Bogor

Bogor (Sundanese: ᮘᮧᮌᮧᮁ, Dutch: Buitenzorg) is a city in the
West Java

West Java province, Indonesia. Located around 60 kilometers
(37 mi) south from the national capital of Jakarta,
Bogor

Bogor is the
6th largest city of
Jabodetabek

Jabodetabek (
Jakarta

Jakarta metropolitan region) and the
14th nationwide.[3] The city covers an area of 118.5 km2, and it had a
population of 950,334 at the 2010 Census;[4] the latest official
estimate (as at January 2014) was 1,030,720.
Bogor

Bogor is an important
economic, scientific, cultural and tourist center, as well as a
mountain resort.
In the Middle Ages, the city served as the capital of Sunda Kingdom
(Indonesian: Kerajaan Sunda) and was called
Pakuan Pajajaran

Pakuan Pajajaran or Dayeuh
Pakuan. During the Dutch colonial era, it was named Buitenzorg
(meaning "Without worries" in Dutch) and served as the summer
residence of the
Governor-General

Governor-General of Dutch East Indies.
With several hundred thousand people living on an area of about
20 km2 (7.7 sq mi), the central part of
Bogor

Bogor is one of
the world's most densely populated areas. The city has a presidential
palace and a botanical garden (Indonesian: Kebun Raya Bogor) – one
of the oldest and largest in the world. It bears the nickname "the
Rain City" (Kota Hujan), because of frequent rain showers. It nearly
always rains even during the dry season.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Precolonial period
1.2 Colonial period
1.2.1 Dutch East India Company
1.2.2 Rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
1.3 1942–1950
1.4 As part of Indonesia
2 Geography, topography, geology
3 Climate
4 Demographics
4.1 Population
5 Administrative divisions
5.1 Administration
6 Economy
7 Transport
8 Housing and facilities
9 Education and science
10 Culture
11 Health
12 Media
13 Sport
14 Travel and places
15 Famous people born in Bogor
16 Sister cities
17 See also
18 Further reading
19 References
20 External links
History[edit]
The Kingdom of Sunda had its capital in Pakuan Pajajaran
Precolonial period[edit]
A Dutch map showing the location of the
Pakuan Pajajaran

Pakuan Pajajaran relatively to
Buitenzorg.
Further information: Pakuan Pajajaran
The first mentioning of a settlement at present
Bogor

Bogor dates to the 5th
century when the area was part of Tarumanagara, one of the earliest
states in Indonesian history.[5][6][7] After a series of defeats from
the neighboring Srivijaya,
Tarumanagara

Tarumanagara was transformed into the Sunda
Kingdom, and in 669, the capital of Sunda was built between two
parallel rivers, the
Ciliwung

Ciliwung and Cisadane. It was named Pakuan
Pajajaran, that in old Sundanese means "a place between the parallel
[rivers]", and became the predecessor of the modern Bogor.[8][9]
A 1600-year-old stone inscription (prasasti) of the Tarumanagara
kingdom era.
Over the next several centuries,
Pakuan Pajajaran

Pakuan Pajajaran become one of the
largest cities in medieval
Indonesia

Indonesia with population reaching
48,000.[9] The name Pajajaran was then used for the entire kingdom,
and the capital was simply called Pakuan.[9][10][11][12][13] The
chronicles of that time were written in Sanskrit, which was the
language used for official and religious purposes, using the Pallava
writing system, on rock stellas called prasasti.[6][14] The prasasti
found in and around
Bogor

Bogor differ in shape and text style from other
Indonesian prasasti and are among the main attractions of the city.[6]
In the 9–15th centuries, the capital was moving between Pakuan and
other cities of the kingdom, and finally returned to Pakuan by King
Siliwangi (Sri Baduga Maharaja) on 3 June 1482 – the day of his
coronation. Since 1973, this date is celebrated in
Bogor

Bogor as an
official city holiday.[15][16]
In 1579, Pakuan was captured and almost completely destroyed by the
army of Sultanate of Banten,[17][18] ceasing the existence of the
State of Sunda. The city was abandoned and remained uninhabited for
decades.[9][15]
Colonial period[edit]
Dutch East India Company[edit]
In the second half of the 17th century, the abandoned Pakuan as most
of West Java, while formally remaining under the Sultanate of Banten,
gradually passed under control of the
Dutch East India Company

Dutch East India Company (VOC).
The formal transition occurred on 17 April 1684 by signing an
agreement between the Crown Prince of
Banten

Banten and the VOC.[19]
The first, and temporal, colonial settlement at Pakuan was a camp of
lieutenant Tanoejiwa, a Sundanese employed by the VOC who was sent in
1687 to develop the area.[11][19][20] It was seriously damaged by the
eruption on 4–5 January 1699 of the
Mount Salak

Mount Salak volcano (Indonesian:
Gunung Salak), however the concomitant forest fires removed much
forest, leaving much area for the planned rice and coffee
plantations.[11] In a short time, several agricultural settlements
appeared around Pakuan, the largest being Kampung Baru (lit. "new
village").[6] In 1701, they were combined into an administrative
district; Tanoejiwa was chosen as the head of the district and is
regarded as the founder of the modern
Bogor

