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The Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves (, Uyghurs, Uyghur: بزقلیق مىڭ ئۆيى ) is a complex of Buddhist cave grottos dating from the 5th to 14th century between the cities of Turpan and Shanshan (Loulan Kingdom, Loulan) at the north-east of the Taklamakan Desert near the ancient ruins of Gaochang in the Mutou Valley, a gorge in the Flaming Mountains, in the Xinjiang region of western China. They are high on the cliffs of the west Mutou Valley under the Flaming Mountains, and most of the surviving caves date from the Kingdom of Qocho, West Uyghur kingdom around the 10th to 13th centuries.
There are 77 Rock-cut architecture, rock-cut caves at the site. Most have rectangular spaces with rounded arch ceilings often divided into four sections, each with a mural of the Gautama Buddha, Buddha. The effect is of entire ceiling covers with hundreds of Buddha murals. Some murals show a large Buddha surrounded by other figures, including Turks, Indians and Europeans. The quality of the murals vary with some being artistically naive while others are masterpieces of religious art. The murals that best represent the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves are the large-sized murals, which were given the name the "Praṇidhi Scene", paintings depicting Sakyamuni’s "promise" or "praṇidhi" from his past life.
Professor James A. Millward described the Uyghur Khaganate, original Uyghurs as physically Mongoloid, giving as an example the images in Bezeklik at temple 9 of the Uyghur patrons, until they began to mix with the Tarim Basin's original Proto-Indo-Europeans, Indo-European Tocharians, Tocharian inhabitants. Buddhist Uyghurs created the Bezeklik murals. However, Peter B. Golden writes that History of the Uyghurs, the Uyghurs not only Old Uyghur alphabet, adopted the Sogdian alphabet, writing system and religious faiths of the Indo-European migrations, Indo-European Sogdians, such as Manichaeism, Buddhism, and Nestorianism, Christianity, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors" while gradually replacing them in their roles as Silk Road traders and purveyors of culture. Indeed, Sogdians wearing silk robes are seen in the ''praṇidhi'' scenes of Bezeklik murals, particularly Scene 6 from Temple 9 showing :File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg, Sogdian donors to the Buddha. The paintings of Bezeklik, while having a Indian art, small amount of Indian influence, is primarily influenced by Chinese art, Chinese and Persian art, Iranian styles, particularly Sasanian art, Sasanian Persian landscape painting. Albert von Le Coq was the first to study the murals and published his findings in 1913. He noted how in :File:Bezeklik caves, Pranidhi scene 14, temple 9.JPG, Scene 14 from Temple 9 one of the West Eurasian-looking figures with green eyes, wearing a green fur-trimmed coat and presenting a bowl with what he assumed were bags of Gold, gold dust, wore a hat that he found reminiscent of the headgear of Sasanian Empire, Sasanian Persian princes.von Le Coq, Albert. (1913)
''Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan''
. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes
(Accessed 3 September 2016). The Buddhist Uyghurs of the Kingdom of Qocho and Turfan were Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang, converted to Islam by conquest during a ghazat (holy war) at the hands of the Muslim Chagatai Khanate ruler Khizr Khoja (r. 1389-1399). After being converted to Islam, the descendants of the previously Kingdom of Qocho, Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan failed to retain memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungar people, Dzungars) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area. The murals at Bezeklik have suffered considerable damage. Many of the temples were damaged by local Muslim population whose religion Aniconism in Islam, proscribed figurative images of sentient beings; all statues were destroyed, some paintings defaced and others smeared with mud, the eyes and mouths were often gouged out due to the local belief that the figures may otherwise come to life at night. Michael Dillon considered Bezeklik's ''Thousand Buddha Caves'' are an example of the religiously motivated iconoclasm against depiction of religious and human figures. Pieces of murals were also broken off for use as fertilizer by the locals. During the late nineteen and early twentieth century, European and Japanese explorers found intact murals buried in sand, and German Turfan expeditions, many were removed and dispersed around the world. Some of the best preserved murals were removed by German explorer Albert von Le Coq and sent to Germany. Large pieces such as those showing Praṇidhi scene were permanently fixed to walls in the Ethnological Museum of Berlin, Museum of Ethnology in Berlin. During the Second World War they could not be removed for safekeeping, and were thus destroyed when the museum was caught in the Bombing of Berlin in World War II, bombing of Berlin by the Allies of World War II, Allies. Other pieces may now be found in various museums around the world, such as the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Tokyo National Museum in Japan, the British Museum in London, and the national museums of National Museum of Korea, Korea and National Museum, New Delhi, India. A digital recreation of the Bezeklik murals removed by explorers was shown in Japan.Reconstruction of Bezeklik murals at Ryukoku Museum
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Image:Turpan-bezeklik-desierto-d03.jpg, View of the valley
Image:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves (23367458033).jpg, View of caves
Image:Bezelik Caves 01.jpg, Closer view of caves
Image:Turpan-bezeklik-pinturas-d02.jpg, Frescoes of Buddhas
Image:Turpan-bezeklik-pinturas-d01.jpg, Frescoes of Buddhas
Image:Uigure-bezeklik-17.jpg, A Uyghur prince
Image:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 064.jpg, Uyghur princesses, cave 9, Museum für Asiatische Kunst
Image:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 063.jpg, Uyghur Princes wearing robes and headdresses, cave 9.
