Baritenor
   HOME

TheInfoList



Click Here for Items Related To - Baritenor
OR:
Baritenor on:   [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Amazon]

Baritenor (also rendered in
English language English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the ...
sources as bari-tenor or baritenore) is a
portmanteau A portmanteau word, or portmanteau (, ) is a blend of wordsbaritone A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice-types. The term originates from the Greek (), meaning "heavy sounding". Composers typically write music for this voice in the ...
" and "
tenor A tenor is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the countertenor and baritone voice types. It is the highest male chest voice type. The tenor's vocal range extends up to C5. The low extreme for tenors is wide ...
." It is used to describe both baritone and tenor voices. In ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'' it is defined as "a baritone singing voice with virtually a tenor range." However, the term was defined in several late 19th century and early 20th century music dictionaries, such as ''The American History and Encyclopedia of Music'', as "a low tenor voice, almost barytone 'sic''.html"_;"title="sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''"


_In_opera

Baritenor_(or_its_Italian_language.html" "title="sic">'sic''.html" ;"title="sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''"


In opera

Baritenor (or its Italian language">Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
form, ''baritenore'') is still used today to describe a type of
tenor A tenor is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the countertenor and baritone voice types. It is the highest male chest voice type. The tenor's vocal range extends up to C5. The low extreme for tenors is wide ...
voice which came to particular prominence in Rossini's operas. It is characterized by a dark, weighty lower octave and a ringing upper one but with sufficient agility for coloratura singing. Rossini used this type of voice to portray noble (and usually older), leading characters, often in contrast to the higher, lighter voices of the
tenore di grazia , also called tenor (''graceful'', ''light'', and ''lightweight'' tenor, respectively), is a lightweight, flexible tenor voice type.Soreanu, Cristina. "Nineteenth Century’s Donizettian Singers and their Contribution to the Development of the Voca ...
or the tenore contraltino who portrayed the young, impetuous lovers. An example of this contrast can be found in his ''
Otello ''Otello'' () is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Arrigo Boito, based on Shakespeare's play '' Othello''. It was Verdi's penultimate opera, first performed at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, on 5 February 1887. ...
'' (1816), where the role of Otello was written for a baritenore (
Andrea Nozzari Andrea Nozzari (27 February 1776 – 12 December 1832) was an Italian tenor. Nozzari was born in Vertova and studied in Bergamo and Rome. He is notable for the principal roles written for him by Gioachino Rossini and mostly premiered in Dom ...
), while the role of Rodrigo, his young rival for the affections of Desdemona, was written for a tenore di grazia (
Giovanni David Giovanni David (15 September 1790 in Naples – 1864 in Saint Petersburg) was an Italian tenor particularly known for his roles in Rossini operas. Overview David (also known as Davide) was the son of the tenor Giacomo David, with whom he studied ...
). Nozzari and David were paired again in Rossini's '' Ricciardo e Zoraide'' (1818), with a similar contrast in characters – Nozzari sang the role of Agorante, King of Nubia, while David portrayed the Christian knight, Ricciardo. Other notable baritenors of this period beside Nozzari were Gaetano Crivelli,
Nicola Tacchinardi Nicola Tacchinardi (3 September 1772 – 14 March 1859), was an Italian cellist and tenor, and later voice teacher. He was born as Niccolò Costantino Fedele Tacchinardi in Livorno by Francesco Tacchinardi, owner and teacher of a fencing school, ...
, Manuel García Sr. and Domenico Donzelli. The Italian musicologist Rodolfo Celletti proposed that the Rossinian baritenor was nothing new to opera. According to Celletti, the tenor voices used for leading roles in early
