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Bengali (/bɛŋˈɡɔːli/),[6] also known by its endonym
Bangla (বাংলা [ˈbaŋla]), is an Indo-
Aryan
 Aryan language primarily spoken by the Bengalis  Bengalis in South Asia. It is the official and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh  Bangladesh and second most widely spoken of the 22 scheduled languages of India, behind Hindi. With approximately 228 million native speakers and another 37 million as second language speakers,[1][7] Bengali is the fifth most-spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by total number of speakers in the world.[8][9] The official and de facto national language of Bangladesh Bangladesh is Modern Standard Bengali (Literary Bengali).[10][11][12] It serves as the lingua franca of the nation, with 98% of Bangladeshis being fluent in Bengali as their first language.[13][14] Within India, Bengali is the official language of the states of West Bengal, Tripura  Tripura and the Barak Valley  Barak Valley in the state of Assam, and is the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands  Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal,[15] and is spoken by significant populations in other states including in Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland  Nagaland and Uttarakhand.[16] Bengali is also spoken by the significant global Bengali diaspora Bengali diaspora (Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) communities in Pakistan, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Middle East.[17] Bengali has developed over the course of more than 1,300 years. Bengali literature, with its millennium-old literary history, has extensively developed since the Bengali Renaissance  Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prominent and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding Bengali to be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism  Bengali nationalism in East Bengal  Bengal leading to the emergence of Bangladesh Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day  International Mother Language Day in recognition of the language movement.[18][19] The Bengali language Bengali language is the quintessential element of Bengali identity and binds together a culturally diverse region. Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient languages of Bengal 1.2 Early 1.3 Medieval 1.4 Modern 2 Geographical distribution 2.1 Official status 2.2 Dialects 3 Spoken and literary varieties 4 Phonology 4.1 Stress
4.2
Consonant
5 Writing system 5.1 Orthographic depth 5.2 Uses 5.3 Romanisation 6 Grammar 6.1 Word order 6.2 Nouns 6.3 Verbs 7 Vocabulary 8 Sample text 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History[edit]
Silver coin with proto-Bengali script,
Harikela
Early[edit]
Along with other Eastern Indo-
Aryan
Medieval[edit]
Silver Taka from the Sultanate of Bengal, circa 1417
During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the
elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic
and Persian influences. Bengali was an official court language of the
Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the literary development
of Bengali.[29] Bengali became the most spoken vernacular
language in the Sultanate.[30] This period saw borrowing of
Perso-
Arabic
Modern[edit]
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.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption text-align:center The Central
Shaheed Minar in Dhaka, BangladeshLanguage Martyr's Memorial at
Silchar Railway Station in Assam, India.
The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and
early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region,
a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a strong case of
diglossia, with the literary and standard form differing greatly from
the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the
language.[31] The modern
Bengali vocabulary
চলিতভাষা Chôlitôbhasha form of Bengali using
simplified inflections and other changes, was emerging from
সাধুভাষা Sadhubhasha (Proper form or original form of
Bengali) as the form of choice for written Bengali.[32]
In 1948 the Government of Pakistan tried to impose
Urdu
Geographical distribution[edit] Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming a rounded total of 261 million) worldwide.
