Horace Lucian Arnold (June 25, 1837 – January 25, 1915Editorial comment
in: ''Industrial management; the engineering magazine.'' c.1 v.48 1914/15. p. 889) was an American

engineer Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who invent, design, analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considering the limit ...

, inventor, engineering journalist and early American writer on

management Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a nonprofit organization, or a Government agency, government body. It is the art and science of managing resources of the business. Management includ ...

, who wrote about shop management,

cost accounting Cost accounting is defined as "a systematic set of procedures for recording and reporting measurements of the cost of manufacturing goods and performing services in the aggregate and in detail. It includes methods for recognizing, classifying, al ...

, and other specific management techniques. He also wrote under the names Hugh Dolnar, John Randol, and Henry Roland. With Henry R. Towne, Henry Metcalfe,

Emile Garcke Emile Oscar Garcke (1856 – 14 November 1930) was a naturalised British electrical engineer, industrial, commercial and political entrepreneur managing director of the British Electric Traction Company (BET), and early author on accounting.Micha ...

, John Tregoning and Slater Lewis he is known as early systematizer of management of the late 19th century.

JoAnne Yates JoAnne Yates (born 1951) Sloan Distinguished Professor of Management, Emerita at the MIT Sloan School of Management, has worked at the intersection of organization studies and information technology. She has contributed to a number of fields includ ...

(1993) ''Control Through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management.'' p 12

Biography

Born in New York, Arnold grew up in

Lafayette, Walworth County, Wisconsin Lafayette is a town in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,039 at the 2020 census. The unincorporated community of Bowers is located in the town. The unincorporated community of Abells Corners is also located partiall ...

. Here Arnold started his career working in machine shops. For twelve years he was journeyman machinist in western river and lake engine shops. Subsequently, he was superintendent at the Ottawa Machine Shop and Foundry; department foreman at the E. W. Bliss Company; superintendent at the Stiles & Parker Press Company of Norman C. Stiles; and designer for the Pratt and Whitney Company in Hartford, Connecticut. In those days Arnold had also started inventing new tools. In 1858 he had patented his first invention, a

marble Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Marble is typically not foliated (layered), although there are exceptions. In geology, the term ''marble'' refers to metamorphose ...

saw A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade, wire, or chain with a hard toothed edge. It is used to cut through material, very often wood, though sometimes metal or stone. The cut is made by placing the toothed edge against the material and mov ...

.Robert Messenger.
On This Day in Typewriter History (CXIII); September 10
" at oztypewriter.blogspot.nl, 13 Sept. 2011 In the next ten years Arnold moved to worked at places from Ottawa, Illinois; Grand Rapids, Michigan; Middletown, Connecticut; eventually to Brooklyn, New York, where he would stay. He continued to research and invented a range of products from "metal cutters to recorders, book binding, book stitching and book covering machines, mixers, letter locks..., piston water meters and water motors, knitting machines, 'explosive' and internal combustion engines and combustion generators, and clutches." Late 1880s Arnold started his own

typewriter A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical machine for typing characters. Typically, a typewriter has an array of keys, and each one causes a different single character to be produced on paper by striking an inked ribbon selectivel ...

company. In the 1890s he started as a technical journalist for journals such as the ''

Engineering Magazine ''Engineering Magazine'' was an American illustrated monthly magazine devoted to industrial progress, first published in 1891. The periodical was published under this title until October 1916. Sequentially from Nov. 1916 to 1927 it was published a ...

'', the ''Automobile Trade Journal,'' and the '' American Machinist.''. He wrote his articles using different pen names of which Henry Roland and Hugh Dolnar were the best known. Yehouda A. Shenhav (2002). ''Manufacturing Rationality: The Engineering Foundations of the Managerial Revolution''. Oxford University Press. p. 221 Arnold also wrote at least three books published by the Engineering Magazine Press in New York. Arnold died of pneumonia in

Detroit Detroit ( , ; , ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at t ...

on January 25, 1915, at the age of 77. An article in ''Business Week'' (1966) recalled, that "every reader of the ''Engineering Magazine'' knew what the connection was: Arnold had died on the job of tracking down the full Ford story."