Bogor Regency.[19][20]
The district was further developed during the 1703 Dutch mission
headed by the Inspector General of the VOC
Abraham van Riebeeck
._Gouverneur-generaal_van_Nederlands_Oost_Indië_(1709-13)_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-811.jpeg/440px-Abraham_van_Riebeeck_(1653-1713)._Gouverneur-generaal_van_Nederlands_Oost_Indië_(1709-13)_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-811.jpeg)
Abraham van Riebeeck (the
son of the founder of
Cape Town

Cape Town
Jan van Riebeeck

Jan van Riebeeck and later Governor of
Dutch East Indies).[11][19] The expedition of van Riebeeck performed a
detailed study of the Pakuan ruins, discovered and described many
archaeological artifacts, including prasasti, and erected buildings
for the VOC employees.[20] The area attracted the Dutch by a favorable
geographical position and mild climate, preferred over the hot Batavia
which was then the administrative center of the Dutch East Indies.[20]
In 1744–1745, the residence of the
Governor-General

Governor-General was built in
Pakuan which was hosting the government during the summer.[20]
The
Great Post Road

Great Post Road passing Buitenzorg in the 19th century
In 1746, by the order of the
Governor-General

Governor-General Gustaaf Willem van
Imhoff, the Palace, a nearby Dutch settlement and nine native
settlements were merged into an administrative division named
Buitenzorg (Dutch for "beyond (or outside) concerns," meaning "without
worries" or "carefree," cf. Frederick the Great of Prussia's summer
palace outside Potsdam, Sanssouci, with the same meaning in
French.)[21][22] Around the same time, the first reference to
Bogor

Bogor as
the local name of the city was documented; it was mentioned in the
administration report from 7 April 1752 with respect to the part of
Buitenzorg adjacent to the Palace.[23] Later this name became used for
the whole city as the local alternative to Buitenzorg.[21] This name
is believed to originate from the Javanese word bogor meaning sugar
palm (Arenga pinnata), which is still used in the Indonesian
language.[23][24] Alternative origins are the old-Javanese word bhagar
(meaning cow), or simply the misspelling of "Buitenzorg" by the local
residents.[23]
The city grew rapidly in the late 18th – early 19th centuries.[20]
This growth was partly stimulated by the temporary occupation of the
Dutch East Indies

Dutch East Indies by United Kingdom in 1811–1815 – the British
landed on
Java

Java and other
Sunda Islands

Sunda Islands to prevent their capture by
Napoleonic France which then conquered the Netherlands. The head of
the British administration
Stamford Raffles

Stamford Raffles moved the administrative
center from Batavia to Buitenzorg and implemented new and more
efficient management techniques.[20][25]
Rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands[edit]
Bogor Palace

Bogor Palace in 1910s when it was still the residence of
Governor-General.
After Buitenzorg was returned to the Dutch, it fell under the rule of
the Kingdom of the Netherlands rather than VOC. The Buitenzorg Palace
was reinstated as the summer residence of the Governor-General. A
botanical garden was set up nearby in 1817, which was one of the
world's largest gardens in the 19th century.[20][21][26][27]
Baedeker

Baedeker map of the town, ca 1914
On 10 October 1834, Buitenzorg was seriously damaged by another
eruption of the Salak volcanoes caused by an earthquake.[20][28]
Taking into account the seismic activity of the region, the governor's
palace and office buildings constructed in 1840–1850 were built
shorter but sturdier than those built prior to the eruption.[20] The
Governor's decree of 1845 prescribed separate settlements of European,
Chinese and Arab migrants within the city.[20]
In 1860–1880, the largest agricultural school in the colony was
established in Buitenzorg. Other scientific institutions including a
city library, natural science museum, biology, chemistry, and
veterinary medicine laboratories were also constructed during this
period. By the end of the 19th century, Buitenzorg became one of the
most developed and Westernized cities in Indonesia.[11][20]
In 1904, Buitenzorg formally became the administrative center of the
Dutch East Indies. However, real management remained in Batavia, which
hosted most of the administrative offices and the main office of the
governor.[6][21] This status was revoked in the administrative reform
of 1924, which divided the colony into provinces and set Buitenzorg as
the center of
West Java

West Java Province.[6]
1942–1950[edit]
Aerial picture of
Bogor

Bogor during the 1930s.
R. A. A. Muharram Wiranatakusuma, president of the
Pasundan

Pasundan State with
his secretary in
Bogor

Bogor (1948)
During World War II, Buitenzorg and the entire territory of Dutch East
Indies were occupied by Japanese forces; the occupation lasted from 6
March 1942 until the summer of 1945.[29] As part of the efforts by the
Japanese to promote nationalist (and thus anti-Dutch) sentiments among
the local population the city was given the Indonesian name Bogor.[27]
The city had one of the major training centres of the Indonesian
militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air – "Defenders of the
Motherland").[30]
On 17 August 1945, Soekarno and Hatta proclaimed independence, but the
Dutch regained control of the town and adjoining areas. In February
1948, Buitenzorg was included in the quasi-independent state of West
Java,(Indonesian: Negara Jawa Barat) which was renamed
Pasundan