baroque opera Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a libr ...
s such as
Jacopo Peri Jacopo Peri (20 August 156112 August 1633), known under the pseudonym Il Zazzerino, was an Italian composer and singer of the transitional period between the Renaissance and Baroque styles, and is often called the inventor of opera. He wrote th ...
's '' Euridice'' (1600) and
Claudio Monteverdi Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (baptized 15 May 1567 – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, choirmaster and string player. A composer of both secular and sacred music, and a pioneer in the development of opera, he is consider ...
's ''
Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria ''Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria'' ( SV 325, ''The Return of Ulysses to his Homeland'') is an opera consisting of a prologue and five acts (later revised to three), set by Claudio Monteverdi to a libretto by Giacomo Badoaro. The opera was first p ...
'' (1640) were essentially "baritenor" ones with a range common to both the baritone and tenor voices of today. Much the same position was also adopted in 2000 by Fabrizio Dorsi in his history of Italian opera. In his 2009 book, ''Tenor: History of a voice'', John Potter refers to this type of voice as "tenor-bass" and notes that several virtuoso singers of the 17th century who were described as "tenors" by their contemporaries could also sing in the
bass Bass or Basses may refer to: Fish * Bass (fish), various saltwater and freshwater species Music * Bass (sound), describing low-frequency sound or one of several instruments in the bass range: ** Bass (instrument), including: ** Acoustic bass gui ...
register: Giulio Caccini, Giuseppino Cenci,
Giovanni Domenico Puliaschi Giovanni may refer to: * Giovanni (name), an Italian male given name and surname * Giovanni (meteorology), a Web interface for users to analyze NASA's gridded data * ''Don Giovanni'', a 1787 opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, based on the legend of ...
and Francesco Rasi. Rasi created the title role in Monteverdi's first opera, ''
L'Orfeo ''L'Orfeo'' ( SV 318) (), sometimes called ''La favola d'Orfeo'' , is a late Renaissance/early Baroque ''favola in musica'', or opera, by Claudio Monteverdi, with a libretto by Alessandro Striggio. It is based on the Greek legend of Orpheus, and ...
'' (1607), which in modern times has been sung by tenors such as Anthony Rolfe Johnson as well as by lyric baritones, such as Simon Keenlyside. Based on their descriptions in Vincenzo Giustiniani's ''Discorso sopra la musica'' (1628), Potter has suggested that singers such as Caccini, Cenci, Puliaschi, and Rasi, employed an "open speech-like sound" which facilitated the agility and clarity of expression for which their voices were renowned. With the rise of the
castrato A castrato (Italian, plural: ''castrati'') is a type of classical male singing voice equivalent to that of a soprano, mezzo-soprano, or contralto. The voice is produced by castration of the singer before puberty, or it occurs in one who, due t ...
singer in Italian opera, the baritenor voice came to be perceived as "ordinary" or even "vulgar" and was relegated to portraying character roles – villains, grotesques, old men, and even women. Although there were exceptions, such Dario in Vivaldi's '' L'incoronazione di Dario'' (created by the tenor
Annibale Pio Fabri Annibale Pio Fabri ( Bologna, 1697 – 12 August 1760, Lisbon), also known as ''Balino'', from ''Annibalino'', diminutive of his first name, was an Italian singer and composer of the 18th century. One of the leading tenors of his age in a time dom ...
), the leading male roles (and especially that of the romantic lover) in Italian operas of the middle and late baroque era were largely written for the high, exotic voices of the castrati. In French opera of the same period, the baritenor voice, called the ''taille'' (or ''haute-taille'') before the term ''ténor'' came into general use, was little used for important solo parts, although possibly more often than in Italian opera. Because of the general dislike for the castrato voice in France, young lover roles were assigned to the high male voices of hautes-contre. Today the ''taille'' roles are most often performed by baritones.