Work

''Engineering Magazine'', 1895-1914

In the 1890s Arnold started writing on technology and management subjects in ''

'', and would continue to contribute until his death. In 1898 H.M. Norris reviewed

''Mr. Henry Roland's orace L. Arnold'smany valuable contributions on this subject to ''The Engineering Magazine'' afford a rare opportunity for the study of the practice followed by many leading firms, and contain much of interest to every one connected with shop management. His incisive drawing of the difficulties to be met and overcome in the re-organization of an old and well-established business will strike home to the hearts of many managers. If proprietors could be brought to a better understanding of what a strong organization would mean to them, the work of the manager would be much simplified.''

For this work Arnold is nowadays considered among the foremost early writers on management techniques, such as wage systems,

production control Within supply chain management and manufacturing, production control is the activity of monitoring and controlling any particular production or operation. Production control is often run from a specific control room or operations room. With invento ...

and inventory control. He was among the foremost writers of the late 19th century, such as Henry R. Towne, Henry Metcalfe, John Tregoning and Slater Lewis; and among early 20th-century authors as

Frederick Winslow Taylor Frederick Winslow Taylor (March 20, 1856 – March 21, 1915) was an American mechanical engineer. He was widely known for his methods to improve industrial efficiency. He was one of the first management consultants. In 1909, Taylor summed up ...

, C.E. Knoeppel,

Harrington Emerson Harrington Emerson (August 2, 1853 – September 2, 1931) was an American efficiency engineer and business theorist,Clinton Edgar Woods, Charles U. Carpenter,

Alexander Hamilton Church Alexander Hamilton Church (28 May 1866 – 11 February 1936) was an English efficiency engineer, accountant and writer on accountancy and management, known for his seminal work of management and cost accounting. Biography Church was born in U ...

and

Henry Gantt Henry Laurence Gantt (; May 20, 1861 – November 23, 1919) was an American mechanical engineer and management consultant who is best known for his work in the development of scientific management. He created the Gantt chart in the 1910s. Gan ...

''Modern Machine-Shop Economics,'' 1896

In 1896 Arnold wrote a first series of articles for the ''

'' about machine shops, entitled "Modern Machine-Shop Economics." This work stretched out from production technology, production methods and factory lay-out to time studies, production planning, and machine shop management. Some of the companies still exist. In the next years a few more series of articles on these topic would follow in the ''

'' .

''Six examples of successful shop management,'' 1897

In 1897 Arnold published a second series, entitled "Six examples of successful shop management." Burton (1899) summarized, that these papers "giving six examples of successful shop management, wherein the influence of fair and just dealing, of isolation and environment, and of careful detailed supervision and definite contracts, upon the prosperity of the factories and the contentment of the work people are cleverly traced. The success is, however, in most cases, that of isolated works under the dominance of exceptionally skilful managers, who impress their own rectitude and personality on the establishment, rather than of any system which recommends itself for general adoption."*

Francis G. Burton Francis George Burton (1840 – 19 September 1915)''Incorporated Accountants' Journal.'' Vol. 26. 1915. p. 5 was a British engineer, incorporated accountant and general manager of the Milford Haven Shipbuilding and Engineering Co. in Pembroke Dock ...

.
The Commercial Management of Engineering Works
'' (1899). p. 147. The first article recounted about the Whitin Machine Shop in Whitinsville in

Northbridge, Massachusetts Northbridge is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 16,335 at the 2020 census. The Northbridge Town Hall is located at 7 Main Street in Whitinsville. The town is now a part of the Blackstone River Valley N ...

(see images), at its peak the largest manufacturer of textile machines in the world. And the second article was about the Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co (see images), where Henry R. Towne was president at that time. In those days the company faced serious labour problems, and Towne introduced a series of "measures. He ended the contract system, introduced piece rates, which he guaranteed for one year, and established systematic procedures for dealing with grievances. On new work Towne set minimum and maximum earnings levels so that piece rates, if incorrect, would not unduly punish or reward workers...." In the fourth article, entitled "Pre-Eminent Success of the Differential Piece Rate System", Arnold described the Taylor System as worked out by the

Midvale Steel Company Midvale Steel was a succession of steel-making corporations whose flagship plant was the Midvale Steel Works in Nicetown–Tioga, Nicetown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The mill operated from 1867 until 1976. In the 1880s, Frederick Winslow Taylor ...

