Bahia Palace

, ber, ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ Иⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ)
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, image = Bahia Palace large court.jpg
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, image_caption = The Grand Courtyard of the Bahia Palace
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, building_type = palace
, architectural_style = Moroccan, Islamic
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, location = Marrakesh, Morocco
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, start_date = 1859 (or 1860s)
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, completion_date = 1900
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, architect = Muhammad ibn Makki al-Misfiwi

The Bahia Palace ( ar, قصر الباهية, ber, ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ Иⴱⴰⵀⵢⴰ) is a mid to late 19th-century palace in Marrakesh, Morocco. The palace was first begun by Si Musa, grand vizier of Alaouite sultan Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman, in 1859 and then continued and expanded by his son Si Ba Ahmed ibn Musa, grand vizier of Sultan Moulay Abdelaziz between 1894 and 1900. Today it is a well-known historic monument and tourist attraction in the city.

History

Construction in the 19th century

Si Musa was descended from a family of black slaves which served the Moroccan ''makhzen'' (royal government) and reached the highest offices in the country. He was first ''hajib'' (similar to a chamberlain) then grand vizier under Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman, who reigned from 1859 to 1873. He began the construction of the palace in 1859 and continued during the 1860s. Today, the "Grand Riad" or large riad garden and its adjoining rooms in the northern part of the palace date from Si Musa's time and are also consequently known as the ''Dar Si Moussa''. The two grand chambers on the east and west sides of the garden contain an inscription which dates their construction to 1866-67.

Ba Ahmed ibn Musa (known simply as Ba Ahmed) was ''hajib'' to Sultan Moulay Hassan and, upon the latter's death, ensured his son Abdelaziz's accession to the throne in 1894, earning him a promotion to grand vizier. As Abdelaziz was only sixteen, Ba Ahmed became the effective ruler of Morocco until his own death from disease in 1900. He progressively expanded his father's palace throughout these years as grand vizier (1894-1900), adding to it piece by piece as new land became available for purchase. During his tenure, he was also supported by his two brothers Si Sa'id and Idris (who died with him in 1900). Si Sa'id built his own palace north of here during that time, the Dar Si Said, which today serves as a museum.

Ba Ahmed is responsible for constructing most of the Bahia Palace's southern parts, which included various smaller courtyards and riad gardens. On the east side of this palace complex he also created a vast private park and garden, complete with a central water basin and an access point via a bridge over the adjacent street linking it to the palace. His architect was a man named Muhammad ibn Makki al-Misfiwi, originally from Safi, who was born in 1857 and died in 1926. The palace's growth overtook much of the previously existing neighbourhood north of the ''Mellah'' and resulted in major changes in the local street layout. The growing palace housed Ba Ahmed's servants (including his own slaves) and his ''harem'' (private family residence), and the name ''al-Bahia'' (), meaning "the Brilliant", was reportedly the name of his favourite wife. The entire palace was built on one level, possibly as Ba Ahmed's own physique (which was described as stout and obese) made it more difficult for him to go up and down stairs.

20th century to present day

After Ba Ahmed's death his palace became royal property. Mere hours after his death, Sultan Abdelaziz (who subsequently took full power over the country) reportedly ordered the palace to be looted for valuable items. In 1908 Madani el-Glaoui, brother of Thami el-Glaoui, took control of the palace and used it to entertain foreign guests. He added an upper floor for the first time to some parts of the palace. Then, in 1912, after the installation of the French Protectorate in Morocco, the palace was converted into the residence of the French resident-general ( Lyautey) in the city. After Moroccan independence, the palace was again used as a royal residence for King Mohammed V before being transferred to the Moroccan Ministry of Culture under King Hassan II, which turned it into a tourist attraction.

Today the palace is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Morocco; the government counted 410,141 visitors from January to April 2019, more than any other heritage site in the country. The palace is occasionally still used by the King of Morocco to receive foreign dignitaries or host events.

Architecture

Layout

The palace's labyrinthine layout, which does not reveal a clear unified plan, is due to the fact that it was expanded in a piecemeal fashion in different stages over many years. It comprises a number of inner courtyards and ''riad'' gardens (interior gardens with a symmetrical four-part division), around which are arranged various rooms and chambers. The main palace complex today covers almost 2 hectares.

The palace is entered via a horseshoe-arch doorway from the main street, beyond which a long garden path leads to the palace. A minor courtyard leads into the Small Riad (''Petit Riad''), a square courtyard garden divided by walkways along its two central axes and surrounded by richly decorated galleries and chambers. One of the chambers was Ba Ahmed's '' diwan'' or Council Chamber. A second floor apartment above this riad was added by Madani el-Glaoui after Ba Ahmed's death.

East of the Small Riad is a small inner courtyard (sometimes simply called the "Small Courtyard") surrounded by ornate chambers. East of this is the Grand Courtyard or Large Courtyard (also known in French as the ''Cour d'Honneur''), the most impressive part of the palace. Measuring 50 by 30 meters, it is paved with Italian Carrara marble and surrounded by an elegant and colourful wooden gallery. These galleries give access to some 80 rooms which are believed to have been part of Ba Ahmed's ''harem'' and the residences of his concubines. At the east end of this courtyard is a grand hall (lknown as the ''Salle d'Honneur'' in French), measuring 20 by 8 meters and featuring a high ceiling with some of the best painted decoration in the palace. An inscription dates the construction of this chamber to 1896-1897, which was probably the last major expansion of the palace. West of the Grand Courtyard (more or less between the Small Courtyard to the south and the Great Riad to the north) is a private apartment built by Ba Ahmed in 1898 for his first wife, Lalla Zaynab.

