Baden Powell, MA FRS

FRGS The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), often shortened to RGS, is a learned society and professional body for geography based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical scien ...

(22 August 1796 – 11 June 1860) was an English

mathematician A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data, quantity, structure, space, models, and change. History On ...

and

Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Brit ...

priest. He held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at the

University of Oxford , mottoeng = The Lord is my light , established = , endowment = £6.1 billion (including colleges) (2019) , budget = £2.145 billion (2019–20) , chancellor ...

from 1827 to 1860. Powell was a prominent liberal theologian who put forward advanced ideas about

evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...

Origins

Baden Powell II was born at

Stamford Hill Stamford Hill is an area in Inner London, England, about 5.5 miles north-east of Charing Cross. The neighbourhood is a sub-district of Hackney, the major component of the London Borough of Hackney, and is known for its Hasidic community, the ...

, Hackney in

London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...

. His father, Baden Powell I (1767-1841), of Langton and Speldhurst in Kent, was a wine merchant, who served as High Sheriff of

Kent Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north-west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west, and Essex to the north across the estuary of the River Thames; it faces ...

in 1831, and as Master of the

Worshipful Company of Mercers The Worshipful Company of Mercers is the premier Livery Company of the City of London and ranks first in the order of precedence of the Companies. It is the first of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies. Although of even older origin, the c ...

in 1822. The mother of Baden Powell II was Hester Powell (1776-1848), his father's paternal first cousin, a daughter of James Powell (1737-1824) of Clapton, Hackney, Middlesex, Master of the

Worshipful Company of Salters The Worshipful Company of Salters is one of the Livery Companies of the City of London, 9th in order of precedence. The Company originated as the Guild of Corpus Christi, which was granted a Royal Charter of incorporation in 1394. Further Cha ...

in 1818. The Powell family can be traced back to the early 16th century, where they were yeomen farmers at Mildenhall in Suffolk. Baden Powell II's great grandfather, David Powell (1725-1810) of Homerton, Middlesex, a second son, migrated to the

City of London The City of London is a city, ceremonial county and local government district that contains the historic centre and constitutes, alongside Canary Wharf, the primary central business district (CBD) of London. It constituted most of London f ...

aged 17 in 1712, subsequently going into business as a merchant at

Old Broad Street Old or OLD may refer to: Places *Old, Baranya, Hungary *Old, Northamptonshire, England *Old Street station, a railway and tube station in London (station code OLD) *OLD, IATA code for Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base, Old Town, Mai ...

and buying the manor of

Wattisfield Wattisfield is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England. Located on the A143 around seven miles south-west of Diss, in 2005 its population was 440, increasing to 475 at the 2011 Census. The village ...

in Suffolk. In 1740 a branch of the family bought the Whitefriars Glass works. The name Baden originated in Susanna Baden (1663-1737), the maternal grandmother of David Powell (1725-1810) of Homerton, Middlesex, and one of the ten children of Andrew Baden (1637-1716), a Mercer who served as Mayor of Salisbury in 1682.

Education

Powell was admitted as an undergraduate at

Oriel College, Oxford Oriel College () is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford (a title formerly claimed by University College, ...

and graduated with a First Class Honours degree in mathematics in 1817.

Ordination

Powell was ordained as a priest of the Church of England in 1821, having served as curate of

Midhurst Midhurst () is a market town, parish and civil parish in West Sussex, England. It lies on the River Rother inland from the English Channel, and north of the county town of Chichester. The name Midhurst was first recorded in 1186 as ''Middeh ...

Sussex Sussex (), from the Old English (), is a historic county in South East England that was formerly an independent medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom. It is bounded to the west by Hampshire, north by Surrey, northeast by Kent, south by the Englis ...

. His first living was as Vicar of

Plumstead Plumstead is an area in southeast London, within the Royal Borough of Greenwich, England. It is located east of Woolwich. History Until 1965, Plumstead was in the historic county of Kent and the detail of much of its early history can ...

, Kent, of which the

advowson Advowson () or patronage is the right in English law of a patron (avowee) to present to the diocesan bishop (or in some cases the ordinary if not the same person) a nominee for appointment to a vacant ecclesiastical benefice or church living, a ...

was owned by his family. He immediately began his scientific work there, starting with experiments on radiant heat.