. Especially the operation of the piece-rate system at Midvale Steel was described, and the analytic method of rate-fixing deveped by

. In those days the rates in the piecework system were set by the supervisor. Burton commented, that this paper contained contains some pregnant remarks on the increase of output through the stimulus of unfettered piecework rates, and is deserving of the most grave consideration by English managers and workmen... The justice and economy of piece-work, even under fixed and absolute rates, is admirably expressed." As Arnold stated:

Not only does the fast man do more work, but that work is done at a reduced fixed-charges cost, and the intelligent manager discovers that he must greatly increase the pay of the speedy man or decrease the pay of the slow man to make each equally profitable. Under these conditions the piece-rate at once suggests itself as a remedy. The piece-rate stimulates the slow artisan, and justly rewards the quick worker, tends to increase the area output, and lessen the fixed-charges drawback on profits.

On the whole series Kaufman (2008) commented, that "a distinctive feature of the six examples of successful shop management highlighted by rnoldis that they practiced a relatively benevolent and light-handed form of autocracy in which the golden rule of fair dealing and 'doing unto others' was a guiding management principle. This form of enlightened autocracy was frequently labeled ' industrial paternalism' with the idea that the company was a family, the employer played the role of the benevolent but exacting father (the paternal figure), and the employees were akin to teenage children who, with suitable guidance and discipline, would work together to produce what the family required (as on a family farm)."

''Effective systems of finding and keeping shop costs'', 1898

In 1897-98 Arnold published a first series about cost keeping in machine shops, entitled "Cost-Keeping Methods in Machine-Shop and Foundry," and in 1898 he published a second series of six articles, entitled "Effective systems of finding and keeping shop costs." This work contributed to the wider discussion among British and American engineers about the development of a costing system for factories. Initial contributions were made by Metcalfe (1885/86), Garcke (1887), Towne (1889), Halsey (1891),etc., and further contributions came from Bunnell,

Church Church may refer to: Religion * Church (building), a building for Christian religious activities * Church (congregation), a local congregation of a Christian denomination * Church service, a formalized period of Christian communal worship * C ...

, Diemer, Gantt, Randolph, Oberlin Smith,

Taylor Taylor, Taylors or Taylor's may refer to: People * Taylor (surname) ** List of people with surname Taylor * Taylor (given name), including Tayla and Taylah * Taylor sept, a branch of Scottish clan Cameron * Justice Taylor (disambiguation) Pl ...

, among others.Murray C. Wells (1996)
Engineering and accounting
in: ''History of Accounting: An International Encyclopedia.''

Michael Chatfield Michael Chatfield (1930s-2004) was an American economist, accounting historian, and Emeritus Professor of Accounting at the Southern Oregon University, known for his work on the history of accounting and accounting thought, and particularly for hi ...

Richard Vangermeersch Richard G.J. Vangermeersch (born 1940) is an American economist, and Emeritus Professor of Accounting at the University of Rhode Island, particularly known for his ''History of Accounting: An International Encyclopedia,'' edited with Michael Chat ...

eds. 1996/2014. p. 269-70. These discussion focussed on topics such as "costing methods, estimating, overhead allocations, economies of scale and other topics normally associated with the accounting." Wells (1996) stated, that these early pioneers in the field of

, became aware of the "arbitrary nature of cost allocations... roceedingaccountants by 50 years or more." In that respect, Arnold considered these costs 'probable', yet considered the information from the system 'absolute correct.' Randolph and Diemer (1903) would speak of 'accurate costs' and 'correct' or 'accurate' information. Wells added that these "engineers (as did the accountants who followed them) failed to recognize the difference between a system that allocated all of the overhead costs "accurately"—there were no residual costs unallocated—and the arbitrary cost of production that resulted from the use of some broad allocation base such as direct wages."

Written records in business

Arnold was known as promoter of written records in business. Arnold (1901) was convinced, that "Even if entire honesty and sincerity prevailed at all times in all business transactions, the mere differences due to variations in individual understandings of orders would render it impossible to conduct any business of magnitude on verbal specifications."