Pasundan in
April 1948 (Indonesian: Negara Pasundan). This state was established
by the Netherlands as a step to transform their former colonial
possessions in the East Indies into a dependent federation.[31][32] In
December 1949,
Pasundan

Pasundan joined the Republic of the
United States

United States of
Indonesia

Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik
Indonesia

Indonesia Serikat, RIS) established at
the
Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference

Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference of 23 August – 2
November 1949.[32][33] In February 1950, as a result of defeat of
Pasundan

Pasundan in a quick military conflict with the Republic of Indonesia,
the city became part of Indonesia, as formalized in August
1950,[32][33] and its name was officially declared as Bogor.[15][34]
As part of Indonesia[edit]
As part of independent Indonesia,
Bogor

Bogor has a significant role in the
cultural, scientific and economic development of the country and West
Java

Java in particular – in part due to the legacy of infrastructure
built during the colonial period. Its special position was further
reinforced by the transformation of the former summer residence of the
governor-general into the summer palace of the President of
Indonesia.[11][35] In the 1990s–2000s, the city regularly hosted
various international events, such as ministry-level meetings of the
Asia-Pacific institutions[36] and the APEC summit of 15 November
1994.[37] Since 2008, a Christian church congregation in
Bogor

Bogor has
been embroiled with Islamic fundamentalists over the building permit
for their new church.[38]
Geography, topography, geology[edit]
Ciliwung

Ciliwung River on the outskirts of Bogor
Bogor

Bogor and Mount Salak
The city is situated in the western part of
Java

Java island, about
53 km south of the capital
Jakarta

Jakarta and 85 km northwest of
Bandung, the administrative center of
West Java

West Java Province.[1] Bogor
spreads over a basin near volcanoes Salak, which peaks at about
12 km south, and
Mount Gede

Mount Gede whose top is 22–25 km
south-east of the city.[39] The average elevation is 265 meters,
maximum 330 m, and minimum 190 meters above sea level.[1] The terrain
is rather uneven: 17.64 km² of its area has slopes of 0–2°,
80.9 km² from 2° to 15°, 11 km² between 15° and 25°,
7.65 km² from 25° to 40° and 1.20 km² over 40°;[40] the
northern part is relatively flat and the southern part is more
hilly.[41]
The soils are dominated by volcanic sedimentary rocks.[41] Given the
proximity of large active volcanoes, the area is considered highly
seismic.[39] The total area of green space is 205,000 m², of which
87,000 m² are
Bogor

Bogor Botanical Gardens, 19,400 m² are taken by 35
parks, 17,200 m² by 24 groves and 81,400 m² are covered with
grass.[42]
Several rivers flow through the city toward the
Java

Java Sea. The largest
ones,
Ciliwung

Ciliwung and Cisadane, flank the historic city center. Smaller
rivers, Cipakancilan, Cidepit, Ciparigi and Cibalok, are guided by
cement tubes in many places.[39] It is worth noting that "ci" in the
river names merely means "river" in Sundanese, and the actual name
begins after it, but the "ci" is nevertheless included into national
and international maps. There are several small lakes within the city,
including Situ Burung (lit. Bird Lake; "Situ" meaning "Lake") and Situ
Gede (lit. Great Lake), with the area of several hectares each. Rivers
and lakes occupy 2.89% of the city area.[43]
Climate[edit]
Bogor

Bogor has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) according to the Köppen
climate classification,[44] and more humid and rainy than in many
other areas of
West Java

West Java – the average relative humidity is 70%,[39]
the average annual precipitation is about 1700 mm, but more than
3500 mm in some areas.[39] Most rain falls between December and
February. Because of this weather,
Bogor

Bogor has the nickname "Rain City"
(Indonesian: Kota hujan).[45][46] The temperatures are lower than in
coastal Java: the average maximum is 25.9 °C (cf. 32.2 °C
in Jakarta). Daily fluctuations (9–10 °C) are rather high for
Indonesia. The absolute maximum temperature was recorded at
38 °C and the minimum at 3 °C.[1]
Climate data for Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °C (°F)
28.3
(82.9)
28.5
(83.3)
29.3
(84.7)
30.0
(86)
30.2
(86.4)
30.3
(86.5)
30.5
(86.9)
30.9
(87.6)
31.2
(88.2)
30.7
(87.3)
30.1
(86.2)
29.6
(85.3)
30.0
(86)
Daily mean °C (°F)
24.7
(76.5)
24.6
(76.3)
25.0
(77)
25.5
(77.9)
25.5
(77.9)
25.2
(77.4)
25.2
(77.4)
25.3
(77.5)
25.6
(78.1)
25.4
(77.7)
25.4
(77.7)
25.4
(77.7)
25.2
(77.4)
Average low °C (°F)
21.1
(70)
20.8
(69.4)
20.7
(69.3)
21.0
(69.8)
20.8
(69.4)
20.2
(68.4)
19.9
(67.8)
19.7
(67.5)
20.0
(68)
20.2
(68.4)
20.7
(69.3)
21.3
(70.3)
20.5
(68.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
442
(17.4)
378
(14.88)
385
(15.16)
428
(16.85)
354
(13.94)
225
(8.86)
216
(8.5)
240
(9.45)
295
(11.61)
390
(15.35)
378
(14.88)
355
(13.98)
4,086
(160.86)
Source: Climate-Data.org[44]
Demographics[edit]
The New American Cyclopaedia of 1867 reported Buitenzorg's population
as being 320,756 including 9,530 Chinese, 650 Europeans, and 23
Arabs.[47]
Population[edit]
According to the national census held in May–August 2010, 949,066
people were registered in Bogor.[48] The average population density is
about 8,000 people per km²; it reaches 12,571 persons per km² in the
centre and drops to 5,866 people per km² in the southern part.[48]
Based on BPS data,[2]
Bogor