Bangladesh
The
Bengali language
A Bengali sign in
Brick Lane
Official status[edit]
See also: States of
India
Dialects[edit]
Main article: Bengali dialects
A map of
Bengal
Spoken and literary varieties[edit] Bengali exhibits diglossia, though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language.[31] Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax:[60][62]
Shadhu-bhasha (সাধুভাষা "uptight language") was the
written language, with longer verb inflections and more of a
Pali
Madhya Rādhi dialect
Kanthi (Contai) dialect
Kolkata
Predominantly Hindu usage Predominantly Muslim usage Translation নমস্কার nômôshkar আসসালামু আলাইকুম Assalamu-Alaikum hello নিমন্ত্রণ nimôntrôn দাওয়াত daoat invitation জল jôl পানি pani water স্নান snan গোসল gosôl bath দিদি didi আপু apu sister / elder sister দাদা dada ভাই bha'i brother / elder brother[66] মাসী mashi খালা khala maternal aunt কাকা kaka চাচা chacha paternal uncle প্রার্থনা prarthona দো'আ do'a / du'a pray প্রদীপ prodip বাতি bati light[67] Phonology[edit]
Main article: Bengali phonology
The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants
and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels. The inventory is set out
below in the
International Phonetic Alphabet
Vowels Front Central Back Close ই~ঈii উ~ঊuu Close-mid এee ওoo Near-open অ্যাɛ ê অɔ ô Open আaa Nasalized vowels Front Central Back Close ইঁ~ঈঁĩĩ উঁ~ঊঁũũ Close-mid এঁẽẽ ওঁõõ Near-open এ্যাঁ / অ্যাঁɛ̃ অঁɔ̃ Open আঁ ã Consonants Labial Dental/Alveolar Retroflex Palatoalveolar Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Plosive voiceless unaspirated p t̪ ʈ tʃ k aspirated pʰ~f t̪ʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ voiced unaspirated b d̪ ɖ dʒ ɡ aspirated bʱ d̪ʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ Fricative s ʃ ɦ Approximant (w) l (j) Rhotic r~ɾ ɽ~ɽʱ Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs, combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable.[68] Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/, are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively. /e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/ may all form the glide part of a diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following:[69] e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯ a ae̯ ai̯ ao̯ au̯ æ æe̯ æo̯ e ei̯ eu̯ i ii̯ iu̯ o oe̯ oi̯ oo̯ ou̯ u ui̯ Stress[edit] In standard Bengali, stress is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all trochaic; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in সহযোগিতা shô-hô-jo-gi-ta "cooperation", where the boldface represents primary and secondary stress.
Consonant
Writing system[edit]
Main articles:
Bengali alphabet
Orthographic depth[edit] The Bengali script in general has a comparatively shallow orthography, i.e., in most cases there is a one-to-one correspondence between the sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) of Bengali. But grapheme-phoneme inconsistencies do occur in certain cases. One kind of inconsistency is due to the presence of several letters in the script for the same sound. In spite of some modifications in the 19th century, the Bengali spelling system continues to be based on the one used for Sanskrit,[57] and thus does not take into account some sound mergers that have occurred in the spoken language. For example, there are three letters (শ, ষ, and স) for the voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ], although the letter স retains the voiceless alveolar sibilant [s] sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in স্খলন [skʰɔlon] "fall", স্পন্দন [spɔndon] "beat", etc. The letter ষ also retains the voiceless retroflex sibilant [ʂ] sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in কষ্ট [kɔʂʈɔ] "suffering", গোষ্ঠী [ɡoʂʈʰi] "clan", etc. Similarly, there are two letters (জ and য) for the voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ]. Moreover, what was once pronounced and written as a retroflex nasal ণ [ɳ] is now pronounced as an alveolar [n] when in conversation (the difference is heard when reading) (unless conjoined with another retroflex consonant such as ট, ঠ, ড and ঢ), although the spelling does not reflect this change. The open-mid front unrounded vowel [ɛ] is orthographically realised by multiple means, as seen in the following examples: এত [ɛto] "so much", এ্যাকাডেমী [ɛkademi] "academy", অ্যামিবা [ɛmiba] "amoeba", দেখা [dɛkʰa] "to see", ব্যস্ত [bɛsto] "busy", ব্যাকরণ [bɛkorɔn] "grammar". Another kind of inconsistency is concerned with the incomplete coverage of phonological information in the script. The inherent vowel attached to every consonant can be either [ɔ] or [o] depending on vowel harmony (স্বরসঙ্গতি) with the preceding or following vowel or on the context, but this phonological information is not captured by the script, creating ambiguity for the reader. Furthermore, the inherent vowel is often not pronounced at the end of a syllable, as in কম [kɔm] "less", but this omission is not generally reflected in the script, making it difficult for the new reader. Many consonant clusters have different sounds than their constituent consonants. For example, the combination of the consonants ক্ [k] and ষ [ʂ] is graphically realised as ক্ষ and is pronounced [kkʰɔ] (as in রুক্ষ [rukkʰo] "coarse") or [kkʰo] (as in ক্ষতি [kkʰot̪i] "harm") or even [kkʰɔ] (as in ক্ষমতা [kkʰɔmot̪a] "capability"), depending on the position of the cluster in a word. The Bengali writing system is, therefore, not always a true guide to pronunciation. Uses[edit]
The script used for Bengali, Assamese and other languages is known as
Bengali script. The script is known as the
Bengali alphabet
Romanisation[edit]
Main article:
Romanisation
Grammar[edit] Main article: Bengali grammar Bengali nouns are not assigned gender, which leads to minimal changing of adjectives (inflection). However, nouns and pronouns are moderately declined (altered depending on their function in a sentence) into four cases while verbs are heavily conjugated, and the verbs do not change form depending on the gender of the nouns. Word order[edit] As a head-final language, Bengali follows subject–object–verb word order, although variations to this theme are common.[77] Bengali makes use of postpositions, as opposed to the prepositions used in English and other European languages. Determiners follow the noun, while numerals, adjectives, and possessors precede the noun.[78] Yes-no questions do not require any change to the basic word order; instead, the low (L) tone of the final syllable in the utterance is replaced with a falling (HL) tone. Additionally, optional particles (e.g. কি -ki, না -na, etc.) are often encliticised onto the first or last word of a yes-no question. Wh-questions are formed by fronting the wh-word to focus position, which is typically the first or second word in the utterance. Nouns[edit]
Nouns and pronouns are inflected for case, including nominative,
objective, genitive (possessive), and locative.[23] The case
marking pattern for each noun being inflected depends on the noun's
degree of animacy. When a definite article such as -টা -ṭa
(singular) or -গুলো -gulo (plural) is added, as in the tables
below, nouns are also inflected for number.
