating parkinsonian tremors. Bornaprine also has a pa2 value (

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for receptor) of 7.27 ± 0.21 indicating a high potency.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bornaprine is successfully absorbed into the

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of humans within 1–2 hours after an oral

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. Additional oral doses of bornaprine resulted in some accumulation in the plasma.

Excretion

Single oral doses of bornaprine were successfully

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in urine and feces in rats,

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, and humans. The following mean excretion rates were also reported during five days for urine and feces: rat 31 and 70%, dog 53 and 39%, and humans 78 and 4%. Excretion was notably prolonged and incomplete at five days in humans, indicating a longer half life and metabolism rate of bornaprine for humans. In human subjects, bornaprine has a half life of approximately 30 hours compared to 5 and 12 hour half lives in rats and dogs, respectively.

Metabolites

Bornaprine is an epimeric mixture of exo and endo esters, and its major metabolites have been identified and include: three isomers of monohydroxy-N-desthel-Sormodren, three isomers of monohydroxy-Sormodren and 5-hydroxyl. Each of these metabolites were hydroxylated at either C-5 or C-6 in the bicyclic ring. The activity of each of compounds has been studied extensively and 5-hydroxyl showed similar anticholinergic activity to the parent compound when tested in isolated rat atrium unlike other identified metabolites.

Availability

Bornaprine is currently available under the brand name Sormodrem in the following countries: Austria ( Abbott Pharmaceuticals), Germany (Abbott), Italy (Teofarma Pharmaceuticals), and Turkey (Abbott). Bornaprine is normally administered in a

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form, however a recent patent is investigating the effect of several anticholinergic drugs, including bornaprine, in transdermal

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es. These patches are not currently available to the public market. Bornaprine is not currently on the market in the United States and its clinical trial status is unknown.

Treatment

Parkinson's Disease

Like many other anticholinergic drugs, bornaprine had been used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Bornaprine most effectively treats the tremors associated with Parkinson's and also helps bradykinesia, hypokinesia, and posture and facial expression.

Hyperhidrosis

Hyperhidrosis occurs in acute phase of spinal cord injured patients and an effective oral treatment for hyperhidrosis has yet to be perfected. A recent study done with patients with

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lesions found bornaprine to be very effective in decreasing the amount of

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in patients with minimal

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. Bornaprine is now commonly prescribed for treating hyperhidrosis in Europe.

Sleep

When administered to healthy humans, bornaprine suppressed the amount of

REM sleep Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep or REMS) is a unique phase of sleep in mammals and birds, characterized by random rapid movement of the eyes, accompanied by low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream viv ...

, suggesting that the M1 and M2 receptors are involved in sleep increase and REM latency. This also suggests that bornaprine may be able to be used as a

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in the future.

Side Effects

Since bornaprine is a potent anticholinergic drug, it has a similar side effect profile to other anticholinergic drugs, including dry mouth and constipation. Additionally, when bornaprine was administered to patients with secondary parkinsonism, few patients reported transient confusion.

Toxicity

LD50 tests performed on

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revealed that 26 mg/kg intravenously and 112 mg/kg subcutaneously administered amounts of bornaprine were toxic. Subcutaneous application resulted in ataxia, spastic paralysis, and convulsions.

Synthesis

A Diels-Alder reaction between Atropic acid 92-38-6(2-phenyl acrylic acid) (1) and

cyclopentadiene Cyclopentadiene is an organic compound with the chemical formula, formula C5H6.LeRoy H. Scharpen and Victor W. Laurie (1965): "Structure of cyclopentadiene". ''The Journal of Chemical Physics'', volume 43, issue 8, pages 2765-2766. It is often ab ...

(2) give
CID:139890006
(3). Catalytic hydrogenation over Raney-nickel gives 2-phenylbicyclo .2.1eptane-2-carboxylic acid 3963-31-6(5). Conversion of the acid to the acid chloride and esterification with 3-diethylaminopropanol 22-93-5(4) completed the synthesis of Bornaprine (6). N.B. A small amount of hydroquinone serves the purpose of a polymerization inhibitor.

References

{{Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Antiparkinsonian agents Muscarinic antagonists Carboxylate esters Diethylamino compounds