Bogor population in 2014 was 1,030,720 people,
suggesting a population density of 8,698 people/km2.
Year
1956
1961
1971
1981
1988
1999
2010
2014
Population
124,000[49]
154,000[50]
197,000[51]
246,000[51]
285,000[51]
585,000[51]
949,000[48]
1,030,720[2]
A
Hindu

Hindu shrine dedicated to King Siliwangi, in the
Hindu

Hindu temple Pura
Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, the second largest temple in Indonesia.
Pakuan Pajajaran

Pakuan Pajajaran (Bogor) is the capital region of the Sunda Galuh
Kingdom, the last
Hindu

Hindu kingdom in the archipelago along with
Majapahit.
School girls in
Muslim

Muslim dress in the
Bogor

Bogor Botanical Garden
The rapid population growth in
Bogor

Bogor after 1960 is related to
urbanization as well as the influx of workforce from other parts of
the country.[51] The birth rate in 2009 was 563 children per 10,000
people, with the mortality value of 272. During the same year, 12,709
permanent resident moved in and 3,391 people left the city.[52] Men
constituted 51.06% and women 48.94% of the population;[48] 28.39% of
the inhabitants were under 15 years old, 67.42% were aged 15–65
years and 3.51% – over 65 years.[52] The 2005 estimate of the life
expectancy is 71.8 years, which is the highest figure for West Java
and one of the highest in Indonesia.[53]
Most population (87%) are Sundanese, with considerable numbers of
Betawi, Javanese, Chinese and other, often mixed ethnicities.[54][55]
Virtually all adults are fluent in Indonesian – the official
language of the country. Sundanese is used at home and in some public
areas and events – for example, the solemn speech of the mayor at
the City Day celebration of 3 June 2010 was delivered in
Sundanese.[55] The local dialect of Sundanese significantly differs
from the classical version both lexically and phonetically.[56][57]
The majority of population (94%) are Muslims,[58] with just over 5%
Christians. However, there are many Christian churches in the
city,[59][60][61] as well as Buddhist (mostly in the Chinese
community[62]) and
Hindu

Hindu communities.
Religious statistics of 2009[52]
Religion
Adherents
Fraction of population (%)
Number of religious buildings
Islam
838,533
92.64
715
Protestantism
30,807
3.40
27
Roman Catholicism
21,957
2.43
8
Buddhism
9,246
1.02
13
Hinduism
1,352
0.15
9
Confucianism
502
0.06
13
Others
2,736
0.30
Administrative divisions[edit]
Bogor

Bogor City is surrounded by the
Bogor Regency

Bogor Regency (kabupaten) but in
itself is a separate municipality (cat).[15][63] The city is divided
into six districts (kecamatan), which contain 68 low-level
administrative units, 31 of which have the status of settlement and 37
are villages.[64]
Districts of
Bogor

Bogor City[48][64]
English name
Indonesian name
Area
in km²
Population at
2010 Census
Number of
settlements
and villages
North Bogor
Kecamatan
Bogor

Bogor Utara
17.72
170,443
8
South Bogor
Kecamatan
Bogor

Bogor Selatan
30.81
181,392
16
East Bogor
Kecamatan
Bogor

Bogor Timur
10.15
95,098
6
West Bogor
Kecamatan
Bogor

Bogor Barat
32.85
211,084
16
Central Bogor
Kecamatan
Bogor

Bogor Tengah
8.13
101,398
11
Tanah Sareal
Kecamatan Tanah Sareal
18.84
190,919
11
Administration[edit]
The city is headed by a mayor, who is elected by the citizens every
five years, together with a vice-mayor; in the past, the mayor was
appointed by the provincial administration.[63] Diani Budiarto became
the first elected mayor of
Bogor

Bogor on 25 October 2008 and assumed his
position on 7 April 2009.[65] Legislative power is provided by the
City Council which consists of 45 people's representatives who are
also elected by the residents for a 5-year term. Nine political
parties consisting of five factions are represented in the
Council.[66][67]
The coat of arms of
Bogor

Bogor is a rectangular heraldic shield with a
pointed base and the side lengths ratio of 5:4, divided by a cross
into four parts. The upper left quarter contains the National Emblem
of
Indonesia

Indonesia – the mythical bird Garuda, in the upper right is the
presidential palace, in the bottom left is the Salak volcano, and in
the lower right is the national Sundanese dagger kujang. The
inscription on top reads "KOTA BOGOR" which translates to "THE CITY OF
BOGOR".[68]
Economy[edit]
A building in downtown Bogor
Guppy

Guppy fishes are exported in large quantities from Bogor.
Bogor

Bogor has developed automotive chemical and food industries;[69] its
outlying areas are used for agriculture.[70] During the colonization,
Bogor

