Banna (Birdoswald)

Birdoswald Roman Fort was known as ''Banna'' ("horn" in Celtic) in Roman times, reflecting the geography of the site on a triangular spur of land bounded by cliffs to the south and east commanding a broad meander of the River Irthing in Cumbria below.

It lies towards the western end of Hadrian's Wall and is one of the best preserved of the 16 forts along the wall. It is also attached to the longest surviving stretch of Hadrian's Wall.

Cumbria County Council were responsible for the management of Birdoswald fort from 1984 until the end of 2004, when English Heritage assumed responsibility.

History

This western part of Hadrian's Wall was originally built using turf starting from 122 AD. The stone fort was built some time after the wall, in the usual playing card shape, with gates to the east, west and south.

The fort was occupied by Cohors I Aelia Dacorum and by other Roman auxiliaries from approximately AD 126 to AD 400.

The two-mile sector of Hadrian's Wall either side of Birdoswald is also of major interest. It is currently the only known sector of Hadrian's Wall in which the original turf wall was replaced, probably in the 130s, by a stone wall approximately 50 metres further north, to line up with the fort's north wall, instead of at its east and west gates. The reasons for this change are unclear, although David Woolliscroft (Woolliscroft, 2001) has plausibly suggested that it was the result of changing signalling requirements, whilst Stewart Ainsworth of ''Time Team'' suggested it was a response to a cliff collapse into the river. At any rate, this remains the only area in which both the walls can be directly compared.

As of 2005, it is the only site on Hadrian's Wall at which significant occupation in the post-Roman period has been proven. Excavations between 1987 and 1992 showed an unbroken sequence of occupation on the site of the fort granaries, running from the late Roman period until possibly 500AD. The granaries were replaced by two successive large timber halls, reminiscent of others found in many parts of Britain dating to the fifth and sixth centuries. Tony Wilmott (co-director of the excavations) has suggested that, after the end of Roman rule in Britain, the fort served as the power-base for a local warband descended from the late Roman garrison, possibly deriving legitimacy from their ancestors for several generations.

Layout

Inside were built the usual stone buildings, a central headquarters building (''principia''), granaries (''horrea''), and barracks. Unusually for an auxiliary fort, it also included an exercise building (''basilica exercitatoria''), perhaps reflecting the difficulties of training soldiers in the exposed site in the north of England.

Geophysical surveys detected vici (civilian settlements) of different characters on the eastern, western and northern sides of the fort. A bathhouse was also located in the valley of the River Irthing.

Other remains

Approximately 600 metres east of Birdoswald, at the foot of an escarpment, lie the remains of Willowford bridge which carried Hadrian's Wall across the River Irthing. The westward movement of the river course over the centuries has left the east abutment of the bridge high and dry, while the west abutment has probably been destroyed by erosion. Nevertheless, the much-modified visible remains are highly impressive. Until 1996, these remains were not directly accessible from the fort, but they can now be reached by a footbridge.

Maiden Way

The fort at Birdoswald was linked by a Roman road, sometimes referred to as the Maiden Way, to the outpost fort of Bewcastle, seven miles to the north. Signals could be relayed between the two forts by means of two signalling towers.

History of excavations

The fort has been extensively excavated for over a century, with twentieth century excavations starting in 1911 by F.G. Simpson and continuing with Ian Richmond from 1927 to 1933 . The gateways and walls were then re-excavated under the supervision of Brenda Swinbank and J P Gillam from 1949 to 1950.

Extensive geophysical surveys, both magnetometry and earth resistance survey, were conducted by TimeScape Surveys (Alan Biggins & David Taylor, 1999 & 2004) between 1997 -2001. These surveys established that the sub-surface remains in the fort were well preserved.

An area between the fort and the escarpment was excavated by Channel 4's archaeological television programme ''Time Team'' in January 2000. The excavation detected signs of an extramural settlement (''vicus''), but the area is liable to erosion and the majority of the vicus could have fallen over the cliffs.

In 2021 Newcastle University, Historic England, and English Heritage launched a major new archaeological excavation at the site.Partnership aims to transform research on Hadrian's Wall https://www.ncl.ac.uk/press/articles/archive/2021/06/birdoswald/

Birdoswald Roman Fort today

Today the fort's site is operated by English Heritage as Birdoswald Roman Fort. The visitor centre features displays and reconstructions of the fort, exhibits about life in Roman Britain, the site's history through the ages, and archaeological discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries. Visitors can walk outside along the excavated remains of the fort.

References

*Biggins, J. A. and Taylor, D. J. A., 1999, A Survey of the Roman Fort and Settlement at Birdoswald, Cumbria. ''Britannia''. 30. 91–110.
*Biggins, J. A, and Taylor, D. J. A., 2004, Geophysical Survey of the Vicus at Birdoswald Roman Fort, Cumbria, ''Britannia'' 35, 159–178.
*
Hogan, C.Michael (2007) ''Hadrian's Wall'', ed. A. Burnham, The Megalithic Portal
*
*Woolliscroft D.J.(2001), "Hadrian's Wall from the air", Tempus,

External links

Visitor information : English HeritageInteractive tour
including aerial photograph
Youth HosteliRomans
Website showing Birdoswald objects at Tullie House Museum and the forts position on the wall
Birdoswald
at www.Roman-Britain.co.uk

{{Authority control

110s establishments in the Roman Empire
History of Cumberland
History of Cumbria
English Heritage sites in Cumbria
Roman sites in Cumbria
Forts of Hadrian's Wall
Archaeological sites in Cumbria
Former populated places in Cumbria
Museums in Cumbria
Museums of ancient Rome in the United Kingdom
Tourist attractions in Cumbria