Marriages and children

Powell married three times, and had fourteen children in total. In 1870 all his children adopted the surname "Baden-Powell". Powell's first marriage on 21 July 1821 to Eliza Rivaz (died 13 March 1836) was childless. His second marriage on 27 September 1837 to Charlotte Pope (died 14 October 1844) produced one son and three daughters: * Charlotte Elizabeth Powell, (14 September 1838–20 October 1917) * Baden Henry Baden-Powell,

FRSE Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's national academy of science and letters, judged to be "eminently distinguished in their subject". This soci ...

(23 August 1841–2 January 1901) * Louisa Ann Powell, (18 March 1843–1 August 1896) * Laetitia Mary Powell, (4 June 1844–2 September 1865) Baden Powell family

His third marriage on 10 March 1846 (at St Luke's Church, Chelsea) to Henrietta Grace Smyth (3 September 1824–13 October 1914), a daughter of Admiral Smyth, produced seven sons and three daughters: * Warington Baden-Powell, (3 February 1847–24 April 1921), a naval officer, a fellow of the

Royal Geographical Society The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), often shortened to RGS, is a learned society and professional body for geography based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical scien ...

and a King's Counsel (K.C.) * Sir George Smyth Baden-Powell, (24 December 1847–20 November 1898), a politician and Conservative MP (1885 – 1898) * Augustus Smyth Powell (1849–1863) * Francis (Frank) Smyth Baden-Powell (29 July 1850– 25 December 1933), an artist who exhibited at the

Royal Academy of Arts The Royal Academy of Arts (RA) is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. Founded in 1768, it has a unique position as an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects. Its pur ...

* Henrietta Smyth Powell (28 October 1851–9 March 1854) * John Penrose Smyth Powell (21 December 1852–14 December 1855) * Jessie Smyth Powell (25 November 1855–24 July 1856) *

Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell Lieutenant-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, ( ; (Commonly pronounced by others as ) 22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was a British Army officer, writer, founder and first Chief Scout of the wor ...

, (22 February 1857–8 January 1941), an army officer, writer and a founder of the

Boy Scouts Boy Scouts may refer to: * Boy Scout, a participant in the Boy Scout Movement. * Scouting, also known as the Boy Scout Movement. * An organisation in the Scouting Movement, although many of these organizations also have female members. There are t ...

and

Girl Guides Girl Guides (known as Girl Scouts in the United States and some other countries) is a worldwide movement, originally and largely still designed for girls and women only. The movement began in 1909 when girls requested to join the then-grassroot ...

. *

Agnes Baden-Powell Agnes Smyth Baden-Powell (16 December 1858 – 2 June 1945) was the younger sister of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, and was most noted for her work in establishing the Girl Guide movement as a female counterpart to her older bro ...

, (16 December 1858–2 June 1945), founder of the Girl Guides * Baden Baden-Powell, (22 May 1860–3 October 1937), an army officer, aviator and president of the

Royal Aeronautical Society The Royal Aeronautical Society, also known as the RAeS, is a British multi-disciplinary professional institution dedicated to the global aerospace community. Founded in 1866, it is the oldest aeronautical society in the world. Members, Fellows, ...

Shortly after Powell's death in 1860, his wife renamed the remaining children of his third marriage 'Baden-Powell'; the name was eventually legally changed by royal licence on 30 April 1902. Baden Henry Powell is often also referred to as Baden Henry Baden-Powell, and was using this name by the 1891 census.

Evolution

Powell was an outspoken advocate of the constant uniformity of the laws of the material world. His views were liberal, and he was sympathetic to

evolutionary Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variati ...

theory long before

Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended ...

had revealed his ideas. He argued that science should not be placed next to scripture or the two approaches would conflict, and in his own version of

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban (; 22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626), also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Bacon led the advancement of both ...