Bogor was mostly producing coffee, rubber and high-quality timber.
Chemical industry

Chemical industry was introduced to the city at the end of the 19th
century,[11][20] and car and metal production in the 1950s, during the
industrialization of independent Indonesia. The fast economic
development of the 1980s was slowed down by the crisis of the 1990s
and recovered in the early 2000s; so the growth rate of the economy in
Bogor

Bogor was 5.78% in 2002, 6.07% in 2003 and 6.02% in 2009.[69] At the
end of 2009, the
Gross Regional Product (GRP) was 12.249 trillion
IDR[71] (approximately 1.287 billion USD[72]) and the investments
amounted to 932.295 billion IDR.[71]
Despite the economical growth, the number of citizens living below the
poverty level (defined by not only cash income, but also access to
basic social services[73]) is increasing, primarily due to the inflow
of poor residents of the surrounding rural areas. In 2009, 17.45% of
the population lived below the poverty level, almost twice higher than
in 2006 (9.5%)[71]
Minimum wage

Minimum wage is established by the West Java
Governor at 2,658,155 IDR/month.[74]
Branch of economy
Share in GRP (%)[75]
Trade, hotel and restaurant business
30.14
Industry
28.2
Financial services
13.77
Transport and communication
9.7
Customer services
7.54
Construction
7.48
Energy and water supply
3.16
Agriculture, fishing
0.36
In 2008 there were 3,208 officially registered industrial enterprises
in
Bogor

Bogor employing 54,268 people, more than half (32,237) of whom
worked at the 114 largest companies.[76] The outskirts of the city
contain about 3,466 hectares of agricultural area, including 111
hectares of water bodies used for fishery and fish farming.[70] The
main crops are rice (1165 hectares as of 2007, the annual harvest in
2003 was 9,953 tonnes), various vegetables (772 acres, 8,296 tonnes),
corn (382 acres, 6,720 tonnes) and sweet potato (480 acres, 3,480
tonnes).[77] The livestock sector has 25 registered companies (as of
2007) mostly breeding cows (more than 1000 animals yielding more than
2.61 million liters of milk), sheep (about 12,000), chickens (more
than 642,000) and ducks (ca. 8,000).[78][79]
About 25–30 tonnes of various species of fish are produced per year
by 4 registered companies. The fishes are mostly bred artificially, in
ponds and paddy fields.[80] Breeding aquarium fish and also catching
them in their natural habitat is an important industry sector, which
yielded 367,000 USD from 2008 export sales only, mostly to Japan and
Middle East.[75] A substantial part of other
Bogor

Bogor production, 144
billion IDR in 2008, is exported. Examples are clothes and footwear
(to US, EU, ASEAN, Canada, Australia, Russia), textiles (US, New
Zealand), furniture (South Korea), car tires (ASEAN countries and
South America), toys and souvenirs (Japan, Germany, Brazil), soft
drinks (ASEAN countries and Middle East).[81][82] Most of the local
sells are carried out via the eight major shopping centers, nine
supermarkets and seven major markets.[81]
Transport[edit]
Bogor

Bogor railway station
Becak parking at the center of Bogor
Bogor

Bogor is a major transport center of Java. It contains 599.2
kilometers of roads (as of 2008) which cover 5.31% of the city area;
30.2 kilometers of the roads are of national and 26.8 km of
prefectural importance.[83] The 22 transport lines are operated by
3,506 buses and minibuses. In addition, 10 bus routes connect the city
with the nearest metropolitan area (4,612 buses) and 40 with other
cities of
West Java

West Java (330 buses).[84] There are two major bus
terminals, Baranangsiang and Bubulak. The former has an area of 22,100
m² and is dedicated to long-distance and freight traffic while the
latter (area 11,850 m²) serves urban passenger routes.[85] A separate
station is dedicated to tourist coaches and buses to the nearest
Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, located about 55
kilometers from Bogor.[85] Recent years see a significant increase in
the number of traditional Indonesian rickshaw (becak) at more than
2,000 units as of 2009.[86] The train station of
Bogor

Bogor was built in
1881, and currently serves about 50,000 passengers and has about 70
departures and 70 arrivals per day.[85]
Housing and facilities[edit]
Residential buildings occupy 26.46% of the city, or 71.11% of its
built-up area; 5–14-storey buildings dominate the central part and
the outlying areas are mostly built up with single-storeyed
houses.[87][88] The population rise in the 1990s–2000s due to the
inflow of external workforce sharply increased the number of
substandard housing, mainly on the outskirts of the city. More than
half of the slums (1,242,490 m²) are located in northern Bogor,
whereas their area is only 89,780 m² in southern part of the
city.[88][89] To improve this situation, the city administration
launched a program of construction of cheap housing types (light
prefabricated houses) in the western Bogor. These houses combine
reasonable rent ($22 per year[90]) at acceptable living
conditions.[87]
Electricity to
Bogor

Bogor is supplied by Indonesian state company
Perusahaan Listrik Negara, which serves the provinces of
West Java

West Java and
Banten. Electricity is provided by more than ten regional thermal and
hydroelectric power plants via two local transformer stations located
in the
Bogor

