''Black Iris'', formerly called ''Black Iris III'', is a 1926 oil painting by

Georgia O'Keeffe Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15, 1887 – March 6, 1986) was an American modernist artist. She was known for her paintings of enlarged flowers, New York skyscrapers, and New Mexico landscapes. O'Keeffe has been called the "Mother of Ame ...

. Art historian

Linda Nochlin Linda Nochlin (''née'' Weinberg; January 30, 1931 – October 29, 2017) was an American art historian, Lila Acheson Wallace Professor Emerita of Modern Art at New York University Institute of Fine Arts, and writer. As a prominent feminist art ...

interpreted ''Black Iris'' as a morphological metaphor for female genitalia. O'Keeffe rejected such interpretations in a 1939 text accompanying an exhibition of her work, in which she wrote: "Well—I made you take time to look at what I saw and when you took time to really notice my flower you hung all your own associations with flowers on my flower and you write about my flower as if I think and see what you think and see of the flower—and I don't." She attempted to do away with sexualized readings of her work by adding a lot of detail. It was first exhibited at the Intimate Gallery, New York from January 11 to February 27, 1927, where it was catalogued as ''DARK IRIS NO. 3.'' Unlike her previous shows, this show was largely devoid of the colourful paintings for which she had received critical acclaim.

Lewis Mumford Lewis Mumford (October 19, 1895 – January 26, 1990) was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic. Particularly noted for his study of cities and urban architecture, he had a broad career as a w ...

commented: "Yesterday O'Keeffe's exhibition opened … the show is strong: one long, loud blast of sex, sex in youth, sex in adolescence, sex in maturity, sex as gaudy as "Ten Nights in a Whorehouse," and sex as pure as the vigils of the vestal virgins, sex bulging, sex tumescent, sex deflated. After this description you'd better not visit the show: inevitably you'll be a little disappointed. For perhaps only half the sex is on the walls; the rest is probably in me." The painting remained in the collection of the artist from 1926 to 1969. It was on extended loan to the

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 ...

from 1949 to 1969, when it was donated as part of the Alfred Stieglitz Collection to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The painting's title changed in 1991 from ''Black Iris III'' to ''Black Iris'' when the list of her works was revised. The picture was in use on several episodes of ''The Handmaid's Tale'' in season 3. (Source: End credits of the show)

Exhibition history

* 1927 Intimate Gallery, New York, ''Georgia O’Keeffe: Paintings, 1926'' as ''The Dark Iris No. III'' * 1933 at An American Place as ''Black Iris'' * 1966 Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, Fort Worth, Texas, ''Georgia O'Keeffe: An Exhibition of the Work of the Artist from 1915 to 1966'' * 1970 Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, ''Georgia O'Keeffe'' as ''Black Iris.'' * 1987 Washington

Formal analysis

O'Keeffe uses a variety of colors in order to create ''Black Iris'', although her focus is on darker shades. She implements black, purple, and maroon to detail the center and lower petals of the iris, while using pink, gray, and white when detailing the upper petals of the flower. O'Keeffe blends outwardly in order to soften the outer edges of the painting. With the use of white and other bright colors, she is able to bring light into the image, despite the lack of a light source. O'Keeffe was intent on light and its importance in presenting the organic beauty of her subjects. Her art demonstrates her belief in the inner vitalism of nature and her association of this force with light.

Related paintings

O'Keeffe began painting the centres of flowers in 1924. The first show of her enlarged flowers was at the

Anderson Galleries Anderson or Andersson may refer to: Companies * Anderson (Carriage), a company that manufactured automobiles from 1907 to 1910 * Anderson Electric, an early 20th-century electric car * Anderson Greenwood, an industrial manufacturer * Anderson ...

in 1926. The black irises were a recurring subject: She painted another oil called ''The Black Iris'' (CR 558), also known as ''The Dark Iris No. II'' and ''Dark Iris'', a small (9x7") oil in 1926. In 1927, she also created ''Dark Iris No. III,'' a pastel on paper. ''Iris'', from 1929 is a 32x12" is in the

Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center The Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center at Colorado College (FAC) is an arts center located just north of downtown Colorado Springs, Colorado. Located on the same city block are the American Numismatic Association and part of the campus of Colorado ...

. She returned to the black iris in 1936, with Black Iris II lack Iris VI, 1936(36x24").

List of related paintings

* ''Black Iris''; ''The Dark Iris No. 1'', 1926, (CR 556), Oil on Canvas, 16x12" (40.6x30.5), private collection, 1994 * ''Black Iris;'' ''The Dark Iris No. 3'', 1926, (CR 557), Oil on Canvas, 36x29 7/8 (91.4x75.9), Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1969 * ''The Black Iris;'' ''The Dark Iris No. II''; ''Dark Iris'', 1926, (CR 558), 9x7" (22.9x17.8), Collection of Aaron I. Fleischman, 1991 * ''Dark Iris;'' ''Dark Iris No. 1'' 1927, (CR 583) 32x12 (81.3x30.5), Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center (FA 1954.4) * ''Dark Iris No. III;'' ''Dark Iris No. 3''; ''Dark Iris, No. 3,'' 1927 (CR 602), Pastel on wove paper, Georgia O'Keeffe Museum (1997.04.07) * ''Black Iris''; ''Black Iris – VII''; ''Small Black Iris'', (CR 883), 1936 Oil on Canvas (19 1/2 x 16"), private collection, 1996 * ''Untitled (Iris)'', 1936 (CR 884), Graphite on wove paper 9x6 (22.9x15.2), private collection, 1987 * ''Black Iris VI''; ''Black Iris II'', 1936, (CR 885), Oil on Canvas (36 x 24) Collection: Curtis Galleries, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1998

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Iris Paintings by Georgia O'Keeffe Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art 1926 paintings