North of the Grand Courtyard areas is another vast courtyard known as the Grand Riad or Large Riad. Along with its adjoining rooms, it is the oldest part of the palace and dates from the time of Ba Ahmed's father, Si Musa. The courtyard is occupied, as its name implies, by a very large riad garden which is still planted with trees from the 19th century. The garden is flanked to the east and the west by two grand halls with excellent decoration and an inscription which dates their construction to 1866-67.

Further east, beyond the main palace, are the remains of a series of gardens and parks created by Ba Ahmed. Among other elements, they contained a large water basin. This area was originally a Saadian-era garden, the ''Arsat Ben Chegra'', named after a Saadian vizier. On the south side of the palace are other annexes includes stables and a mosque with a minaret.

Decoration

The palace is most famous for its decoration. Its walls feature stucco carved with Arabic inscriptions, geometric patterns, arabesques, and ''muqarnas''. Its floors are paved with marble and ''zellij'' tiles. Among its most famous elements are the cedar-wood ceilings painted with colourful floral patterns, along with the carved and painted wooden canopies of major doorways. The materials for this decoration were imported by Ba Ahmed from all over Morocco, including marble from Meknes (possibly from former Moroccan royal palaces), cedar wood from the Middle Atlas, and tiles from Tetouan. Artisans from all across the country were also employed for the job.

Gallery

Entrance of the palace

File:Palais Bahia 001.JPG, Entrance to the palace grounds
File:Palacio de La Bahía en Marrakech 02.JPG, Garden path leading from the gate to the palace
File:Bahia palace DSCF0313.jpg, Second gateway, the entrance to the main palace
File:Bahia Palace 1190.jpg, Minor courtyard at the entrance of the main palace

The Small Riad

File:Bahia (4228264403).jpg, The courtyard and garden of the Small Riad
File:Riad Zitoun Jdid, Marrakesh, Morocco - panoramio (9).jpg, The gallery around the courtyard
File:0017 BAHIA-PALAST, Marrakesch (37258650875).jpg, Stucco decoration in the courtyard, including ''muqarnas'' sculpting
File:Ceiling Bahia Palace 1199.jpg, Sculpted and painted wooden ceiling in one of the rooms around the courtyard
File:Maroko (25938181856).jpg, A fireplace in one of the rooms, with painted wood and ''zellij'' decoration
File:Bahia palace DSCF0498.jpg, Hall or salon between the Small Riad and the Small Courtyard to the east
File:Bahia Palace 2 (173913029).jpg, Detail of the painted ceiling

The Small Courtyard

File:Small court Bahia 1250.jpg, The "Small Courtyard" of the palace (located between the Small Riad and the Grand Courtyard)
File:0024 BAHIA-PALAST, Marrakesch (37068119086).jpg, Example of "muqarnas" or "lambrequin" arches in the palace
File:Palais de la Bahia, Marrakech (24531080941).jpg, Sculpted and painted wooden ceiling in one of the rooms around the courtyard
File:Marrakech Day Trip (8587115467).jpg, Decorated ceiling in another room around the courtyard
File:0026 BAHIA-PALAST, Marrakesch (36528320043).jpg, Details of the decorated ceiling, including sculpted and painted stucco just below the wooden ceiling
File:Mosaic Bahia Palace Marrakech Morocco 113006 (49702041486).jpg, Details of the painted wood ceiling

The Grand Courtyard

File:Bahia Palace large court 1284.jpg, The Grand Courtyard
File:Bahia Palace large court 1292.jpg, The Grand Courtyard (looking west)
File:Bahia Palace 1275-1.jpg, The gallery around the courtyard
File:Διακόσμηση Παλάτι Μπαΐα 1277.jpg, Painted ceiling under the gallery
File:Bahia palace IMG 3027.jpg, A glimpse of the minaret of the palace mosque, seen from the Grand Courtyard

Private apartment of Ba Ahmed's wife

File:Δωμάτια βασίλισσας, Μπαΐα 1370.jpg, The main hall of the apartment
File:Bahia Palace Marrakech - ceiling - 1.jpg, Painted ceiling over the hall
File:Palais de la Bahia, Marrakech (24505065882).jpg, Painted and sculpted ceiling in one of the side rooms

The Grand Riad (''Dar Si Moussa'')

File:Large riad Bahia 1321.jpg, Courtyard and garden of the Grand Riad
File:Large riad pavillion decorative ceiling Bahia 1353.jpg, Wooden ceiling with painted and carved ''muqarnas'' decoration at the entrance of the Grand Riad
File:Marrakech - Bahia Oudoor Qibla (49406699453).jpg, Decorative alcove on the northern side of the garden
File:Bahia palace IMG 2991.jpg, VIew towards one of the chambers adjoining the riad
File:Small Courtyard Bahia Palace (31363670054).jpg, Doorway of the chambers adjoining the garden
File:Large Riad room Bahia 1325.jpg, Decorated alcove in one of the chambers adjoining the garden

References

{{Marrakesh
Palaces in Marrakesh
'Alawi architecture