In vocal pedagogy

Vocal pedagogues such as Richard Miller use the term to refer to a common voice category in young male singers whose
tessitura In music, tessitura (, pl. ''tessiture'', "texture"; ) is the most acceptable and comfortable vocal range for a given singer or less frequently, musical instrument, the range in which a given type of voice presents its best-sounding (or characte ...
(most comfortable vocal range) lies between that of a baritone and that of a tenor and whose passage zone lies between C4 and F4. Such singers can evolve, either naturally or through training, into high baritones, suitable for operatic roles such as Pelléas in '' Pelléas et Mélisande''. Alternatively, they may evolve into spieltenors, suitable for character roles such as Pedrillo in '' The Abduction from the Seraglio'' or into ''
heldentenors A tenor is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the countertenor and baritone voice types. It is the highest male chest voice type. The tenor's vocal range extends up to C5. The low extreme for tenors is widel ...
'' who sing leading roles such as Siegmund in ''
Die Walküre (; ''The Valkyrie''), WWV 86B, is the second of the four music dramas that constitute Richard Wagner's ''Der Ring des Nibelungen'' (English: ''The Ring of the Nibelung''). It was performed, as a single opera, at the National Theatre Munich on ...
'' or Florestan in ''
Fidelio ''Fidelio'' (; ), originally titled ' (''Leonore, or The Triumph of Marital Love''), Op. 72, is Ludwig van Beethoven's only opera. The German libretto was originally prepared by Joseph Sonnleithner from the French of Jean-Nicolas Bouilly, ...
''. In both these types of tenor roles the highest notes of the tenor range are rarely required, and the voice usually has a baritonal weight in the lower notes. Several famous tenors who have sung the dramatic tenor and ''heldentenor'' repertory originally began their careers as baritones, including Jean de Reszke,
Giovanni Zenatello Giovanni Zenatello (22 February 1876 – 11 February 1949) was an Italian opera singer. Born in Verona, he enjoyed an international career as a dramatic tenor of the first rank. Otello became his most famous operatic role but he sang a wid ...
, Renato Zanelli,
Lauritz Melchior Lauritz Melchior (20 March 1890 – 18 March 1973) was a Danish-American opera singer. He was the preeminent Richard Wagner, Wagnerian tenor of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s and has come to be considered the quintessence of his voice type. Late i ...
,
Erik Schmedes Erik Anton Julius Schmedes (27 August 1868, in Gentofte, Denmark – 21 March 1931, in Vienna) was an operatic tenor, particularly known for his roles in operas by Richard Wagner. He was a brother-in-law by marriage of Vaslav Nijinsky. Career S ...
, and
Plácido Domingo José Plácido Domingo Embil (born 21 January 1941) is a Spanish opera singer, conductor, and arts administrator. He has recorded over a hundred complete operas and is well known for his versatility, regularly performing in Italian, French ...
. Towards the end of his career, Domingo returned to the baritone repertoire when he sang the title role in '' Simon Boccanegra''. Self-described as "a bastard bari-tenor",
Walter Slezak Walter Slezak (; 3 May 1902 – 21 April 1983) was an Austrian-born film and stage actor active between 1922 and 1976. He mainly appeared in German films before migrating to the United States in 1930 and performing in numerous Hollywood producti ...
(the son of operatic tenor Leo Slezak), was primarily a stage and film actor, but he also sang tenor roles in musicals and
operetta Operetta is a form of theatre and a genre of light opera. It includes spoken dialogue, songs, and dances. It is lighter than opera in terms of its music, orchestral size, length of the work, and at face value, subject matter. Apart from its ...
s and appeared at the
Metropolitan Opera The Metropolitan Opera (commonly known as the Met) is an American opera company based in New York City, resident at the Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center, currently situated on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. The company is opera ...
in 1959 as Zsupán in ''
The Gypsy Baron ''The Gypsy Baron'' () is an operetta in three acts by Johann Strauss II which premiered at the Theater an der Wien on 24 October 1885. Its German libretto by Ignaz Schnitzer is based on the unpublished 1883 story ''Saffi'' by Mór Jókai. Jokai ...
''. In popular music, singer
Josh Groban Joshua Winslow Groban (born February 27, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, and actor. His first four solo albums have been certified multi-platinum, and he was charted in 2007 as the number-one best selling artist in the United States, wi ...
is generally recognized as a baritenor, and he self-describes as "a baritone with some high notes up (his) sleeve."