Bogor districts of Cimahpar and Cibilong.[91] Whereas most of
the houses (excluding some slum areas) are provided with electricity,
street lighting covers only 35.38% of the city (4,193 light sources,
as of 2007), however, the number of street lights is increasing at an
annual rate of 10–15%.[92]
As of 2009, only 47% of
Bogor

Bogor is provided with clean tap water through
a centralized water supply systems managed by state-owned Tirta
Pakuan.[93] The municipal system takes water from rivers Cisadane
(1240 liters per second), and three natural sources: Kota Batu,
Bentar-Kambing and Tangka (410 liters per second). Although, the water
network has a total length of 741 kilometers and covers about 70% of
the city, connection to it is often problematic for financial and
technical reasons. More than half of residents use water wells or
natural reservoirs.[93]
Garbage collection service covers 67% of the urban area. From about
800,000 m3 of waste per year, about 90% is buried at an external
landfill at Galuga, about 7% is recycled for compost and about 3% is
burned in five incinerators within the city.[94]
The seven cemeteries of
Bogor

Bogor are named by the city districts as
Cilendek, Kayumanis, Situgede, Mulyaharja, Blender, Dreded and Gunung
Gadung. The first six have the status of "public cemeteries"
(Indonesian: Tempat pemakaman umum), and have no restrictions by
religion or ethnicity. However, given the religious composition of
Bogor, the cemeteries are predominantly Muslim, and Christian graves
are located either in separate areas of cemeteries or in a small
cemetery adjacent to churches.[95] Some mosques also have small burial
plots.[96] Graves for poor and nameless are mostly located at
Kayumanis,[97] and Gunung Gadung cemetery is restricted to Chinese
residents.[98]
Education and science[edit]
Bogor

Bogor is one of the major scientific and educational centers in
Indonesia. A significant part of academic and research base was laid
in the period of Dutch colonization. In particular, since the
beginning of the 19th century there were established laboratories and
professional schools focused primarily on improving the efficiency of
the colonial agricultural;[11][20][21] In the late 19th – early 20th
centuries have been established over major scientific institutions –
the Research Institute and Rubber Research Institute of
Forest.[99][100]
Similar to the prevailing profile of research and academic activity
was retained in
Bogor

Bogor
Indonesia

Indonesia and after gaining independence. As in
the second half of 20th century, and in the 2000s strongest areas were
agricultural science,
Biology

Biology and Veterinary. The main educational and
scientific center with the utmost national importance, is Bogor
Agricultural University, which structure, in addition to educational
facilities, includes dozens of research centers and
laboratories.[101][102]
Bogor

Bogor hosts the global headquarters of the Center for International
Forestry Research (CIFOR), an international organization conducting
research on forestry and human development.[103][104] The headquarters
of the Organisation for the Preservation of Birds and their Habitat
are also in Bogor.
Veterinary

Veterinary schools and laboratories existed in
Bogor

Bogor from the period
of Dutch colonization. Photo 1907.
Education
Percentage of the population[75]
Less than 6 classes
24.3
Elementary school (grades 1–6)
29.3
Secondary school (grades 7–9)
16
High schools (grades 10–12)
23.2
Bachelor
3.1
Master and above
4.1
Educational institutions of Bogor[52]
Type
Number of institutions (public/private)
Number of students
The number of teachers
Kindergartens
154 (1/153)
7,194 (175/7,019)
765 (11/754)
Schools for handicap children
9 (0/9)
408 (0/408)
78 (0/78)
Elementary schools
288 (248/40)
97,794 (84,289/13,505)
5,004 (4,267/737)
Secondary schools
115 (19/96)
43,153 (18,867/24,286)
2,634 (892/1,742)
High schools
50 (10/40)
22,349 (9,450/12,899)
1558 (566/992)
Technical schools
63 (no data)
28,375 (3,334/25,041)
1826 (246/1,580)
Universities
15 (5/10)
16,998 (12,304/4,694)
1,787 (1,225/562)
The literacy rate in
Bogor

Bogor (98.7%) is rather high for Indonesia.[52]
Bogor Agricultural University
_symbol.svg/300px-Bogor_Agricultural_University_(IPB)_symbol.svg.png)
Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesian: Institut Pertanian Bogor)
is the main agricultural university of the country. It was founded in
1963 based on the agricultural college, which was established back in
the 19th century by the Dutch colonial administration.[101][105] The
largest private universities are Pakuan, Juanda, Nusa Bangsa and Ibn
Khaldun.[105] In addition to regular schools, there are over 700
Muslim

Muslim schools (madrasah) and several Christian schools and
colleges.[52]
Most scientific research in
Bogor

Bogor is carried out in agriculture, soil
science, dendrology, veterinary and ichthyology.[101][102] More
specific areas include natural pesticides and repellents,
intercropping, industrial applications of essential oils and natural
alkaloids, increasing yields of various kinds of pepper, improving
preservation processes, etc.[106]
Culture[edit]
Bogor

