Bernard Stiegler

Bernard Stiegler (; 1 April 1952 – 5 August 2020) was a French philosopher. He was head of the Institut de recherche et d'innovation (IRI), which he founded in 2006 at the Centre Georges-Pompidou. He was also the founder in 2005 of the political and cultural group, Ars Industrialis; the founder in 2010 of the philosophy school, ''pharmakon.fr'', held at Épineuil-le-Fleuriel; and a co-founder in 2018 of Collectif Internation, a group of "politicised researchers" His best known work is '' Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus''.

Stiegler has been described as "one of the most influential European philosophers of the 21st century" and an important theorist of the effects of digital technology.

Early life and education

Between 1978 and 1983 Stiegler was incarcerated for armed robbery, first at the Prison Saint-Michel in Toulouse, and then at the Centre de détention in Muret. It was during this period that he became interested in philosophy, studying it by correspondence with Gérard Granel at the Université de Toulouse-Le-Mirail. He recounts his transformation in prison in his book, ''Passer à l'acte'' (2003; the English translation of this work is included in the 2009 volume ''Acting Out'').

Career

In 1987–88, with Catherine Counot, Stiegler commissioned an exhibition at the Centre Georges-Pompidou, entitled ''Mémoires du futur: bibliothèques et technologies''. Stiegler earned his doctorate from the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in 1993 under the direction of Jacques Derrida, and obtained his Habilitation in 2007 at the université Paris Diderot-Paris 7 under the direction of Dominique Lecourt. He was a Director at the Collège international de philosophie, and a professor at the Université de Technologie at Compiègne, as well as a visiting professor at Goldsmiths, University of London. He held the positions of Director General at the Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (INA), and Director General at the Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM).

In June 2005 Stiegler founded a political and cultural group, Ars Industrialis, the manifesto of which calls for an "industrial politics of spirit." The manifesto was signed by Stiegler and the other co-founders of the group, George Collins, Marc Crépon, Catherine Perret and Caroline Stiegler. An updated manifesto was released in 2010.

On 1 January 2006 he became Director of the Department of Cultural Development at the Centre Georges-Pompidou. He was Director of the Institut de recherche et d'innovation (IRI), which was created at his initiative in April 2006.

On 18 September 2010 Stiegler opened his own philosophy school (called ''pharmakon.fr'') in the small French town of Épineuil-le-Fleuriel, in the department of Cher. across multiple disciplines. The school runs a course for ''lycée'' students in the region, a doctoral program conducted by videoconference, and a summer academy that involves both groups of students as well as interested inhabitants from the surrounding area. The context and themes of the school lie in Stiegler's argument that society has been entering a period of post-consumerism and post-globalization. At a philosophical level, the school is engaged in research, critique and analysis in line with Stiegler's pharmacological approach.

Personal life and death

Stiegler had a daughter Barbara Stiegler born 1971, who is also a philosopher. She attended the École Normale Supérieure de Fontenay-St-Cloud, obtained her doctorate from the University of Paris IV: Paris-Sorbonne in 2003 and became professor at the Université Bordeaux-Montaigne. She is the author of ''Nietzsche et la biologie'' (2001), ''Nietzsche et la critique de la chair: Dionysos, Ariane, le Christ'' (2005), ''« Il faut s'adapter » : Sur un nouvel impératif politique'' (2019), ''Du cap aux grèves. Récit d'une mobilisation. 17 novembre 2018 - 5 mars 2020'' (2020) and ''De la démocratie en Pandémie ; santé, recherche, éducation'' (2021). She is not to be confused with the German sociologist of the same name.

Stiegler committed suicide on 5 August 2020.

Work

Stiegler's work is influenced by, among others, Sigmund Freud, André Leroi-Gourhan, Gilbert Simondon, Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul Valéry, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Karl Marx, Gilles Deleuze, Donald Winnicott, Georges Bataille, and Jacques Derrida.

Key themes are technology, time, individuation, consumerism, consumer capitalism, technological convergence, digitization, Americanization, education and the future of politics and human society.