In most of the
Bengali grammar
Singular noun inflection Animate Inanimate Nominative ছাত্রটিchatrô-ṭithe student জুতাটা juta-ṭathe shoe Objective ছাত্রটিকে chatrô-ṭi-kethe student জুতাটা juta-ṭathe shoe Genitive ছাত্রটির chatrô-ṭi-rthe student's জুতাটার juta-ṭa-rthe shoe's Locative – জুতাটায় juta-ṭa-yon/in the shoe Plural noun inflection Animate Inanimate Nominative ছাত্ররা/ছাত্রগণchatrô-rathe students জুতাগুলা/জুতোগুলো juta-gula/juto-gulothe shoes Objective ছাত্রদের(কে)chatrô-der(ke)the students জুতাগুলা/জুতোগুলো juta-gula/juto-gulothe shoes Genitive ছাত্রদেরchatrô-derthe students' জুতাগুলা/জুতোগুলোর juta-gula/juto-gulo-rthe shoes' Locative – জুতাগুলা/জুতোগুলোতেjuta-gula/juto-gulo-teon/in the shoes When counted, nouns take one of a small set of measure words. Nouns in Bengali (Japanese is similar in this respect) cannot be counted by adding the numeral directly adjacent to the noun. An appropriate measure word (MW) must be used between the numeral and the noun. Most nouns take the generic measure word -টা -ṭa, though other measure words indicate semantic classes (e.g. -জন -jôn for humans). There is also the classifier -khana, and its diminutive form -khani, which attach only to nouns denoting something flat, long, square, or thin. These are the least common of the classifiers.[79] Measure words Bengali Bengali transliteration Literal translation English translation নয়টা গরু Nôy-ṭa goru Nine-MW cow Nine cows কয়টা বালিশ Kôy-ṭa balish How many-MW pillow How many pillows অনেকজন লোক Ônek-jôn lok Many-MW person Many people চার-পাঁচজন শিক্ষক Car-pãc-jôn shikkhôk Four-five-MW teacher Four to five teachers Measuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words (e.g. আট বিড়াল aṭ biṛal instead of আটটা বিড়াল aṭ-ṭa biṛal "eight cats") would typically be considered ungrammatical. However, when the semantic class of the noun is understood from the measure word, the noun is often omitted and only the measure word is used, e.g. শুধু একজন থাকবে। Shudhu êk-jôn thakbe. (lit. "Only one-MW will remain.") would be understood to mean "Only one person will remain.", given the semantic class implicit in -জন -jôn. In this sense, all nouns in Bengali, unlike most other Indo-European languages, are similar to mass nouns. Verbs[edit]
There are two classes of verbs: finite and non-finite. Non-finite
verbs have no inflection for tense or person, while finite verbs are
fully inflected for person (first, second, third), tense (present,
past, future), aspect (simple, perfect, progressive), and honour
(intimate, familiar, and formal), but not for number. Conditional,
imperative, and other special inflections for mood can replace the
tense and aspect suffixes. The number of inflections on many verb
roots can total more than 200.
Inflectional suffixes in the morphology of Bengali vary from region to
region, along with minor differences in syntax.
