Black-breasted kalij

The kalij pheasant (''Lophura leucomelanos'') is a pheasant found in forests and thickets, especially in the Himalayan foothills, from Pakistan to western Thailand. Males are rather variable depending on the subspecies involved, but all have at least partially glossy bluish-black plumage, while females are overall brownish. Both sexes have a bare red face and greyish legs (the latter separating it from the red-legged silver pheasant).McGowan, P. J. K. (1994). Kalij Pheasant (''Lophura leucomelanos''). pp. 533 in: del Hoyo, J, A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal (1994). '' Handbook of the Birds of the World''. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edictions. It is generally common and widespread, though three of its eastern subspecies (''L. l. oatesi'', ''L. l. lineata'', and ''L. l. crawfurdi'') are considered threatened and ''L. l. moffitti'' is virtually unknown in the wild. On 21 October 2021, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir declared ''Kalij Pheasant'' as bird of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

The name is also spelled kaleege in old texts, such as ''Game Birds of India and Asia'' by Frank Finn, though no longer in his ''Indian Sporting Birds''. The species was introduced to Hawaii in 1962 as a gamebird."Lophura leucomelanos , Kalij pheasant"
''hawaiibirdingtrails.hawaii.gov''. State of Hawaii. Retrieved 25 February 2018.

Taxonomy

The kalij pheasant is closely related to the silver pheasant, and the two are known to hybridize.MacKinnon, J., & K. Phillipps (2000). ''A Field Guide to the Birds of China.'' Oxford University Press. The placement of the taxa ''L. l. lineata'' and ''L. l. crawfurdi'' has been a matter of dispute, with some treating them as subspecies of the kalij pheasant and others as subspecies of the silver pheasant.McGowan, P. J. K., A. L. Panchen (1994). ''Plumage variation and geographical distribution in the Kalij and Silver Pheasants.'' Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 114: 113-123. They have greyish legs as in the kalij pheasant, but their plumage is closer to that of some subspecies of the silver pheasant. Additionally, as the silver pheasant, ''L. l. lineata'' and ''L. l. crawfurdi'' are found east of the Irrawaddy River, a major zoogeographic barrier, while all other subspecies of the kalij pheasant are found west of the river (''L. l. oatesi'', a subspecies of the kalij pheasant, has sometimes been reported as occurring east of that river, but this is incorrectRobson, C. (2000). ''A Field Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia.'' New Holland Publishers. ). Based on mtDNA, it was recently confirmed that ''L. l. lineata'' and ''L. l. crawfurdi'' should be regarded as subspecies of the kalij pheasant.Moulin, S., E. Randi, C. Tabarroni, & A. Hennache (2003). ''Mitochondrial DNA diversification among the subspecies of the Silver and Kalij Pheasants, Lophura nycthemera and L. leucomelanos, Phasianidae.'' Ibis 145: E1-E11

Subspecies

The nine recognized subspecies of the kalij pheasant are, in taxonomic order:
* ''L. l. hamiltoni'' – white-crested kalij pheasant – western Himalayas
* ''L. l. leucomelanos'' – nominate – forests of Nepal
* ''L. l. melanota'' – black-backed kalij pheasant – Sikkim and western Bhutan
* ''L. l. moffitti'' – black kalij pheasant – central Myanmar
* ''L. l. lathami'' – Horsfield's pheasant – eastern Bhutan and northern India to Myanmar
* ''L. l. williamsi'' – Williams' kalij pheasant – western Myanmar
* ''L. l. oatesi'' – Oates' kalij pheasant – southern Myanmar
* ''L. l. crawfurdi'' – Crawfurd's pheasant – southeastern Myanmar to peninsular Thailand
* ''L. l. lineata'' – lineated pheasant – southern Myanmar to northwestern Thailand

Description

Males have a total length of and females . Height is... Very roughly, the subspecies can be divided into two main groups, with the first (subspecies ''L. l. hamiltoni'', ''L. l. leucomelanos'', ''L. l. melanota'', ''L. l. moffitti'', and ''Vlathami'') being found in the western and central part of the species' range, while the second (''L. l. williamsi'', ''L. l. oatesi'', ''L. l. lineata'', and ''L. l. crawfurdi'') is found in the eastern part. In the males of the first group, most of plumage is glossy blue-black, though with white to the rump or underparts in most subspecies, and in ''L. l. hamiltoni'', the westernmost subspecies, the crest is white (all other have a blue-black crest). In the second group, the underparts and crest are glossy blue-black, but the tail and upperparts are white (or very pale grey) with most feathers densely vermiculated with black.

Females are brownish. In some subspecies, the underparts are distinctly marked in whitish and black, while in others, most feathers are pale-edged, resulting in a scaly appearance.

UT Bird of Jammu and Kashmir

On 21 October 2021, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir declared Kalij Pheasant as bird of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

Kalij Pheasant is known as Wan Kokur, Wan Kokud or Ban Kokur in the Kashmiri language, which can be translated as ''wild cock''.

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q840349

Gallopheasants, kalij pheasant
Birds of the Himalayas
Birds of Pakistan
Birds of Eastern Himalaya
Birds of Myanmar
Birds described in 1790, kalij pheasant
Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist), kalij pheasant