's dictum, contended that the book of God's works was separate from the book of God's word, claiming that moral and physical phenomena were completely independent. His faith in the uniformity of nature (except man's mind) was set out in a

theological Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the s ...

argument; if God is a lawgiver, then a "miracle" would break the lawful edicts that had been issued at Creation. Therefore, a belief in miracles would be entirely atheistic. Powell's most significant works defended, in succession, the uniformitarian geology set out by

Charles Lyell Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining the earth's history. He is best known as the author of ''Principles of Geolo ...

and the evolutionary ideas in ''

Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation ''Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation'' is an 1844 work of speculative natural history and philosophy by Robert Chambers. Published anonymously in England, it brought together various ideas of stellar evolution with the progressive tra ...

'' published anonymously by Robert Chambers which applied uniform laws to the history of life in contrast to more respectable ideas such as

catastrophism In geology, catastrophism theorises that the Earth has largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope. This contrasts with uniformitarianism (sometimes called gradualism), according to which slow incremen ...

involving a series of divine creations. "He insisted that no tortured interpretation of

Genesis Genesis may refer to: Bible * Book of Genesis, the first book of the biblical scriptures of both Judaism and Christianity, describing the creation of the Earth and of mankind * Genesis creation narrative, the first several chapters of the Book of ...

would ever suffice; we had to let go of the Days of Creation and base

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global popula ...

on the moral laws of the

New Testament The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Chris ...

." The boldness of Powell and other theologians in dealing with science led

Joseph Dalton Hooker Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of ...

to comment in a letter to

Asa Gray Asa Gray (November 18, 1810 – January 30, 1888) is considered the most important American botanist of the 19th century. His ''Darwiniana'' was considered an important explanation of how religion and science were not necessarily mutually excl ...

dated 29 March 1857: "These parsons are so in the habit of dealing with the abstractions of doctrines as if there was no difficulty about them whatever, so confident, from the practice of having the talk all to themselves for an hour at least every week with no one to gainsay a syllable they utter, be it ever so loose or bad, that they gallop over the course when their field is Botany or Geology as if we were in the pews and they in the pulpit. Witness the self-confident style of Whewell and Baden Powell, Sedgwick and Buckland."

William Whewell William Whewell ( ; 24 May 17946 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. In his time as a student there, he achieved ...

Adam Sedgwick Adam Sedgwick (; 22 March 1785 – 27 January 1873) was a British geologist and Anglican priest, one of the founders of modern geology. He proposed the Cambrian and Devonian period of the geological timescale. Based on work which he did on ...

and

William Buckland William Buckland DD, FRS (12 March 1784 – 14 August 1856) was an English theologian who became Dean of Westminster. He was also a geologist and palaeontologist. Buckland wrote the first full account of a fossil dinosaur, which he named ' ...

opposed evolutionary ideas. When the idea of

natural selection Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Cha ...

was mooted by Darwin and Wallace in their 1858 papers to the

Linnaean Society The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature col ...

, both Powell and his brother-in-law

William Henry Flower Sir William Henry Flower (30 November 18311 July 1899) was an English surgeon, museum curator and comparative anatomist, who became a leading authority on mammals and especially on the primate brain. He supported Thomas Henry Huxley in an ...

thought that natural selection made creation rational.

''Essays and Reviews''

He was one of seven liberal theologians who produced a manifesto titled ''

Essays and Reviews ''Essays and Reviews'', edited by John William Parker, published in March 1860, is a broad-church volume of seven essays on Christianity. The topics covered the biblical research of the German critics, the evidence for Christianity, religious th ...

'' around February 1860, which amongst other things joined in the debate over ''

On the Origin of Species ''On the Origin of Species'' (or, more completely, ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life''),The book's full original title was ''On the Origin of Species by Me ...

''. These

Anglican Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that has developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of t ...

s included Oxford professors, country clergymen, the headmaster of

Rugby school Rugby School is a public school (English independent boarding school for pupils aged 13–18) in Rugby, Warwickshire, England. Founded in 1567 as a free grammar school for local boys, it is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain. ...

and a layman. Their declaration that miracles were irrational stirred up unprecedented anger, drawing much of the fire away from Charles Darwin. ''Essays'' sold 22,000 copies in two years, more than the ''Origin'' sold in twenty years, and sparked five years of increasingly polarised debate with books and pamphlets furiously contesting the issues. Referring to "Mr Darwin's masterly volume" and restating his argument that belief in miracles is atheistic, Baden Powell wrote that the book "must soon bring about an entire revolution in opinion in favour of the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature.": He would have been on the platform at the

British Association for the Advancement of Science The British Science Association (BSA) is a charity and learned society founded in 1831 to aid in the promotion and development of science. Until 2009 it was known as the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA). The current Chi ...