In musical theatre

Despite being described in ''Acting the Song: Performance Skills for the Musical Theatre'' as a term "coined" by "musical theatre
vernacular A vernacular or vernacular language is in contrast with a "standard language". It refers to the language or dialect that is spoken by people that are inhabiting a particular country or region. The vernacular is typically the native language, n ...
", the use of ''baritenor'' in relation to the operatic voice can be seen in English sources since at least 1835, and French ones since 1829. Nevertheless, the term is widely used in
musical theatre Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through words, music, movemen ...
to describe a
baritone A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice-types. The term originates from the Greek (), meaning "heavy sounding". Composers typically write music for this voice in the ...
voice capable of singing notes in the
tenor A tenor is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the countertenor and baritone voice types. It is the highest male chest voice type. The tenor's vocal range extends up to C5. The low extreme for tenors is wide ...
range, and was used as early as 1950 to describe the voice of
Eddie Fisher Edwin Jack Fisher (August 10, 1928 – September 22, 2010) was an American singer and actor. He was one of the most popular artists during the 1950s, selling millions of records and hosting his own TV show, ''The Eddie Fisher Show''. Actress Eli ...
in a
variety show Variety show, also known as variety arts or variety entertainment, is entertainment made up of a variety of acts including musical performances, sketch comedy, magic, acrobatics, juggling, and ventriloquism. It is normally introduced by a co ...
at New York's Paramount Theatre. Deer and Dal Vera have noted that by 2008, the majority of leading roles in
rock musical A rock musical is a musical theatre work with rock music. The genre of rock musical may overlap somewhat with album musicals, concept albums and song cycles, as they sometimes tell a story through the rock music, and some album musicals and con ...
s were being written for baritenors. Amongst the roles specifying baritenor voices in casting calls between 2008 and 2010 were: Tom Collins (''
Rent Rent may refer to: Economics *Renting, an agreement where a payment is made for the temporary use of a good, service or property *Economic rent, any payment in excess of the cost of production *Rent-seeking, attempting to increase one's share of e ...
''), Bob and Tommy ('' Jersey Boys''); Wizard, Cowardly Lion, Scarecrow, and Tinman (''
The Wiz ''The Wiz: The Super Soul Musical "Wonderful Wizard of Oz"'' is a musical with music and lyrics by Charlie Smalls (and others) and book by William F. Brown. It is a retelling of L. Frank Baum's children's novel '' The Wonderful Wizard of Oz'' ...
''); Max Bialystock and Leopold Bloom ('' The Producers''); and Thomas Weaver and Alvin Kelby (''
The Story of My Life The Story of My Life or Story of My Life may refer to: Literature * ''The Story of My Life'' (biography), a 1903 autobiography by Helen Keller * ''Story of My Life'' (novel), 1988 novel by Jay McInerney * '' Histoire de ma vie'' (''Story of my ...
''). Saltzman and Dési ascribe the rise of the baritenor voice in musical theatre to the introduction of amplification in the second half of the 20th century. Prior to that, the leading roles were predominantly sung by tenors and
soprano A soprano () is a type of classical female singing voice and has the highest vocal range of all voice types. The soprano's vocal range (using scientific pitch notation) is from approximately middle C (C4) = 261  Hz to "high A" (A5) = 880& ...
s with even the baritone characters tending to sing in the upper part of their range. This was due not only to the popular taste of the times, but also to the fact that higher voices were more capable of riding over the orchestra and reaching the furthest seats. The introduction of amplification allowed male leading roles to be assigned to baritones, albeit ones who often had an extension into the tenor range. David Young also notes that the baritenor voice can be particularly useful for roles such as Marius in '' Fanny'' where the character ages significantly during the course of the musical.Young (1995) p. 6


