Bogotá Formation
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The Bogotá Formation ( es, Formación Bogotá, E1-2b, Tpb, Pgb) is a
geological formation A geological formation, or simply formation, is a body of rock having a consistent set of physical characteristics ( lithology) that distinguishes it from adjacent bodies of rock, and which occupies a particular position in the layers of rock exp ...
of the Eastern Hills and
Bogotá savanna The Bogotá savanna is a montane savanna, located in the southwestern part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the center of Colombia. The Bogotá savanna has an extent of and an average altitude of . The savanna is situated in the Eastern Ran ...
on the
Altiplano Cundiboyacense The Altiplano Cundiboyacense () is a high plateau located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes covering parts of the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The altiplano corresponds to the ancient territory of the Muisca. The Alt ...
,
Eastern Ranges The Eastern Ranges is an Australian rules football team in the NAB League, the Victorian statewide under-18s competition. The club is a founding member of the competition (1992) and has produced several players for the Australian Football Leag ...
of the
Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the ...
n
Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...
. The predominantly
shale Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4) and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especiall ...
and
siltstone Siltstone, also known as aleurolite, is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of silt. It is a form of mudrock with a low clay mineral content, which can be distinguished from shale by its lack of fissility.Blatt ''et al.'' 1980, ...
formation, with
sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicat ...
beds intercalated, dates to the
Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning o ...
period;
Upper Paleocene Upper may refer to: * Shoe upper or ''vamp'', the part of a shoe on the top of the foot * Stimulant, drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both * ''Upper'', the original film title for the 2013 found f ...
to Lower Eocene epochs, with an age range of 61.66 to 52.5 Ma, spanning the
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), alternatively (ETM1), and formerly known as the "Initial Eocene" or "", was a time period with a more than 5–8 °C global average temperature rise across the event. This climate event o ...
. The thickness of the Bogotá Formation ranges from near
Tunja Tunja () is a city on the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, in the region known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, 130 km northeast of Bogotá. In 2018 it had a population of 172,548 inhabitants. It is the capital of Boyacá departmen ...
to near Bogotá. Fossils of the
ungulate Ungulates ( ) are members of the diverse clade Ungulata which primarily consists of large mammals with hooves. These include odd-toed ungulates such as horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs; and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, ...
'' Etayoa bacatensis'' have been found in the Bogotá Formation, as well as numerous reptiles, unnamed as of 2017.


Etymology

The formation was first described by Hettner in 1892,Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.59 then by Hubach in 1931, 1945 and 1957, and named in 1963 by Julivert after the Colombian capital
Bogotá Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city of Colombia, and one of the larges ...
and its savanna.Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.57