Stiegler was a prolific author of books, articles and interviews, with his first book being published in 1994. His works include several ongoing series of books:
*''La technique et le temps'' (3 vols.). The '' Technics and Time'' series outlines the heart of Stiegler's philosophical project, and in particular his theses that the role of technics has been repressed throughout the history of philosophy, and that technics, as organised inorganic matter, and as essentially a form of memory, is constitutive of human temporality. The series contains extensive readings of the works of André Leroi-Gourhan, Martin Heidegger, Edmund Husserl, and Immanuel Kant. It also contains his explication of the "cinematic constitution of consciousness," as well as his thesis that human beings are essentially "adoptive" and "prosthetic" creatures. All three extant volumes have been published in English translation by Stanford University Press.
*''De la misère symbolique'' (2 vols.). This series is concerned in particular with the ways in which cultural, symbolic and informational technologies have become a means of industrialising the formation of desire in the service of production, with destructive consequences for psychic and collective individuation. Stiegler outlines his concepts of "general organology" (a way of thinking the co-individuation of human organs, technical organs, and social organisations) and "genealogy of the sensible" (a way of thinking the historicity of human desire and aesthetics). It contains extensive readings of Sigmund Freud and Gilles Deleuze, as well as of the works of Alain Resnais, Bertrand Bonello, Andy Warhol, and Joseph Beuys. Both volumes have been published in English translation.
*''Mécréance et Discrédit'' (3 vols.). The ''Disbelief and Discredit'' series is concerned with the way in which the industrial organisation of production and then consumption has had destructive consequences for the modes of life of human beings, in particular with the way in which the loss of ''savoir-faire'' and ''savoir-vivre'' (that is, the loss of the knowledge of how to do and how to live), has resulted in what Stiegler calls "generalised proletarianisation." In this series Stiegler makes clear his view that, in the light of the present state of the global technical system, it is not a matter of overcoming capitalism but rather of transforming its industrial basis to prevent the loss of spirit from which it increasingly suffers. In the second volume Stiegler introduces the concept of the "Antigone complex," to describe the psychosocial effects of the destruction of authority—that is, the destruction of the superego—on politics and youth. The series contains extensive readings of Paul Valéry, Max Weber, Aristotle, and Herbert Marcuse, as well as analyses of the crisis of May 1968 and the crime of Patricia and Emmanuel Cartier. The first volume was published in English translation by Polity Press in 2011, the second in 2012 and the third in 2014.
*''Constituer l'Europe'' (2 vols.). In this series Stiegler is concerned with the effects of the destruction of psychic and collective individuation on Europe. He argues for the necessity of inaugurating a new individuation process at the continental level, itself embedded in an individuation process operating at a global level. At stake, he says, is the creation of a new European "motive" which will enable the reinvention of industrial civilisation.
*''Qu'appelle-t-on panser?'' (2 vols.).

Cinema and television

Stiegler features prominently in a number of works of film and television, and appeared on French television numerous times.
*'' The Ister'' (2004), directed by Daniel Ross and David Barison, a feature documentary about Heidegger in which Stiegler plays an important part.
*''An Organization of Dreams'' (2009), directed by Ken McMullen, an experimental thriller inspired by Stiegler's work, and in which he appears.
*''Le temps de cerveau disponible'' (2010), directed by Jean-Robert Viallet, a documentary about television in which Stiegler is the main participant.
*''Après la gauche'' (2011), directed by Jeremy Forny, a documentary about the problems of the political Left, featuring Stiegler.

Awards

* Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters (2016)

