Ashikaga Yoshiteru

, also known as Yoshifushi or Yoshifuji, was the 13th ''shōgun'' of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1546 to 1565 during the late Muromachi period of Japan. He was the eldest son of the 12th ''shōgun'', Ashikaga Yoshiharu, and his mother was a daughter of Konoe Hisamichi (later called ''Keijuin''). When he became shogun in 1546 at age 11, Yoshiteru's name was Yoshifushi (sometimes transliterated as Yoshifuji); but some years later in 1554, he changed his name to the one by which he is conventionally known today. His childhood name was Kikubemaru (). His younger brother Ashikaga Yoshiaki became the fifteenth ''shōgun''.

Family

* Father: Ashikaga Yoshiharu
* Mother: Keijuin (1514–1565)
* Wife: daughter of Konoe Taneie
* Concubines:
** Kojiju no Tsubone
** Karasumaru-dono
* Children:
** Teruwakamaru (1562–1562)
** nun in Kyokoji temple
** nun in Kyokoji temple
** Ashikaga Yoshitaka
** Oike Yoshitatsu by Karasumaru-dono

Installed as ''shōgun''

After his father, Yoshiharu, was forced to retire in 1546 over a political struggle with Hosokawa Harumoto, Yoshiteru became '' Sei-i Taishōgun'', albeit a puppet ''shōgun'' like his father. Yoshiteru was only 11 at the time and his investiture ceremony was held at Sakamoto, Ōmi Province, outside Kyoto.

Yoshiteru had barely been confirmed as ''shōgun'' when his father Yoshiharu made a truce with Harumoto to return to Kyoto. Yet, Harumoto's retainer Miyoshi Nagayoshi parted with Harumoto to take the side of Hosokawa Ujitsuna and the two Hosokawa started a war that drove out Yoshiteru, his father Yoshiharu, and Harumoto as well, from Kyoto. In 1550, Yoshiharu died in Ōmi, unable to return to Kyoto.

In 1552, Yoshiteru made a peace with Nagayoshi to return to Kyoto. However, the next year, Yoshiteru and Harumoto started a war against Nagayoshi to remove his influence. With the help of Rokkaku Yoshikata, the war initially went well for Yoshiteru but he was driven out of Kyoto again in 1558 with a counterattack from Nagayoshi. Nagayoshi did not press on after the victory to kill Yoshiteru for fear of being accused of killing a shogun, and instead signed a truce to have Yoshiteru back in Kyoto under his influence. Nagayoshi continued as the real power in Kyoto, with Yoshiteru nothing more than a rubber stamp.

Timeline

Significant events shaped the period during which Yoshiteru was ''shōgun'':Ackroyd, p. 332.
* 1550 – Yoshiharu dies in exile; Yoshiteru's "shogunate" in exile begins.
* 1551 – Sue Harukata rebels against Ōuchi Yoshitaka.
* 1552 – Yoshiteru returns to Kyoto, actual power being held by Miyoshi Nagayoshi and Matsunaga Hisahide.
* 1554–1564 – Ōuchi's retainer Mōri Motonari succeeds him and consolidates his power.
* 1557 – Ōgimachi succeeds.
* 1558 – Nagayoshi drives out Yoshiteru who, however, is reinstated.
* 1560 – Oda Nobunaga slays Imagawa Yoshimoto.
* 1564 – Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen reach a stalemate at Kawanakajima after continuous battles, checking each other's power. (1553–1564).
* 1565 – Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide invades Kyoto; Yoshiteru commits suicide.