Bogor is one of the leading cities of
Indonesia

Indonesia by the number of
museums, some of which are among the oldest and largest in the
country.[107] The Zoological Museum (Indonesian: Museum Zoologi) which
was opened in 1894 by the Dutch colonial administration as an adjunct
to the Botanic Gardens and contains thousands of exhibits.[108] Other
prominent musea are more recent. So the museum of ethnobotany
(Indonesian: Museum Etnobotani) was opened in 1982 and has more than
2000 exhibits;[109] museum of the earth (Indonesian: Museum Tanah,
1988) represents hundreds of soil and rock samples from different
parts of Indonesia;[110] museum of the struggle (Indonesian: Museum
Perjuangan, 1957) is devoted to the history of the Indonesian national
liberation movement;[111] and
Pembela Tanah Air Museum (1996) reflects
the history of the Indonesian military militia PETA (Pembela Tanah Air
– "Defenders of the Motherland") created during
World War II

World War II by the
Japanese administration.[112]
The city has a drama theater,[113] dozens of movie theaters, nine of
which (as of mid-2010) are set up at international standards.[114] The
presidential palace, administrative buildings and universities
regularly host art exhibitions, and there are regular festivals of
folk art, conferences and culture-related seminars, such as the
Congress of Indonesian culture (Indonesian: Kongres Kebudayaan
Indonesia) of 2008.[115]
Health[edit]
The first hospitals were established in
Bogor

Bogor in the first half of the
19th century by the Dutch authorities. By the early 20th century,
there were several civilian hospitals, a military hospital,[116] and a
large psychiatric hospital with doctors from Europe and North
America.[117] In the 1930s, the Dutch Red Cross Society hospital
became the largest in the city. Most of the existing hospitals and
clinics are built in the 1980s–1990s.[118] They include 10
hospitals, 373 private clinics, 51 single-doctor clinics and 134
pharmacies and drug stores, and employ 274 general practitioners, 122
dentists, 74 sanitation doctors, 37 radiologists (X-ray), 141
gynaecologists, 32 nutritionists, 55 assistants, 710 nurses, 63
pharmacists and 99 doctors of other specialties.[52][118] 2 new
hospitals are founded in 2014
The 12 hospitals of
Bogor

Bogor are:
Hospital of the Indonesian Red Cross Society (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit
Palang Merah Indonesia) – general, the oldest in the city
General Hospital of
Bogor

Bogor City (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah
Kota Bogor) – general, owned by the city government, formerly Karya
Bhakti [119]
Salak (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Salak) – general, owned by the
Indonesian Army
Atang Sanjaya (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit TNI AU Atang Sanjaya) –
general, owned by the Indonesian Air Force, located in airbase area
Bogor

Bogor Medical Centre – general practitioners, private
Islamic Hospital (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Islam) – general
Azra (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Azra) – general
Melania (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Melania) – women and children
Hermina (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Hermina) – women and children
Marzuki Mahdi (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Marzuki Mahdi) – infectious
diseases and psychiatric hospital
Mulia (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Mulia)- general
Vania (Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Vania)- general, founded in Nov 1st,
2014 [120]
Media[edit]
Bogor

Bogor has three daily Indonesian-language newspapers[121] – "Radar
Bogor", founded in 1998 and "Pakuan Raya" in founded in 2005 and
Jurnal Bogor, founded in 2008. they print in about 25,000 copies and
have electronic versions.
Bogor

Bogor offices also partly print part some
Javanese and national newspapers. There are a few magazines and
scientific publications of the local universities.
The two municipal TV channels, "Bogor-TV" and "Megasvara TV" broadcast
at UHF channel 25 over the city and nearby areas of West Java.[122]
There are also at least 30 local radio stations, of which 20 are in
the FM and 10 in the AM range.[123]
Sport[edit]
As of March 2010, the
Bogor

Bogor teams were registered in 28 sports to
participate in national and regional competitions conducted by the
National Sports Committee of
Indonesia

Indonesia (Indonesian: Komite Nasional
Olahraga Indonesia). Their achievements are regarded as poor. At the
Java

Java competitions,
Bogor

Bogor athletes took 5 gold medals instead of the
planned 42.[124][125] The largest among 15 sports organizations[52] is
the
Bogor

Bogor Football Union (Indonesian: Persatuan Sepakbola Bogor),
headed by the current Mayor Diani Budiarto. The local football team
"PSB Bogor" never took prizes in the national championships.[126] The
local Stadium Pajajaran can accommodate 25,000 spectators.[127]
Travel and places[edit]
Lily pond in the
Bogor

Bogor Botanical Garden.
On a national tourism exhibition of 2010 in Jakarta,
Bogor

Bogor was
recognized as the most attractive tourist city of Indonesia.[128] The
city and its surrounding area are visited by about 1.8 million people
per year, of whom more than 60,000 are foreigners.[129] The main
tourist attraction is the
Bogor

Bogor Botanical Garden. Founded in 1817, it
contains more than 6,000 species of tropical plants. Besides, about 42
bird species breed within the garden, although this number is
declining and was 62 before 1952.[130] The garden's 87-hectare area
within the city was supplemented in 1866 by a 120-hectare park in
suburban town of Cibodas.[131][132] Much of the original rainforest
was preserved within the garden providing specimens for scientific
studes. Besides, the garden was enriched by collections of palms,
bamboos, cacti, orchids and ornamental trees. It became famous in the
late 19th century and was visited by naturalists from abroad to
conduct scientific research. For example, the Russian St. Petersburg
Academy of Sciences had a Buitenzorg scholarship for young scientists
to work at Bogor.[131] The staff of
Bogor