Bibliography

Books in French

*(1994) '' La technique et le temps. Tome 1, La faute d'Epiméthée''.
*(1996) '' Échographies de la télévision. Entretiens filmés'' (with Jacques Derrida).
*(1996) ''La technique et le temps. Tome 2, La désorientation''.
*(2001) ''La technique et le temps. Tome 3, Le temps du cinéma et la question du mal-être''.
*(2003) ''Aimer, s'aimer, nous aimer. Du 11 septembre au 21 avril''.
*(2003) ''Passer à l'acte''.
*(2004) ''Mécréance et Discrédit. Tome 1, La décadence des démocraties industrielles''.
*(2004) ''Philosopher par accident. Entretiens avec Elie During''.
*(2004) ''De la misère symbolique. Tome 2, La Catastrophè du sensible''.
*(2004) ''De la misère symbolique. Tome 1, L'époque hyperindustrielle''.
*(2005) ''L'attente de l'inattendu''.
*(2005) ''Constituer l'Europe. Tome 2, Le motif européen''.
*(2005) ''Constituer l'Europe. Tome 1, Dans un monde sans vergogne''.
*(2006) ''Réenchanter le monde. La valeur esprit contre le populisme industriel'' (with Marc Crépon, George Collins & Catherine Perret).
*(2006) ''La télécratie contre la Démocratie''.
*(2006) ''Le théâtre, le peuple, la passion'' (with Jean-Christophe Bailly & Denis Guénoun).
*(2006) ''Des pieds et des mains. Petite conférence sur l'homme et son désir de grandir''.
*(2006) ''Mécréance et Discrédit. Tome 3, L'esprit perdu du capitalisme''.
*(2006) ''Mécréance et Discrédit. Tome 2, Les sociétés incontrolables d'individus désaffectés''.
*(2007) ''Avril-22. Ceux qui préfèrent ne pas'' (with Alain Jugnon, Alain Badiou & Michel Surya).
*(2007) ''De la démocratie participative. Fondements et limites'' (with Marc Crépon).
*(2008) ''Prendre Soin. Tome 1, De la jeunesse et des générations''.
*(2008) ''Economie de l'hypermatériel et psychopouvoir''.
*(2009) ''Faut-il interdire les écrans aux enfants?'' (with Serge Tisseron).
*(2009) ''Pour en Finir avec la Mécroissance''.
*(2009) ''Pour une nouvelle critique de l'économie politique''
*(2010) ''Ce qui fait que la vie vaut la peine d'être vécue. De la pharmacologie''.
*(2012) ''L'école, le numérique et la société qui vient'' (with Philippe Meirieu & Denis Kambouchner).
*(2012) ''Etats de choc. Bêtise et savoir au XXIe siècle''.
*(2013) ''Pharmacologie du Front national''.
*(2015) ''La société automatique. Tome 1, L'avenir du travail''. .
*(2015) ''L'emploi est mort, vive le travail!'' (with Ariel Kyrou). .
*(2016) ''Dans la disruption. Comment ne pas devenir fou?''
*(2018) ''Qu'appelle-t-on panser? 1. L'immense régression''
*(2020) ''Qu'appelle-t-on panser? 2. La leçon de Greta Thunberg''
*(2020) ''Bifurquer: Il n-y a pas d'alternative'' (with the Collectif Internation)

Books in English

*(1998) '' Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus'' (Stanford: Stanford University Press).
*(2002) '' Echographies of Television: Filmed Interviews'' (Cambridge: Polity Press), with Jacques Derrida. Including Stiegler, "The Discrete Image."
*(2009) ''Acting Out'' (Stanford: Stanford University Press).
*(2009) ''Technics and Time, 2: Disorientation'' (Stanford: Stanford University Press).
*(2010) ''Technics and Time, 3: Cinematic Time and the Question of Malaise'' (Stanford: Stanford University Press).
*(2010) ''For a New Critique of Political Economy'' (Cambridge: Polity Press).
*(2010) ''Taking Care of Youth and the Generations'' (Stanford: Stanford University Press).
*(2011) '' The Decadence of Industrial Democracies: Disbelief and Discredit, 1'' (Cambridge: Polity Press).
*(2013) ''Uncontrollable Societies of Disaffected Individuals: Disbelief and Discredit, 2'' (Cambridge: Polity Press).
*(2013) ''What Makes Life Worth Living: On Pharmacology'' (Cambridge: Polity Press).
*(2014) ''The Lost Spirit of Capitalism: Disbelief and Discredit, 3'' (Cambridge: Polity Press).
*(2014) ''The Re-Enchantment of the World: The Value of Spirit Against Industrial Populism'' (London and New York: Bloomsbury).
*(2014) ''Symbolic Misery, Volume 1: The Hyper-Industrial Epoch'' (Cambridge: Polity Press). (hardcover) (paperback)
*(2015) ''States of Shock: Stupidity and Knowledge in the 21st Century'' (Cambridge: Polity Press).
*(2015) ''Symbolic Misery, Volume 2: The Catastrophe of the Sensible'' (Cambridge: Polity Press).
*(2016) ''Automatic Society, Volume 1: The Future of Work'' (Cambridge: Polity Press).
*(2017) ''Philosophising by Accident: Interview with Élie During'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).
*(2018) ''The Neganthropocene'' (London: Open Humanities Press).
*(2019) ''The Age of Disruption: Technology and Madness in Computational Capitalism'' (Cambridge: Polity Press).
*(2020) ''Nanjing Lectures 2016–2019'' (London: Open Humanities Press).
*(2021) ''Bifurcate: 'There is No Alternative, edited by Stiegler with the Internation Collective (London: Open Humanities Press).