1860 Oxford evolution debate The 1860 Oxford evolution debate took place at the Oxford University Museum in Oxford, England, on 30 June 1860, seven months after the publication of Charles Darwin's ''On the Origin of Species''. Several prominent British scientists and philo ...

that was a highlight of the

reaction to Darwin's theory :''This article covers the time period from November 1859 to April 1861. The immediate reactions to '' On the Origin of Species'', the book in which Charles Darwin described evolution by natural selection, included international debate, though ...

. Huxley's antagonist Wilberforce was also the foremost critic of ''Essays and Reviews''. Powell died of a heart attack a fortnight before the meeting. He is buried in

Kensal Green Cemetery Kensal Green Cemetery is a cemetery in the Kensal Green area of Queens Park in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London, England. Inspired by Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, it was founded by the barrister George Frederick ...

, London.

Works

* 1837
''History of Natural Philosophy from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time''
Published by Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans * 1838
''The Connexion of Natural and Divine Truth Or the Study of the Inductive Philosophy Considered as Subservient to Theology: Or, The Study of the Inductive Philosophy, Considered as Subservient to Theology''
Published by J.W. Parker * 1841
''A General and Elementary View of the Undulatory Theory, as Applied to the Dispersion of Light, and Some Other Subjects: Including the Substance of Several Papers, Printed in the Philosophical Transactions, and Other Journals''
Published by J.W. Parker * 1854: (as editor
Lectures on Polarized Light: Together with a Lecture on the Microscope, Delivered Before the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, and at the Medical School of the London Hospital
by Jonathan Pereira, published by Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans * 1859
The Order of Nature: Considered in Reference to the Claims of Revelation : a Third Series of Essays
Published by Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts

Papers to the Royal Society, the Ashmolean Society and others

* 1828 "The elements of curves: comprising, I. The geometrical principles of the conic sections; II. An introduction to the algebraic theory of curves; designed for the use of students in the University." * 1829 "A short treatise on the principles of the differential and integral calculus" * 1830 "An elementary treatise on the geometry of curves and curved surfaces, investigated by the application of the differential and integral calculus." * 1832 "The present state and future prospects of mathematical and physical studies in the University of Oxford." * 1833 "A short elementary treatise on experimental and mathematical optics." * 1834 "On the achromatism of the eye " * 1836 "On the theory of ratio and proportion, as treated by EUCLID, including an inquiry into the nature of quantity " * 1836 "Observations for determining the refractive indices for the standard rays of the solar spectrum in various media " * 1837 "An historical view of the progress of the physical and mathematical sciences from the earliest ages to the present times " * 1837 "On the nature and evidence of the primary laws of motion " * 1838 "Additional observations for determining the refractive indices for definite rays of the solar spectrum in several media " * 1839 "A second supplement to observations for determining the refractive indices for definite rays of the solar spectrum in several media " * 1841 "A general and elementary view of the undulatory theory, as applied to the dispersion of light and some other subjects... " * 1842 "History of natural philosophy, from the earliest periods to the present time " * 1842 "On the theory of parallel lines " * 1842 "On necessary and contingent truth, considered in regard to some primary principles of mathematical and mechanical science... " * 1849 "An essay on the relation of the several parts of a mathematical science to the fundamental idea therein contained... " * 1850 "On irradiation" * 1854 "Lectures on polarized light, together with a lecture on the microscope ... " with Jonathan Pereira * 1855 "Essays on the spirit of the inductive philosophy, the unity of worlds, and the philosophy of creation " * 1857 "Biographies of distinguished scientific men", by Francois ARAGO; translated (from the French) by William Henry SMYTH, Baden POWELL, and Robert GRANT

