''Bakhar'' is a form of historical narrative written in Marathi

prose Prose is a form of written or spoken language that follows the natural flow of speech, uses a language's ordinary grammatical structures, or follows the conventions of formal academic writing. It differs from most traditional poetry, where the fo ...

. are one of the earliest genres of medieval

Marathi literature Marathi literature is the body of literature of Marathi, an Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Maharashtra and written in the Devanagari and Modi script. History Ancient Era Maharashtri Prakrit was the southern Prakrit th ...

. More than 200 bakhars were written in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, the most important of them chronicling the deeds of the Maratha ruler

Shivaji Shivaji Bhonsale I (; 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680), also referred to as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the declining Adil ...

. Bakhars are considered valuable resources depicting the Maratha view of history, but also criticized for falsification, embellishment and magnification of facts.

Etymology

Most scholars believe that the word is a metathesis of the Arabic-origin word ''khabar'' ("information"). S N Joshi argues that the word is derived from the Persian word ''khair'' or ''bakhair'' ("all is well", the end salutation in a letter), since it appears at the end of most texts. Bapuji Sankpal argued that the word is derived from the Sanskrit-origin word ''akhyayika'' ("story") or it could be bhyaakh ( bhiyakhya) .

Style

The principal characteristics of are that they were written in prose, had a forceful style of writing, were of political historical nature which appealed to Maratha patriotism, were often commissioned by a patron, displayed an acceptance of tradition and also a belief in the supernatural. Early were sparsely written and contained a number of words of Persian derivation, later works tended to be voluminous and contained Sanskritised prose.

History

The earliest dates associated with a are 1448 or 1455, by different authors, being considered as the year that the prose part of "Mahikavatichi Bakhar", comprising the second and third chapters, was written by Keshavacharya. The , which is the compilation of three authors of the 15th and 16th centuries - Bhagwan, Datta and Keshavacharya - is significant as the earliest attempt at uniting the Marathi-speaking populace against oppressive Bahmani rule. There are around 200 known , fifty or so of which are considered to be notable, while some others have not been published at all. All the except for the early works, such as '' Sabhasad Bakhar'', '' 91 Kalmi Bakhar'' and the '' Ajnyapatra Bakhar'' besides others, are considered to be written between 1760 and 1850 during the heyday of the

Peshwa The Peshwa (Pronunciation: e(ː)ʃʋaː was the appointed (later becoming hereditary) prime minister of the Maratha Empire of the Indian subcontinent. Originally, the Peshwas served as subordinates to the Chhatrapati (the Maratha king); later ...

s. At least eleven have been written principally about Shivaji's life and rule, of which ''Sabhasad Bakhar'', ''91 Kalmi Bakhar'' are the most important, some others being derivations of ''Sabhasad Bakhar'' of varying reliability. These have been valuable resource material for historians chronicling Shivali's life and achievements.

List of

Some of the include:

Reliability

Most historians have long neglected as unreliable, due to their colourful literary style with elements of Marathi, Sanskrit aphorisms and Persian administrative jargon. However, are recently being investigated for their historical content.

James Grant Duff James Grant Duff (8 July 1789 – 23 September 1858) was a British soldier and historian from Scotland, who was active in British India. Early life Born James Grant, Duff was the eldest son of John Grant of Kincardine O'Neil and Margaret Miln D ...

relied on in the making of his "History of the Marathas". Shankar Gopal Tulpule described the as a reliable source of history, while the Indian nationalist historian Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade (1864–1926) described them as "full of meaningless verbosity" and "fragmented, contradictory, vague and unreliable".

Jadunath Sarkar Sir Jadunath Sarkar (10 December 1870 – 19 May 1958) was a prominent Indian historian and a specialist on the Mughal dynasty. Academic career Sarkar was born in Karachmaria village in Natore, Bengal to Rajkumar Sarkar, the local Zamindar ...

(1870–1958) also described them as "collections of gossip and tradition, sometimes no better than opium-eaters' tales".

References

{{reflist Maratha Empire Literary genres Historiography of India