Other English translations

*(1993) "Questioning Technology and Time," ''Tekhnema'' 1: 31–44.
*(1996) "Persephone, Oedipus, Epimetheus," ''Tekhnema'' 3: 69-112.
*(1998) "The Time of Cinema. On the 'New World' and 'Cultural Exception'," ''Tekhnema'' 4: 62–114.
*(2001) "New Industrial Temporal Objects," in Rae Earnshaw, Richard Guedj, Andries van Dam, & John Vince (eds.), ''Frontiers of Human-Centred Computing, Online Communities and Virtual Environments'' (London: Springer-Verlag).
*(2001) "Derrida and Technology: Fidelity at the Limits of Deconstruction and the Prosthesis of Faith," in Tom Cohen (ed.), ''Jacques Derrida and the Humanities'' (Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press).
*(2002) "Transcendental Imagination in a Thousand Points," ''New Formations'' 46: 7–22.
*(2003) "Technics of Decision: An Interview," ''Angelaki'' 8: 151–67.
*(2006) "Philosophising By Accident," ''Public'' 33: 98–107, an extract from ''Passer à l'acte''.
*(2006) "Anamnesis and Hypomnesis: The Memories of Desire," in Louis Armand & Arthur Bradley (eds.), ''Technicity'' (Prague: Litteraria Pragensia): 15–41.
*(2007) "The True Price of Towering Capitalism: Bernard Stiegler Interviewed," ''Queen's Quarterly'' 114: 340–350.
*(2007) "Technoscience and Reproduction," ''Parallax'' 13 (4): 29–45.
*(2007) "Technics, Media, Teleology: Interview with Bernard Stiegler," ''Theory, Culture & Society'' 24 (7–8): 334–41.
*(2009) "The Carnival of the New Screen: From Hegemony to Isonomy," in Pelle Snickars & Patrick Vonderau (eds.), ''The YouTube Reader'' (Stockholm: National Library of Sweden): 40–59.
*(2009) "Teleologics of the Snail: The Errant Self Wired to a WiMax Network," ''Theory, Culture & Society'' 26 (2–3): 33–45.
*(2009) "The Magic Skin; or, The Franco-European Accident of Philosophy after Jacques Derrida," ''Qui Parle'' 18: 97–110.
*(2010) "Telecracy Against Democracy," ''Cultural Politics'' 6: 171–80.
*(2010) "Memory," in W. J. T. Mitchell & Mark B. N. Hansen (eds.), ''Critical Terms for Media Studies'' (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press): 66–87.
*(2010) "Knowledge, Care, and Trans-Individuation: An Interview with Bernard Stiegler," ''Cultural Politics'' 6: 150–70.
*(2010) "Bernard Stiegler's Pharmacy: A Conversation," ''Configurations'' 18 (3): 459–76.
*(2011) "The Tongue of the Eye: What 'Art History' Means," in Jacques Khalip & Robert Mitchell (eds.), ''Releasing the Image: From Literature to New Media'' (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011): 222–36.
*(2011) "The Pharmacology of the Spirit," in Jane Elliott & Derek Attridge (eds.), ''Theory After 'Theory (New York: Routledge): 294–310.
*(2012) "Five Hundred Million Friends: The Pharmacology of Friendship," in ''Umbr(a): Technology'', No. 1: 59–75.
*(2013) "Doing and Saying Stupid Things in the Twentieth Century: Bêtise and Animality in Deleuze and Derrida," ''Angelaki'' 18: 159–74.
*(2013) "The Indexing of Things," in Ulrik Ekman (ed.), ''Throughout: Art and Culture Emerging with Ubiquitous Computing'' (Cambridge, MA & London: MIT Press): 493–502.
*(2013) "Teleologics of the Snail, or the Errancies of the Equipped Self in a WiMax Network," in Ulrik Ekman (ed.), ''Throughout: Art and Culture Emerging with Ubiquitous Computing'' (Cambridge, MA & London: MIT Press): 479–92.
*(2014) "Programs of the Improbable, Short Circuits of the Unheard-of," ''Diacritics'' 42: 70–108.
*(2016) "''Ars'' and Organological Inventions in Societies of Hyper-Control", ''Leonardo'' 49: 480–484.