Governance

Surrounded by ''daimyō'' who intended only to use the authority of shogun for their own good, Yoshiteru still managed to reaffirm the ''shōgun''s authority by active diplomacy that extended to every part of Japan. By trying to negotiate a peace between such well-known ''daimyō'' as Takeda Shingen and Uesugi Kenshin, Shimazu Takahisa, Ōtomo Yoshishige, Mōri Motonari, and Amago Haruhisa, the shogun's authority was again recognized by various ''daimyō''. Lacking resources, Yoshiteru nevertheless saw opportunities to assign his kanji "" on various samurai such as Mōri Terumoto to become something close to a godfather. Yoshiteru was well respected for his actions and many researchers credit him as being the last effective ''shōgun'' to hold the post. Oda Nobunaga and Uesugi Kenshin were among the many ''daimyō'' and samurai who travelled to Kyoto to pay their respects to the ''shōgun''.

End of reign

In 1564, Nagayoshi died of illness and Yoshiteru saw an opportunity to fully reclaim the ''shōgun''s authority. However, Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide and the three member council of Miyoshi, the Miyoshi Triumvirs, who wanted to rule just as Nagayoshi had, were willing to go to any lengths to remove Yoshiteru from the power and to have Ashikaga Yoshihide as the puppet ''shōgun''.

In 1565, Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide's son Matsunaga Hisamichi and Miyoshi Yoshitsugu laid siege against a collection of buildings (that would later become Nijō Castle) where Yoshiteru lived. With no help arriving in time from the ''daimyōs'' that could have supported him, Yoshiteru and the few troops under him were overrun by Miyoshi.

Jesuit missionary Father Luís Fróis, in his account of the overthrow of Ashikaga Yoshiteru, wrote about the strong sexual love relationship between Yoshiteru and his squire, Odachidono. According to Father Fróis, the ''shōgun''s squire, Odachidono, "fought so valiantly and with such intrepid spirit that all the rebels started to shout out that he should not be killed, but that he should be taken alive. Nonetheless, seeing his master die, and believing it a great dishonour to survive him, the youth threw away his sword, and pulling out his dagger, he cut open his throat and then his belly. Finally he killed himself by lying down flat with the dagger in his belly."

Three years passed before his cousin Ashikaga Yoshihide became the fourteenth ''shōgun''.

Legacy

Because of his inner strength and the katana skills that he was known to have practiced regularly, Yoshiteru was called the "Kengo ''shōgun''" (剣豪将軍) and was closer to being a samurai and a warlord than any ''shōgun'' since Ashikaga Takauji. One of his sword-fighting instructors was Tsukahara Bokuden, the founder of Kashima Shintō-ryū. His governance was highly credited but to have been killed in spite of his efforts completely destroyed what little recognition and authority Yoshiteru built up.

The waka Yoshiteru was said to have left on his death shows the extent of his aspirations compared with the limits of achievements.

Eras of Yoshiteru's ''bakufu''

There were more than one era name or ''nengō'' in which Yoshiteru was identified as Shogun .Titsingh,
* ''Tenbun'' (1532–1555)
* '' Kōji'' (1555–1558)
* ''Eiroku'' (1558–1570)

Tenka-Goken

The "Mikazuki Munechika" is another one of Japan’s ''Tenka-Goken'' and is considered the most beautiful of the five blades. This tachi style samurai sword was created Sanjô Munechika and was named for its crescent moon shape (''mikazuki''). Like all of the Tenka-Goken, the Mikazuki Munechika is one of Japan’s National Treasures and is currently on display at the Tokyo National Museum.

Over its long history, the Mikazauki Munechika has been owned by several important Japanese families. During the mid-16th century, the Mikazuki Munechika belonged to the Ashikaga family and the sword was used by shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru to defend himself until he died during an attack on the palace by the Miyoshi family. The sword, along with other Ashikaga treasures, was taken by Miyoshi Masayasu. The Mikazuki Munechika was passed down a few more times before it was owned by the Tokugawa family.

Notes

References

* Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) ''Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron.'' Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.
OCLC 7574544
* Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). '' Nihon Ōdai Ichiran''; ou
''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''
Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland
OCLC 585069

External links

Momoyama, Japanese Art in the Age of Grandeur
an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Ashikaga Yoshiteru

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16th-century shōguns
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Japanese warriors killed in battle
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