Notes


References

*actorsingers.org
Character Analysis - ''The Producers''
January 2009. Accessed 4 March 2009. *Badenes, Gonzalo
Voces: (Ritmo, 1987-2000)
Universitat de València, 2005. *''
Billboard A billboard (also called a hoarding in the UK and many other parts of the world) is a large outdoor advertising structure (a billing board), typically found in high-traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large adverti ...
''
Vaudeville Reviews
Vol. 62, No. 34. 26 August 1950. *Blier, Steven

''
Opera News ''Opera News'' is an American classical music magazine. It has been published since 1936 by the Metropolitan Opera Guild, a non-profit organization located at Lincoln Center which was founded to engender the appreciation of opera and also suppor ...
'', August 2003. Accessed 3 March 2009. *Boytim, Joan Frey
''The Private Voice Studio Handbook: A Practical Guide to All Aspects of Teaching''
Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002. * *Celletti, Rodolfo, ''Voce di tenore'', IdeaLibri, 1989. *Celletti, Rodolfo
''A History of Bel Canto''
(translated from the Italian by Frederick Fuller), Oxford University Press, 1996. *Deer, Joe and Dal Vera, Rocco
''Acting in Musical Theatre: A Comprehensive Course''
Routledge, 2008. * Dorsi, Fabrizio and Rausa, Giuseppe, ''Storia dell'opera italiana''. Paravia Bruno Mondadori, 2000. *Elson, Louis Charles, ''Elson's Music Dictionary: Containing the Definition and Pronunciation of Such Terms and Signs as are Used in Modern Music'', O. Ditson Company, 1905. *Encore Theater Company
Audition for ''Rent'' March 14 & 15
1 March 2010. Accessed 27 August 2010. * Fétis, F. J., (ed.)
''Revue musicale''
Alexander Mesnier, 1829. *Frisell, Anthony, ''The Tenor Voice: A Personal Guide to Acquiring a Superior Singing Technique'', Branden Books, 2007. *Heriot, Angus, ''The Castrati in Opera'', Calder and Boyars, 1976. *Holland, Bernard

''The New York Times'', 12 June 1999. Accessed 5 March 2009. *Hubbard, William L.
''The American History and Encyclopedia of Music''
originally published in 1910, republished in
facsimile A facsimile (from Latin ''fac simile'', "to make alike") is a copy or reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, art print, or other item of historical value that is as true to the original source as possible. It differs from other forms of ...
by Kessinger Publishing, 2005. *Kaufman, Tom
Liner Notes: ''Hermann Jadlowker - Dramatic Coloratura Tenor''
Marston Records, 1998. Accessed 3 March 2009. *Ludden, William, ''Pronouncing Musical Dictionary of Technical Words, Phrases and Abbreviations'', O. Ditson, 1875. *Maupin, Elizabeth

''
Orlando Sentinel The ''Orlando Sentinel'' is the primary newspaper of Orlando, Florida, and the Central Florida region. It was founded in 1876 and is currently owned by Tribune Publishing Company. The ''Orlando Sentinel'' is owned by parent company, '' Tribune P ...
'', 3 March 2009. Accessed 4 March 2009. * Miller, Richard
''Securing Baritone, Bass-Baritone, and Bass Voices''
Oxford University Press US, 2008. * Milnes, Rodney (ed.), ''
Opera Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a libr ...
'', Vol. 43:7-12, July 1992. *Minter, Drew
"Vivaldi: Farnace"
''Opera News'', October 2002. Accessed 4 March 2009. *The ''
New Grove Dictionary of Opera ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'' is an encyclopedia of opera, considered to be one of the best general reference sources on the subject. It is the largest work on opera in English, and in its printed form, amounts to 5,448 pages in four volu ...
'', edited by Stanley Sadie (1992). and *New York Theatre Guide
''The Story of My Life'', new musical by Bartram & Hill, aims to bow on Broadway in Jan 2009
8 April 2008. Accessed 4 March 2009. *
Playbill ''Playbill'' is an American monthly magazine for theatergoers. Although there is a subscription issue available for home delivery, most copies of ''Playbill'' are printed for particular productions and distributed at the door as the show's p ...