Bogor garden also administer three
other major gardens of Iindonesia: the Cibodas Botanical Garden
founded 1862 in West Java, the Purwodadi Botanical Garden in East Java
and the
Bali Botanic Garden

Bali Botanic Garden founded in 1959 on
Bali

Bali island.[133]
The former residence of the Governor-General, now the summer palace of
the President of Indonesia
Cathedral. Photo 1920
Another tourist attraction is the presidential palace with the total
area of 28 hectares, including 1.8492 hectares of the palace
buildings. The palace is surrounded by a park with a small
pond.[131][134] The park is home to a herd of tame deer and is open to
the public most of the year. The palace is accessible during holidays,
such as the City Day and Independence Day; it has a collection of 450
paintings and 360 sculptures.[131]
The city and its suburbs contain dozens of medieval stone stelae
(prasasti). Fifteen prasasti of the greatest historical and cultural
value are collected in a special pavilion in the district of
Batutulis.[135] In the western part of
Bogor

Bogor there is a large lake
Gede (area 6 hectares) surrounded by the reserved forest area and a
forest park. In the protected area there are several research
facilities, and the recreation areas host sports activities, boating
and fishing.[136][137]
On the territory of the botanic garden, there is a cemetery
established in 1784.[138] It contains 42 historical graves of the
Dutch colonial officials, military officers and scientists, who served
in Bogor,
Jakarta

Jakarta and other cities in
West Java

West Java from the late 18th to
early 20th centuries.[138] Nearby, there are three graves of the early
Sunda Kingdom

Sunda Kingdom (15th century): the wife of the founder of Bogor
Silivangi, Galuh Mangku Alam, vizier Ba'ul and commander Japra. The
locals regard these individuals as the city's patrons.[139] Other
historical places are the
Bogor

Bogor Cathedral – built in 1750, it is one
of the oldest operational Catholic Churches in Indonesia,[140] and the
Buddhist temple Hok Tek Bio, built in 1672 in the classical South
Chinese style. It is the first Buddhist temple of
Bogor

Bogor and one of the
oldest in Indonesia.
Nearby is the Jaksa Waterfall.
Recently
Bogor

Bogor launched new bus that can accommodate 25 passengers and
this bus special to look around outside of
Bogor

Bogor Botanical Garden. Bus
will be started from Botanical Square and ended up at the same place.
This bus was unveiled by major of
Bogor

Bogor Bima Arya in 1 January 2017.
This bus called UNCAL which means "Unforgattable City Tour at Lovable
City".
Famous people born in Bogor[edit]
The list includes only people with pages in at least three
languages.
Adriaan Fokker

Adriaan Fokker (1887–1972) – Dutch physicist
Hein ter Poorten

Hein ter Poorten (1887–1968) – Commander of the armed forces of
the
Dutch East Indies

Dutch East Indies in the early second World War II
Ru den Hamer (1917–1988) – Dutch Olympic water polo player
Ayu Utami

Ayu Utami (b. 1968) – Indonesian writer
Rudi Soedjarwo (b. 1971) – Indonesian playwright
Suzzanna

Suzzanna (1942–2008) – Indonesian actress
Dr. Syed Muhammad Naqūib al-Aṭṭas (5 September 1931–) Muslim
scholar
Sister cities[edit]
Lumapas,
Brunei

Brunei Darussalam
St. Louis, Missouri, United States
See also[edit]
List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia
Further reading[edit]
"Klenteng Hok Tek Bio". Official Site of
Bogor

Bogor City (in Indonesian).
Pemerintah Kota Bogor. 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 12
March 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
References[edit]
^ a b c d "Letak geografis kota Bogor". Official Site of
Bogor

Bogor City
(in Indonesian). Pemerintah Kota Bogor. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
^ a b c "Penduduk Kota Bogor". Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Bogor. Badan
Pusat Statistik Kota Bogor. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
^
http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/Penduduk%20Kab%20Kota%20Umur%20Tunggal%202014.pdf
Estimasi Penduduk Menurut Umur Tunggal Dan Jenis Kelamin 2014
Kementerian Kesehatan
^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
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^ a b c d e f "History of
Bogor

Bogor City". Archived from the original on
12 August 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
^ Hadinoto, Pandji R. "Jakarta : Lima Belas Abad Menghadang
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2010.
^ a b c d "
Bogor

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2010.
^ "Sundanese people" (in Russian). Etnolog.ru. Retrieved 28 May
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^ a b c d e f g h "Asal dan arti nama Pakuan" (in Indonesian).
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^ "Юго-Восточной Азии цивилизация
(Civilization of South-East Asia)" (in Russian). Kolier Encyclopedia.
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^ Bulat, Vladmir. "Political map of Eurasia, 700 AD". Retrieved 18
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^ "Bogor" (in Russian). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 June
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Bogor

Bogor City (in Indonesian). Pemerintah
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bogor.
Official Site (in Indonesian)
Bogor

Bogor travel guide from Wikivoyage
Poentjak Weg (in Indonesian)
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