''Ford Methods and the Ford Shops'', 1915

Under the penname Hugh Dolnar, Arnold also wrote for the leading automotive magazine ''Automobile Trade Journal'', where he was one of the most respected reporters.

Henry Ford Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, business magnate, founder of the Ford Motor Company, and chief developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. By creating the first automobile that ...

admired his work James M. Rubenstein (2001) ''Making and Selling Cars: Innovation and Change in the U.S.''. p. 358. and early 1910s invited him to study his factory and write about the new production techniques at the

Highland Park Ford Plant The Highland Park Ford Plant is a former Ford Motor Company factory located at 91 Manchester Avenue (at Woodward Avenue) in Highland Park, Michigan. It was the second American production facility for the Model T automobile and the first facto ...

. This resulted in the book ''Ford Methods and the Ford Shops'', which he left unfinished after his death in 1915. The engineer Fay Leone Faurote (1881-1938) finished his work, which was published in 1915 by the Engineering Magazine company, and became Arnold's best known work. This book introduced the moving assembly line to the larger audience, explained about its slow progress, and suggested that this system could be applied in any small machine factory.

Reception

A short obituary in the ''Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal'' (1915) wrote: :''Those readers who have been with us for five or more years are familiar with "Hugh Dolnar" which was the pen name adopted by Horace L. Arnold. For years "Hugh Dolnar" wrote car descriptions and special automobile engineering articles for the Automobile Trade Journal. His work was by far the most thorough and valuable published during the formative period of the greater automobile industry, and had a style and snap to it which has never been equaled by any other technical writer on automobile construction."Horace L. Arnold (Hugh Dolnar), died
" in: ''Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal,'' Volume 19. Chilton Company, 1915. p. 83. His last work for the ''Automobile Trade Journal'' had been on the Ford Factory, the 50-page longe article "The Ford Achievement",. published in April, 1914.