Image:Bezeklik Caves - Praṇidhi scene No. 5, Temple No. 9.jpg, Praṇidhi scene No. 5, Temple No. 9
Image:Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg, Details from Praṇidhi scene No. 5. Buddhist monks of Tocharians, Tocharianvon Le Coq, Albert. (1913)
''Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan''
. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes
. (Accessed 3 September 2016). or Sogdian origin on left, and East Asian on right File:Ancient Uyghur Art.jpg, A Uyghur painting from the Bezeklik murals File:Bezeklik Caves - Praṇidhi scene No. 6, Temple No. 9.jpg, Praṇidhi scene No. 6, Temple No. 9 File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg, Details showing Sogdian donors to the Buddha File:A brahmin, Bezeklik, Cave 9, probably 8th-9th century AD, wall painting - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01737.JPG, An Indian brahmin figure from Cave 9, dated 8th-9th century AD, wall painting File:Turpan-bezeklik-pinturas-d03.jpg, File:Fragment of a Buddhist Wall Painting, Bazaklik, region of Turfan, Sinkiang, China, Central Asian art, 8th century - Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art - DSC09159.JPG, Fragment of a Buddhist Wall Painting File:Marchands, dynastie Tang.jpg, Tradesmen, Tang dynasty File:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 067.jpg, Uyghur female donor from the Bezeklik murals File:Uigure-bezeklik-19.jpg, Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals
Chotscho : vol.1Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch-Turkistan : vol.1
*Kitsudo, Koichi (2013). "Historical Significance of Bezeklik cave 20 in the Uyghur Buddhism" in ''Buddhism and Art in Turfan: From the Perspective of Uyghur Buddhism: Buddhist Culture along the Silk Road: Gandhåra, Kucha, and Turfan, Section II.'' Kyoto: 141-168 (texts in English and Japanese). *Polichetti, Massimiliano A.. 1999. “A Short Consideration Regarding Christian Elements in a Ninth Century Buddhist Wall-fainting from Bezeklik”. ''The Tibet Journal'' 24 (2). Library of Tibetan Works and Archives: 101–7. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43302426.
Chotscho: Facsimile Reproduction of Important Findings of the First Royal Prussian Expedition to Turfan in East Turkistan
', Berlin, 1913. A catalogue of the findings of the Second German Turfan Expedition (1904–1905) led by Le Coq, containing colour reproductions of the murals. (National Institute of Informatics – Digital Silk Road Project Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books)
*[ Bezeklik mural at Hermitage Museum]
Silk Route photos
{{Central Asian history Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Xinjiang Chinese Buddhist grottoes Sites along the Silk Road Articles needing Uyghur script or text Religion in Xinjiang Caves of Xinjiang Chinese architectural history Buddhist temples in Turpan
Bezeklik murals
There are 77 Rock-cut architecture, rock-cut caves at the site. Most have rectangular spaces with rounded arch ceilings often divided into four sections, each with a mural of the Gautama Buddha, Buddha. The effect is of entire ceiling covers with hundreds of Buddha murals. Some murals show a large Buddha surrounded by other figures, including Turks, Indians and Europeans. The quality of the murals vary with some being artistically naive while others are masterpieces of religious art. The murals that best represent the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves are the large-sized murals, which were given the name the "Praṇidhi Scene", paintings depicting Sakyamuni’s "promise" or "praṇidhi" from his past life.