Books published

* 1829: ''A Short Treatise On the Principles of the Differential and Integral Calculus'' * 1837: ''On the Nature and Evidence of the Primary Laws of Motion'' * 1839: ''Tradition Unveiled: Or, an Exposition of the Pretensions and Tendency of Authoritative Teaching in the Church'' * 1841: ''The Protestant's Warning and Safeguard in the Present Times'' * 1841: ''A General and Elementary View of the Undulatory Theory, As Applied to the Dispersion of Light, and Some Other Subjects'', Including the substance of several papers, printed in the ''Philosophical Transactions'', and other journals. * 1855: ''The Unity of Worlds and of Nature: Three Essays On the Spirit of Inductive Philosophy; the Plurality of Worlds; and the Philosophy of Creation'' * 1856
''Christianity without Judaism''. Two sermons
London - Longman, Brown, Green Longmans and Roberts via

HathiTrust HathiTrust Digital Library is a large-scale collaborative repository of digital content from research libraries including content digitized via Google Books and the Internet Archive digitization initiatives, as well as content digitized locall ...

* 1859: ''The Order of Nature: Considered in Reference to the Claims of Revelation: A Third Series of Essays''

Publications

Theology

* 1833 Revelation and Science. 1834 To the Editor of the British Critic. * 1836 Remarks on Dr. Hampden, &c. * 1838 Connection of Natural and Divine Truth * 1839 Tradition Unveiled .... London and America. * 1840 Supplement to Tradition Unveiled. Ditto ditto. * 1841 State Education. * 1841 The Protestant's Warning. * 1843-4 Three Articles on Anglo-Catholicism in ''British and Foreign Review'', Nos. 31, 32, 33. * 1845 Kitto's Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature – Articles, "Creation","Deluge”, "Lord's Day”, “Sabbath." * 1845 Life of Blanco White December Westminster Review * 1845 Tendency of Puseyism June Ditto. * 1846 Mysticism and Scepticism . . . July Edinburgh Review. * 1847 Protestant Principles Oxford Protestant Magazine * 1847 On the Study of Christian Evidences . . Edinburgh Review. * 1848 Freedom of Opinion Oxford Protestant Magazine * 1848 Church and State Ditto. * 1848 Free Enquiry and Liberality. . Kitto's Journal of Sacred Literature. 1848 The Law and the Gospel., ... Ditto. * 1848 On the Application and Misapplication of Scripture Ditto. * 1850 The State Church — A Sermon before the University. * 1855 Unity of Worlds — Two Editions. * 1856 On the Burnett Prizes, and the Study of Natural Theology - Oxford Essays * 1857 Christianity without Judaism—2nd Series of Essays — Two Editions. * 1859 The Order of Nature — 3rd Series of Essays. * 1860 On the Study of the Evidences of Christianity, in ''Essays and Reviews''

Science

* 1828 Elements of Curves-and two Supplements * 1829 Differential Calculus, and application to Curves. * 1830 On Examination Statutes * 1832 On Mathematical Studies. * 1833 Elementary Treatise on Optics. * 1834 History of Natural Philosophy Cabinet Cyclopaedia. * 1841 Treatise on the Undulatory Theory applied to Dispersion. * 1851 Lecture Synopses in four parts - Geometry, Algebra, Conic Sections - Newton. * 1857 Translation of Arago's Autobiography. * 1857 Translations of Arago's Lives of Young, Malus, and Fresnel, with Optical Notes.

Papers in ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society''

* 1825 On Radiant Heat. * 1826 Second on Radiant Heat. * 1834 On Repulsion of Heat. * 1835 On Dispersion of Light. * 1836 Second on Dispersion of Light. * 1837 Third and fourth on Dispersion of Light. * 1840 On the Theory of the Dispersion of Light, &c. * 1842 On certain cases of Elliptic Polarization. * 1845 On Metallic Reflexion, &c. * 1848 On Prismatic Interference 1832 On Radiant Heat. * 1839 On Refractive Indices. * 1841 On Radiant Heat - Second Report.

Reports to the British Association

* 1848-9 On Luminous Meteors (continued to 1869). * 1882 to 1849 Numerous Papers on Sectional Proceedings. * 1854 On Radiant Heat—Third Report.

In ''Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society''

* 1845 On a Double Image Micrometer. * 1847 On Luminous Rings, &c. * 1849 On Irradiation. (In Royal Astronomical Society's Proceedings.) * 1847 On the Beads seen in Eclipses. * 1853 On Foucault's Experiments on Rotation of Earth, &c. * 1858 On C. Piazzi Smyth's Artificial Horizon.