Bengali differs from most Indo-
Aryan
Vocabulary[edit]
Sources of modern literary Bengali words 67%
native 25%
Sanskrit
Sample text[edit] The following is a sample text in Bengali of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Bengali in the Bengali alphabet ধারা ১: সমস্ত মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা এবং অধিকার নিয়ে জন্মগ্রহণ করে। তাঁদের বিবেক এবং বুদ্ধি আছে; সুতরাং সকলেরই একে অপরের প্রতি ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ মনোভাব নিয়ে আচরণ করা উচিত। Bengali in phonetic Romanization Dhara êk: Sômôstô manush shadhinbhabe sôman môrjada ebông ôdhikar niye jônmôgrôhôn kôre. Tãder bibek ebông buddhi achhe; sutôrang sôkôleri êke ôpôrer prôti bhratrittôsulôbh mônobhab niye achôrôn kôra uchit. Bengali in the International Phonetic Alphabet d̪ʱara ɛk ʃɔmost̪o manuʃ ʃad̪ʱinbʱabe ʃoman mɔɾdʒad̪a eboŋ od̪ʱikaɾ nie̯e dʒɔnmoɡrohon kɔɾe t̪ãdeɾ bibek eboŋ bud̪ʱːi atʃʰe ʃut̪oraŋ ʃɔkoleɾi ɛke ɔporeɾ prot̪i bʱrat̪rit̪ːoʃulɔbʱ monobʱab nie̯e atʃorɔn kɔra utʃit̪ Gloss Clause 1: All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken birth-take do. Their reason and intelligence exist; therefore everyone-indeed one another's towards brotherhood-ly attitude taken conduct do should. Translation Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other. See also[edit] Book: Bengali Bangla Academy Bengali dialects Bengali numerals Bengali-language newspapers Chittagonian language Languages of Bangladesh Rangpuri language Romani people Sylheti language Notes[edit] ^ a b c
Bengali language
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Alam, M (2000). "Bhasha Shourôbh: Bêkorôn O Rôchona (The Fragrance
of Language: Grammar and Rhetoric)". S.N. Printers, Dhaka. Cite
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Ali, Shaheen Sardar; Rehman, Javaid (2001). Indigenous Peoples and
Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives.
Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1159-8.
Asiatic Society of
Bangladesh
Haldar, Gopal (2000). Languages of India. National
Book
Further reading[edit]
Thompson, Hanne-Ruth (2012). Bengali. Volume 18 of
London
Bangla edition of, the free encyclopedia Bengali languageat's sister projectsDefinitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata
Bengali language
vte Languages of BangladeshOfficial languageand national language Bengali Indo-European Bengali dialects Bihari (Urdu) Bishnupriya Chakma Chittagonian English Bangla-Portuguese Rangpuri Rohingya Sadri Sylheti Hajong Sino-Tibetan Arakanese A'Tong Bawm Falam Garo Haka Khumi Koch Kokborok Megam Meitei (Manipuri) Mizo Mru Pangkhu Rengmitca Sak Shö Tanchangya Austroasiatic Khasi Koda Mundari Pnar Santali War-Jaintia Dravidian Kurukh Malto vte Languages of IndiaOfficiallanguagesUnion-level Hindi English 8th schedule to the Constitution of India Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Meitei (Manipuri) Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Santali Tamil Telugu Urdu State-level only Garo Gurung Kamatapuri Khasi Kokborok Kurmali Lepcha Limbu Magar Mizo Newari Rai Rajbangshi Sherpa Sikkimese Sunwar Tamang MajorunofficiallanguagesOver 1 millionspeakers Angika Awadhi Bagheli Bagri Bajjika Bhili Bhojpuri Bundeli Chhattisgarhi Dhundhari Garhwali Gondi Harauti Haryanvi Ho Kangri Khandeshi Khortha Kumaoni Kurukh Lambadi Magahi Malvi Marwari Mewari Mundari Nimadi Rajasthani Sadri Surjapuri Tulu Wagdi Varhadi 100,000 – 1 millionspeakers Adi Angami Ao Badaga Dimasa Halbi Karbi Kharia Kodava Kolami Konyak Korku Koya Kui Kuvi Ladakhi Lotha Malto Mising Nishi Phom Rabha Sema Sora Tangkhul Thadou vteModern Indo-
Aryan
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