Professor James A. Millward described the Uyghur Khaganate, original Uyghurs as physically Mongoloid, giving as an example the images in Bezeklik at temple 9 of the Uyghur patrons, until they began to mix with the Tarim Basin's original Proto-Indo-Europeans, Indo-European Tocharians, Tocharian inhabitants. Buddhist Uyghurs created the Bezeklik murals. However, Peter B. Golden writes that History of the Uyghurs, the Uyghurs not only Old Uyghur alphabet, adopted the Sogdian alphabet, writing system and religious faiths of the Indo-European migrations, Indo-European Sogdians, such as Manichaeism, Buddhism, and Nestorianism, Christianity, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors" while gradually replacing them in their roles as Silk Road traders and purveyors of culture. Indeed, Sogdians wearing silk robes are seen in the ''praṇidhi'' scenes of Bezeklik murals, particularly Scene 6 from Temple 9 showing :File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg, Sogdian donors to the Buddha. The paintings of Bezeklik, while having a Indian art, small amount of Indian influence, is primarily influenced by Chinese art, Chinese and Persian art, Iranian styles, particularly Sasanian art, Sasanian Persian landscape painting. Albert von Le Coq was the first to study the murals and published his findings in 1913. He noted how in :File:Bezeklik caves, Pranidhi scene 14, temple 9.JPG, Scene 14 from Temple 9 one of the West Eurasian-looking figures with green eyes, wearing a green fur-trimmed coat and presenting a bowl with what he assumed were bags of Gold, gold dust, wore a hat that he found reminiscent of the headgear of Sasanian Empire, Sasanian Persian princes.von Le Coq, Albert. (1913)''Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan''
. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes
(Accessed 3 September 2016). The Buddhist Uyghurs of the Kingdom of Qocho and Turfan were Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang, converted to Islam by conquest during a ghazat (holy war) at the hands of the Muslim Chagatai Khanate ruler Khizr Khoja (r. 1389-1399). After being converted to Islam, the descendants of the previously Kingdom of Qocho, Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan failed to retain memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungar people, Dzungars) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area. The murals at Bezeklik have suffered considerable damage. Many of the temples were damaged by local Muslim population whose religion Aniconism in Islam, proscribed figurative images of sentient beings; all statues were destroyed, some paintings defaced and others smeared with mud, the eyes and mouths were often gouged out due to the local belief that the figures may otherwise come to life at night. Michael Dillon considered Bezeklik's ''Thousand Buddha Caves'' are an example of the religiously motivated iconoclasm against depiction of religious and human figures. Pieces of murals were also broken off for use as fertilizer by the locals. During the late nineteen and early twentieth century, European and Japanese explorers found intact murals buried in sand, and German Turfan expeditions, many were removed and dispersed around the world. Some of the best preserved murals were removed by German explorer Albert von Le Coq and sent to Germany. Large pieces such as those showing Praṇidhi scene were permanently fixed to walls in the Ethnological Museum of Berlin, Museum of Ethnology in Berlin. During the Second World War they could not be removed for safekeeping, and were thus destroyed when the museum was caught in the Bombing of Berlin in World War II, bombing of Berlin by the Allies of World War II, Allies. Other pieces may now be found in various museums around the world, such as the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Tokyo National Museum in Japan, the British Museum in London, and the national museums of National Museum of Korea, Korea and National Museum, New Delhi, India. A digital recreation of the Bezeklik murals removed by explorers was shown in Japan.Reconstruction of Bezeklik murals at Ryukoku Museum
/ref>
Gallery
''Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan''
. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes
. (Accessed 3 September 2016). or Sogdian origin on left, and East Asian on right File:Ancient Uyghur Art.jpg, A Uyghur painting from the Bezeklik murals File:Bezeklik Caves - Praṇidhi scene No. 6, Temple No. 9.jpg, Praṇidhi scene No. 6, Temple No. 9 File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg, Details showing Sogdian donors to the Buddha File:A brahmin, Bezeklik, Cave 9, probably 8th-9th century AD, wall painting - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01737.JPG, An Indian brahmin figure from Cave 9, dated 8th-9th century AD, wall painting File:Turpan-bezeklik-pinturas-d03.jpg, File:Fragment of a Buddhist Wall Painting, Bazaklik, region of Turfan, Sinkiang, China, Central Asian art, 8th century - Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art - DSC09159.JPG, Fragment of a Buddhist Wall Painting File:Marchands, dynastie Tang.jpg, Tradesmen, Tang dynasty File:Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 067.jpg, Uyghur female donor from the Bezeklik murals File:Uigure-bezeklik-19.jpg, Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals
See also
*Ah-ai Grotto *Mogao Caves *Kizil Caves *Tianlongshan Grottoes * Silk Road transmission of Buddhism * German Turfan expeditionsFootnotes
Further reading
Chotscho : vol.1
*Kitsudo, Koichi (2013). "Historical Significance of Bezeklik cave 20 in the Uyghur Buddhism" in ''Buddhism and Art in Turfan: From the Perspective of Uyghur Buddhism: Buddhist Culture along the Silk Road: Gandhåra, Kucha, and Turfan, Section II.'' Kyoto: 141-168 (texts in English and Japanese). *Polichetti, Massimiliano A.. 1999. “A Short Consideration Regarding Christian Elements in a Ninth Century Buddhist Wall-fainting from Bezeklik”. ''The Tibet Journal'' 24 (2). Library of Tibetan Works and Archives: 101–7. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43302426.
External links
*Chotscho: Facsimile Reproduction of Important Findings of the First Royal Prussian Expedition to Turfan in East Turkistan
', Berlin, 1913. A catalogue of the findings of the Second German Turfan Expedition (1904–1905) led by Le Coq, containing colour reproductions of the murals. (National Institute of Informatics – Digital Silk Road Project Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books)
*[ Bezeklik mural at Hermitage Museum]
Silk Route photos
{{Central Asian history Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Xinjiang Chinese Buddhist grottoes Sites along the Silk Road Articles needing Uyghur script or text Religion in Xinjiang Caves of Xinjiang Chinese architectural history Buddhist temples in Turpan