Description


Lithologies

The Bogotá Formation consists mainly of grayish-red, locally purplish, commonly greenish-gray, generally poorly stratified
mudstone Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Mudstone is distinguished from '' shale'' by its lack of fissility (parallel layering).Blatt, H., and R.J. Tracy, 1996, ''Petrology.' ...
and silty
claystone Mudrocks are a class of fine-grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. The varying types of mudrocks include siltstone, claystone, mudstone, slate, and shale. Most of the particles of which the stone is composed are less than and are too ...
. Lithic arenite sandstone lenses, ranging from fine- to medium-grained, generally
friable Friability ( ), the condition of being friable, describes the tendency of a solid substance to break into smaller pieces under duress or contact, especially by rubbing. The opposite of friable is indurate. Substances that are designated hazardous, ...
and variegated, are local constituents. Carbonaceous material is present as thin beds of low-grade argillaceous
coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is formed when ...
, north of Bogotá.Bayona et al., 2010, p.5McLaughlin, 1970, p.15 Fossil remains of '' Etaoya bacatensis'', named after Colombian geologist
Fernando Etayo Fernando Etayo Serna is a Colombian paleontologist and geologist. His contributions on the paleontology in Colombia has been mainly on the descriptions of ammonites and Etayo has helped describing many fossiliferous geologic formations of Colomb ...
and the indigenous name for the Bogotá savanna,
Bacatá Bacatá is the name given to the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation on the Bogotá savanna. It mostly refers to an area, rather than an individual village, although the name is also found in texts referring to the modern settlement of ...
,Villarroel, 1987, p.242 have been found in
Ciudad Bolívar Ciudad Bolívar (; Spanish for "Bolivar City"), formerly known as Angostura and St. Thomas de Guyana, is the capital of Venezuela's southeastern Bolívar State. It lies at the spot where the Orinoco River narrows to about in width, is the si ...
, close to the type locality of the Bogotá Formation.''Etayoa bacatensis''
at
Fossilworks Fossilworks is a portal which provides query, download, and analysis tools to facilitate access to the Paleobiology Database, a large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world. History Fossilworks was crea ...
.org
Additionally, macroflora of '' Palaeophytocrene hammenii'', named after Dutch botanist
Thomas van der Hammen Thomas van der Hammen (Schiedam, Netherlands, 27 September 1924 - Chía, Colombia, 12 March 2010) was a Dutch palaeontologist, botanist and geologist. He had published more than 160 works in five languages.pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametop ...
of '' Foveotriletes margaritae'', '' Proxapertites operculatus'' and '' Foveotricolpites perforatus'' have been found, used for dating the formation. Other pollen and flora, as '' Ulmoideipites krempii'', '' Carpolithus'', '' Anemocardium margaritae'', and '' Hickeycarpum peltatum'' have been found in the Bogotá Formation.Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209 The abundant
paleosol In the geosciences, paleosol (''palaeosol'' in Great Britain and Australia) is an ancient soil that formed in the past. The precise definition of the term in geology and paleontology is slightly different from its use in soil science. In geolo ...
s of the Bogotá Formation show an increase in chemical weathering across the Paleocene-Eocene (P-E) transition; the
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), alternatively (ETM1), and formerly known as the "Initial Eocene" or "", was a time period with a more than 5–8 °C global average temperature rise across the event. This climate event o ...
.Morón et al., 2013 Later analysis has found several other species, such as pleurodire turtles, found at the Doña Juana dump,Cadena, 2014, p.334 dyrosaurid mesoeucrocodylians, boid snakes, dipnoan fishes, frogs, lizards, sebecid crocodyliforms and 11 fossils of mammals.Bloch et al., 2008 The find of a derived snake in the Lower Eocene section of the formation represents the oldest New World record.Head et al., 2011 The finds of iguanians, including the fossil record of hoplocercines, and boine, caenophidian, and ungaliophiine snakes, indicate a tropical forest environment, present just before the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).Head et al., 2012 The faunal distribution has been correlated to the '' Carodnia''-, '' Amphidolops''-, and '' Wainka''-bearing Peñas Coloradas Formation of the
Golfo San Jorge Basin The Golfo San Jorge Basin ( es, Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge) is a hydrocarbon-rich sedimentary basin located in eastern Patagonia, Argentina. The basin covers the entire San Jorge Gulf and an inland area west of it, having one half located in San ...
in
Patagonia Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and g ...
,
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
.Woodburne et al., 2014, p.60


Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Bogotá Formation, with a thickness of close to
Tunja Tunja () is a city on the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, in the region known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, 130 km northeast of Bogotá. In 2018 it had a population of 172,548 inhabitants. It is the capital of Boyacá departmen ...
to near Bogotá,Bayona et al., 2013, p.8Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.5 overlies the Cacho Formation and is overlain by the Regadera Formation. The age has been estimated to be
Late Paleocene The Thanetian is, in the ICS Geologic timescale, the latest age or uppermost stratigraphic stage of the Paleocene Epoch or Series. It spans the time between . The Thanetian is preceded by the Selandian Age and followed by the Ypresian Age (p ...
to Early Eocene.Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.60 The middle part of the succession has been dated using detrital
zircon Zircon () is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates and is a source of the metal zirconium. Its chemical name is zirconium(IV) silicate, and its corresponding chemical formula is Zr SiO4. An empirical formula showing some of t ...
s at 56.2 ± 1.6 Ma.Bayona et al., 2012, p.104 The spread of ages based on zircons has been reported from 60.96 ± 0.7 to 53.6 ± 1.1 Ma.Bayona et al., 2012, p.103 The Bogotá Formation is laterally equivalent with the shales of the Socha Formation, the San Fernando Formation, the El Limbo Formation, Los Cuervos Formation,Figures Bayona et al.
/ref> and the fossil-rich
Cerrejón Formation The Cerrejón Formation is a geologic formation in Colombia dating back to the Middle-Late Paleocene. It is found in the El Cerrejón sub-basin of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin of La Guajira and Cesar. The formation consists of bituminous coal fie ...
of
La Guajira La Guajira () is a department of Colombia. It occupies most of the Guajira Peninsula in the northeast region of the country, on the Caribbean Sea and bordering Venezuela, at the northernmost tip of South America. The capital city of the departm ...
.


Outcrops

The Bogotá Formation is apart from its type locality, found in the synclinals of the Río Frío,
Checua Checua is a Andean preceramic, preceramic open area List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites, archaeological site in Nemocón, Cundinamarca Department, Cundinamarca, Colombia. The site is located north of the town centre.Gómez Mejía, 2012, p.146 At ...
-
Lenguazaque Lenguazaque is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Departments of Colombia, department of Cundinamarca Department, Cundinamarca. Lenguazaque is situated on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, part of the Cordillera Oriental (Colombia), Eastern Ran ...
,
Sesquilé Sesquilé is a town and municipality in Almeidas Province in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. Sesquilé in the Chibcha language of the Muisca means "hot water".
, Sisga,
Subachoque Subachoque is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Western Savanna Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. The municipality is situated on the Bogotá savanna with the urban centre at an altitude of at a distance of from the c ...
,Plancha 227, 1998 around
Lake Suesca Lake Suesca is a natural water body situated on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, belonging to the municipalities of Suesca and Cucunubá in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia. The basin has a semi-elliptical shape that extends on a north–s ...
, in the
Tenza Valley The Tenza Valley (Spanish: ''Valle de Tenza'') is an intermontane valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The valley stretches over the southeastern part of the department of Boyacá and the northeastern part of Cundinamarca. It ...
, and in the synclinals of Teusacá and
Usme Usme is the 5th locality of the Capital District of Bogotá, capital city of Colombia. Usme is located in the south of Bogotá, bordering to the north the localities of San Cristóbal, Rafael Uribe Uribe and Tunjuelito, to the west the locali ...
.Plancha 246, 1998Geological Map Bogotá, 1997 In the Usme Synclinal, the formation has a thickness of .Bayona et al., 2010, p.10 The campus of the Universidad La Javeriana has the Bogotá Formation as solid basement rock.García & Alfaro, 2001, p.5 The Bogotá Formation forms the
footwall In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements. Large faults within Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic ...
of the eastward compressional Chicamocha Fault, and the footwall of the westward
thrusting Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's third law. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction to be applied to that sys ...
Bogotá Fault.


Regional correlations


Itaboraian correlations


See also

* Geology of the Eastern Hills * Geology of the Ocetá Páramo * Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense


Notes and references


Notes


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


Maps

* * * * * * * * * * *


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Bogota Formation Geologic formations of Colombia Paleogene Colombia Paleocene Series of South America Eocene Series of South America Casamayoran Riochican Itaboraian Peligran Selandian Stage Thanetian Stage Ypresian Stage Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America Paleontology in Colombia Mudstone formations Siltstone formations Sandstone formations Shale formations Formations Formations Formations