Publications

Arnold wrote some books, and many articles on shop management,

, and other specific management techniques. His books: * Arnold, Horace L.
The Complete cost-keeper; some original systems of shop cost-keeping or factory accounting, together with an exposition of the advantages of account keeping by means of cards instead of books, and a description of various mechanical aids to factory accounting
'. The Engineering Magazine Press. 1900/1903 * Arnold, Horace L. 1903.
The Factory manager and accountant, some examples of the latest American factory practice; collected and arranged by Horace Lucian Arnold (Henry Roland)
'' The Engineering Magazine company. 1903; 2nd ed. 1905; 3rd ed. 1910. * Arnold, Horace L.
Ford Methods and the Ford Shops
'' With Fay Leone Faurote and preface by Charles Buxton Going. The Engineering Magazine company, 1915. ;Articles, a selection: * Arnold, Horace L. "Production Up to the Power Limit." ''Engineering Magazine'' 9 (1895): 916–24. * Arnold, Horace L. "Modern Machine-Shop Economics." in ''Engineering Magazine'' 11. 1896 Parts of "Modern Machine-Shop Economics," 1896:
I — The Location of the Shop
p. 59-66
II — Prime Requisites of Shop Construction.
p. 263-298
III — A Modern Plan for a Modern Shop
p. 469-477.
IV — The important problem of tool:Equipement
p. 473-95. *
V. The Newer Types of Metal-Cutting Machines
" p. 883-904.
VI. First Principles of Management of Men
p. 1089-96. * Hugh Dolnar orace L. Arnold "Bicycle Brazing," ''American Machinist'', 19 November 1896, 1077–81. * Hugh Dolnar, "The New York Electric Hansom Cabs," ''American Machinist'', XX (July 8, 1897) * Roland, Henry. "Six examples of successful shop management." Engineering Magazine 12. 1897 Parts of "Six examples of successful shop management," 1897:
I. The Simple Plan of Fair Dealing at Whitinsville
p. 69-85
II. Influence of Isolation and Environment at the Cheney Mills
p. 270-85
III. Detailed Supervision and Definite Contract at the Yale & Towne works
p. 395-412
IV. Pre-Eminent Success of the Differential Piece Rate System
p. 831-37
V. The Influence and Defects of the Contract System
p. 994-1000
VI. The Insurance and Endowment Features
p. 10-19 * Roland, Henry. "Cost-Keeping Methods in Machine-Shop and Foundry." ''Engineering Magazine'' 14, 1897–98 Parts of "Cost-Keeping Methods in Machine-Shop and Foundry," 1897:
I. The elements of cost and the influence of wage systems
p. 56-63
II. Details of practice in widely-known shops
p. 225-38.
III. Control of the store-room and checking of piece production
p. 464-72
IV. Problems of general expense and fixing of selling prices
p. 626-34 * Roland, Henry. "Effective systems of finding and keeping shop costs." ''Engineering Magazine'' 15–16, 1898. Parts of "Effective systems of finding and keeping shop costs," 1898:
I. Simplicity and Sufficiency of the Job-Ticket Method
p. 77-86
II. The Collective Job-Ticket Adapted to Drop-Forging Works
p. 241-48
III. The Methods of a Successful Machine-Tool Works
p. 395-400
IV. Ingenious Methods of a Modern Machine-Tool Works
p. 610-620
V. The Hyatt Roller Bearing Company's Practice
p. 749-758
VI. The Sprague Electric Company's System
p. 1000–16
VII. The National Switch Signal Company's method
p. 37-48
VIII. The Determination and Apportionment of the Expense Account
p. 207-214 * Roland, Henry. "The revolution in machine-shop practice," ''The Engineering Magazine'' 18 (1899) Parts of "The revolution in machine-shop practice," 1899:
I. The Evolution of the Tool Maker
p. 41-58
II. The Development of the Automatic Screw Machine
p. 177-200
III. Application of the Turret to General Machine-Shop Work
p. 369-88
IV. The Limitations of Tool-Making
p. 530-49
V. The Application of Automatic Mechanical Production to Heavy Work
p. 729-46
VI. The Machine Work of the Immediate Future
p. 903-06 * Henry Roland,
The Geometrical Generation of Irregular Surfaces in Machine Construction
" ''Engineering Magazine'' 19 (1900): 83-97 * Arnold, H.L.
The expense account of the machine shop
" ''The Engineering Magazine''. 20 (1900). p. 365-72 * Hugh Dolnar, "The Ford 4-Cylinder Runabout," ''Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal'' 11 (August 1, 1906): 108 * Hugh Dolnar, ''Automobile Trade Journal'', article: ''The Lambert, 1906 Line of Automobiles'', Chilton Company, v.10 January 1906 * H.L. Arnold.
Ford Methods And The Ford Shops I
in: ''The Engineering Magazine,'' April 1914, pp. 1–26 * H.L. Arnold.
Ford Methods And The Ford Shops II
in: ''The Engineering Magazine,'' May 1914, pp. 1–26 * H.L. Arnold.
Ford Methods And The Ford Shops III
in: ''The Engineering Magazine,'' June 1914, pp. 331–358 * H.L. Arnold.
Ford Methods And The Ford Shops IV
in: ''The Engineering Magazine,'' July 1914, pp. 507–532 * H.L. Arnold,
Ford Methods And The Ford Shops V
in ''Engineering Magazine,'' 47, August 1914, p. 667-692. * H.L. Arnold,
Ford Methods And The Ford Shops VI
in ''Engineering Magazine,'' 47, August 1914, p. 667-692. * H.L. Arnold,
Ford Methods And The Ford Shops VII
in ''Engineering Magazine,'' 47, September 1914, p. 856-886. * Hugh Dolnar,
The Ford Achievement
" ''Automobile Trade Journal,'' v. 18 (Apr.-June 1914). p. 115-165

Patents

About 25 of Arnold's inventions got patented. A selection: * 1861
Patent US 33229
for an improvement in machines for dressing hides. * 1887
Patent US 410629
for a type writer machine. * 1891
Patent US 449595
for a book binder machine. * 1896
Patent US 572350
for a type writing machine. * 1899
US 637495
for a milling-cutter tooth. * 1900
Patent US 661479
for a clutch. * 1901
Patent US 666840
for a fluid-actuated motor. * 1912
Patents US 1024817
for a crane shaft.

References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arnold, Horace Lucian 1837 births 1915 deaths Engineers from New York (state) American business and financial journalists American male journalists American business theorists American technology journalists Writers from Rochester, New York People from Walworth County, Wisconsin Journalists from New York (state)