In Ashmolean Society's memoirs

* 1832 On the Acromatism of the Eye. * On Refractive Indices - Three Papers. * On Ratios and Proportion. * 1849 On the Laws of Motion. * On the Theory of Parallels. * On Necessary and Contingent Truth

Royal Institution abstracts of lectures

* 1848 On Shooting Stars. * 1849 On the Nebular Theory. * 1850 On Optical Phenomena in Astronomy. * 1851 On Foucault's Pendulum Experiment * 1852 On Light and Heat. * 1854 On Rotatory Motion. * 1858 On Rotatory Motion Applied to Observations at Sea. * 1822 Translation of Raymond on Barometrical Measurement, with an Appendix .... Annals of Philosophy. * 1823-5 Various, Papers on Light and Heat. Ditto. * 1825-6 Two Papers on Heat. Quar. Jour. of Science. * 1828 Two Papers on Polarization of Heat. Brewster's Philosophical Journal. * 1830 On Mathematical Studies....London Review. * 1832-3 Several Papers on Interference of Light, Diffraction, &c - Annals of Philosophy and Phil. Mag. * 1834 On Radiant Heat Jameson's Phil. Journ. * 1835-6 On Cauchy's Theory of Dispersion of Light, &c Journal of Science and Phil. Mag. * Various Papers in Vol. I. of Mag. of Popular Science. * Many Papers in Journal of Education. * On the Progress of Optics . . . British Annual. * On the State of Oxford Ditto. * The Lives of Black and Lavoisier....Useful Knowledge Gallery of Portraits. * 1838 On University Reform . .July Monthly Chron. * 1838-9 Various Papers on Light. Journal of Science. * 1838-9 Papers on Light .... Philosophical Magazine. * 1839 Correspondence with Brewster, Athenaeum. * 1839 On Comte's Philosophie Positive ....Monthly Chronicle. * 1841 On Light Philosophical Magazine. * 1841 Papers on Light Journal of Science. * 1843 Review of Carpenter's Cyclopaedia ....Dublin University Magazine. * 1843 Sir Isaac Newton and his Contemporaries Edinburgh Review. * 1843 Review of Rigaud's History of the Principia. Ditto. * 1846 On Aberration of Light . . .Journal of Science and Philosophical Magazine. * 1852 On Lord Brougham's Optical Experiments. Journal of Science * 1854 On Foucault's Gyroscope. . Journal of Science and Philosophical Magazine * 1856 Life of Young . . . National Review and Philosophical Magazine * 1856 On Brewster's Life of Newton .... Edinburgh Review. * 1856 On Fresnel's Formulae for Light - July, August, and October - Journal of Science and Philosophical Magazine. * 1857 Life and Writings of Arago Ditto.

Also

* 1834 A Letter to the Editor of ''

The British Critic The ''British Critic: A New Review'' was a quarterly publication, established in 1793 as a conservative and high-church review journal riding the tide of British reaction against the French Revolution. The headquarters was in London. The journ ...

Notable students

Lewis Carroll Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, poet and mathematician. His most notable works are '' Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' (1865) and its sequ ...

attended the lectures on pure geometry by Baden Powell.

Collections

In 1970, 170 volumes from Powell's library were presented to the

Bodleian Libraries The Bodleian Libraries are a collection of 28 libraries that serve the University of Oxford in England, including the Bodleian Library itself, as well as many other (but not all) central and faculty libraries. As of the 2016–17 year, the librari ...

by his grandson, D. F. W. Baden Powell. Se
Rare Books Named Collections
for more information on the contents of this collection.

Notes

References

* *

External links

* * *
Collection of obituary notices
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Powell, Baden 1796 births 1860 deaths Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford English Christian theologians 19th-century English mathematicians Fellows of the Royal Society Proto-evolutionary biologists Savilian Professors of Geometry 19th-century English Anglican priests

Baden Baden (; ) is a historical territory in South Germany, in earlier times on both sides of the Upper Rhine but since the Napoleonic Wars only East of the Rhine. History The margraves of Baden originated from the House of Zähringen. Baden i ...

Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society