"The Wiz - Equity Principal Auditions"
March 2009. Accessed 4 March 2009. * Potter, J., ''Tenor, History of a voice'', Yale University Press, New Haven/London, 2009, * Rosenthal, H. and Warrack, J., ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera'', 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 1979. *Moore, Tracey and Bergman, Allison
''Acting the Song: Performance Skills for the Musical Theatre''
Allworth Communications, 2008. * Salzman, Eric and Dési, Thomas
''The New Music Theater: Seeing the Voice, Hearing the Body''
Oxford University Press US, 2008. *Schuberth, Julius
''Kleines musikalisches Conversations-lexikon''
originally published in 1880, republished in facsimile by Elimont Classics, 2001. *Scott, Bruce
"Domingo The Baritone In Verdi's ''Simon Boccanegra''"
''The World of Opera'',
National Public Radio National Public Radio (NPR, stylized in all lowercase) is an American privately and state funded nonprofit media organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California. It differs from other n ...
, 13 August 2010. Accessed 27 August 2010. *Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
''The Penny Cyclopædia''
Charles Knight, 1835. *
Teatro La Fenice Teatro La Fenice (, "The Phoenix") is an opera house in Venice, Italy. It is one of "the most famous and renowned landmarks in the history of Italian theatre" and in the history of opera as a whole. Especially in the 19th century, La Fenice ...

Programma di sala: ''Maometto II''
2005. Accessed 4 March 2009. *''
Time Time is the continued sequence of existence and event (philosophy), events that occurs in an apparently irreversible process, irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various me ...
''
"Goulash Without Paprika"
7 December 1959. Accessed 27 August 2010. *
Tommasini, Anthony Anthony Carl Tommasini (born April 14, 1948) is an American music critic and author who specializes in classical music. Described as "a discerning critic, whose taste, knowledge and judgment have made him a must-read", Tommasini was the chief c ...

"A Tenor Who Knows No Bounds"
''
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'', 27 September 1998. Accessed 3 March 2009. *Turp, Richard
The Evolution of the Voice
''La Scena Musicale'', Vol. 6, No.3, November 2000. Accessed 3 March 2009. *Thurner, Dick, ''Portmanteau Dictionary: Blend Words in the English Language'', McFarland & Co., 1993. *Traubner, Richard
Coward: Songbook
''
American Record Guide The ''American Record Guide'' (''ARG'') is a classical music magazine. It has reviewed classical music recordings since 1935. History and profile The magazine was founded by Peter Hugh Reed in May 1935 as the ''American Music Lover''. It chang ...
'', January 2003. Accessed 20 March 2009. * ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language'' (Unabridged), G. & C. Merriam Company, 1961. *Whenham, John
''Claudio Monteverdi: Orfeo''
Cambridge University Press, 1986. *Wistrich, Richard
''Warrior, courtier, singer: Giulio Cesare Brancaccio and the performance of identity in the late Renaissance''
Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007. *Young, David
''How to Direct a Musical: Broadway your Way!''
Taylor & Francis, 1995.


External links


"David Daniels"
(''Andante'', 2002), an interview by Jason Serinus with the American
countertenor A countertenor (also contra tenor) is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range is equivalent to that of the female contralto or mezzo-soprano voice types, generally extending from around G3 to D5 or E5, although a sopranist ...
, David Daniels, who describes his early vocal training and the transition from a baritenor voice to that of a countertenor.
"Dr. Bennati's Researches on the Mechanism of the Human Voice"
(''The Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal'', Vol. 40, 1833) presents an early 19th-century view of the baritenor operatic voice and the vocal problems experienced by two famous baritenors of the day, Domenico Donzelli and Gaetano Crivelli. (Francesco Bennati (1798–1834) was an Italian baritone who later became an eminent physician. Primarily a laryngologist, he was the house physician to the Opéra-Italien in Paris.) {{Range (music) Voice types Opera terminology Pitch (music)