See also

* différance
*The European Dream
*Yuk Hui
* Gilbert Simondon
*individuation
* list of deconstructionists

References

Further reading

;Secondary literature (English)
*Ross Abbinnett, ''The Thought of Bernard Stiegler: Capitalism, Technology, and the Politics of Spirit'' (London, Routledge, 2018)
*Ross Abbinnett, 'Living After Auschwitz: Memory, Culture and Biopolitics in the Work of Bernard Stielger and Giorgio Agamben', 'Theory, Culture and Society', online (2018)
*Ross Abbinnett, 'The Politics of Spirit in Stiegler's Techno-Pharmacology', 'Theory, Culture and Society', 32(4)(2014): 65-80
*Jean-Hugues Barthélémy, "Individuation and knowledge. The refutation of idealism in Simondon's Heritage in France", tr. M. Hayward & A. De Boever, ''SubStance'', n°3/2012, University of Wisconsin Press
*Stephen Barker, "Threshold (pro-)positions: Touch, Techné, Technics," ''Derrida Today'' 2 (2009): 44–65.
*Stephen Barker, Transformation as an Ontological Imperative: The Human Future According to Bernard Stiegler.
*Richard Beardsworth, From a Genealogy of Matter to a Politics of Memory: Stiegler's Thinking of Technics.
*Richard Beardsworth, "Technology and Politics: A Response to Bernard Stiegler," ''Cultural Politics'' 6: 181–99.
*Geoffrey Bennington, "Emergencies," ''Oxford Literary Review'' 18 (1996): 175–216. Collected in ''Interrupting Derrida'' (New York: Routledge, 2000): 162–79.
*Jonathan Carter. "Transindividuating Nodes: Rhetoric as the Architechnical Organizer of Networks," ''Rhetoric Society Quarterly'' 49, 5 (2019): 542–565.
*Patrick Crogan, Essential Viewing: Review of Stiegler, ''La technique et le temps 3.''
*Patrick Crogan, Thinking Cinema(tically) and the Industrial Temporal Object: Schemes and Technics of Experience in Bernard Stiegler's ''Technics and Time'' series.
*Patrick Crogan, "Bernard Stiegler: Philosophy, Technics, and Activism," ''Cultural Politics'' 6: 133–56.
*Ulrik Ekman, "Of Transductive Speed—Stiegler," ''Parallax'' 13, 4 (2007): 46–63.
*Michael Gallope, Heidegger, Stiegler, and the Question of a Musical Technics.
*Mark B. N. Hansen, "Realtime Synthesis" and the Différance of the Body: Technocultural Studies in the Wake of Deconstruction.
*Mark B. N. Hansen, "Media Theory," ''Theory, Culture & Society'' 23 (2006): 297–306.
*Conor Heaney, "Rhythmic Nootechnics: Stiegler, Whitehead, and Noetic Life," ''Educational Philosophy and Theory'', 2019.
*Christina Howells & Gerald Moore (eds.), ''Stiegler and Technics'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013).
* Ian James, ''The Technique of Thought: Nancy, Laruelle, Malabou, and Stiegler After Naturalism'' (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019).
* Ian James, ''The New French Philosophy'' (Cambridge: Polity, 2012).
*Ian James, "Bernard Stiegler and the Time of Technics," ''Cultural Politics'' 6: 207–27.
*John Lechte, "Technics, Time and Stiegler's 'Orthographic Moment'," ''Parallax'' 13, 4 (2007): 64–77.
*Ben Roberts, "Stiegler Reading Derrida: The Prosthesis of Deconstruction in Technics," ''Postmodern Culture'' 16, 1 (2005).
*Ben Roberts, "Cinema as Mnemotechnics: Bernard Stiegler and the 'Industrialization of Memory'," ''Angelaki'' 11 (2006): 55–63.
*Ben Roberts, "Rousseau, Stiegler and the Aporia of Origin," ''Forum for Modern Language Studies'' 42 (2006): 382–94.
*Ben Roberts, "Introduction to Bernard Stiegler," ''Parallax'' 13, 4 (2007): 26–28.
*Daniel Ross, The Cinematic Condition of the Politico-Philosophical Future.
*Daniel Ross, Politics and Aesthetics, or, Transformations of Aristotle in Bernard Stiegler.
*Daniel Ross, Translator's Introduction to Bernard Stiegler's "Pharmacology of Desire: Drive-based Capitalism and Libidinal Dis-economy".
*Jared Russell, "Stiegler and the Clinic," ''Undecidable Unconscious: A Journal of Deconstruction and Psychoanalysis'' 2 (2015): 95-114.
*Ben Turner, "Life and the Technical Transformation of Différance: Stiegler and the Noo-Politics of Becoming Non-Inhuman," ''Derrida Today'' 9:2 (2016): 177–198.
*Ben Turner, "Ideology and Post-structuralism after Bernard Stiegler," ''Journal of Political Ideologies'' 22:1 (2017): 92-110.
*Ben Turner, "From Resistance to Invention in the Politics of the Impossible: Bernard Stiegler's Political Reading of Maurice Blanchot," ''Contemporary Political Theory'' (forthcoming).
*Nathan Van Camp, "Stiegler, Habermas and the Techno-logical Condition of Man," ''Journal for Cultural Research'' 13 (2009): 125–41.
*David Wills, "Techn''e''ology or the Discourse of Speed," in Marquard Smith & Joanne Morra (eds.), ''The Prosthetic Impulse: From a Posthuman Present to a Biocultural Future'' (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: MIT Press, 2006).

;Secondary literature (French)
*Jean-Hugues Barthélémy, "De la finitude rétentionnelle. Sur ''La technique et le temps'' de Bernard Stiegler", in P-E. Schmit et P-A. Chardel (dir.), ''Phénoménologie et technique(s)'', Le Cercle Herméneutique Editeur (2008).
*Amitiés de Bernard Stiegler, réunies par Jean-Luc Nancy, Textes de Emily Apter, Didier Cahen, Michel Deguy, Divya Dwivedi, Erich Hörl, Yuk Hui, Achille Mbembe, Shaj Mohan, Jean-Luc Nancy, Peter Szendy, Esther Tellermann, Colette Tron. Editions Galilée, 2021
*Jean-Hugues Barthélémy, « Memoria, Immaginazione e Tecnica nell'opera di B. Stiegler » (trad. M. Feyles), ''in'' Martino Feyles (dir.), ''Memoria, Immaginazione e tecnica'', Rome, NEU, 2010; pp. 189–198.
*Jean-Hugues Barthélémy, "Penser après Simondon et par-delà Deleuze", ''Cahiers Simondon N°2'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2010.
*Online paper about Stiegler's link to Simondon, by Jean-Hugues Barthélémy et Vincent Bontems
*Pierre-Antoine Chardel, "De l'écriture aux téle-technologies (ou le jeu de la difference en question)", in P-E Schmit et P-A Chardel (dir.), ''Phénoménologie et technique(s)'', Le Cercle Herméneutique Editeur (2008).
*Benoit Dillet & Alain Jugnon (eds.), ''Technologiques: La Pharmacie de Bernard Stiegler'' (Nantes: Cécile Defaut, 2013).

External links

Stiegler's curriculum vitae

Stiegler's page at Goldsmiths

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stiegler, Bernard
1952 births
2020 deaths
21st-century French philosophers
Continental philosophers
Philosophers of technology
Deconstruction
Anti-consumerists
University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès alumni
School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences alumni
Academics of Goldsmiths, University of London
French male writers
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Suicides in France
2020 suicides