Arno Breker (19 July 1900 – 13 February 1991) was a German architect and sculptor who is best known for his public works in

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

, where they were endorsed by the authorities as the antithesis of

degenerate art Degenerate art (german: Entartete Kunst was a term adopted in the 1920s by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe modern art. During the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, German modernist art, including many works of internationally renowned artists, ...

. He was made official state sculptor, and exempted from military service. One of his better known statues is ''Die Partei'', representing the spirit of the

Nazi Party The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported t ...

that flanked one side of the carriage entrance to Albert Speer's new

Reich Chancellery The Reich Chancellery (german: Reichskanzlei) was the traditional name of the office of the Chancellor of Germany (then called ''Reichskanzler'') in the period of the German Reich from 1878 to 1945. The Chancellery's seat, selected and prepared ...

. After the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945 Breker continued to thrive professionally as a sculptor in the new

West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...

Life

Breker was born in

Elberfeld Elberfeld is a municipal subdivision of the German city of Wuppertal; it was an independent town until 1929. History The first official mentioning of the geographic area on the banks of today's Wupper River as "''elverfelde''" was in a doc ...

, in the west of Germany, the son of stonemason Arnold Breker. He began to study architecture, along with stone-carving and anatomy. At age 20 he entered the Düsseldorf Academy of Arts where he concentrated on sculpture, studying under Hubert Netzer and Wilhelm Kreis. He first visited Paris in 1924, shortly before finishing his studies. There he met with

Jean Cocteau Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (, , ; 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, designer, filmmaker, visual artist and critic. He was one of the foremost creatives of the s ...

, Jean Renoir,

Pablo Picasso Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and Scenic design, theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France. One of the most influential artists of the 20th ce ...

, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, and Alfred Flechtheim. In 1927 he moved to Paris, which he thereafter considered to be his home, in the same year he had an exhibition with

Alf Bayrle Alf Bayrle (15 December 1900 – 11 September 1982), also known as Alf Singer-Bayrle, was a German painter, printmaker and sculptor. Life Bayrle was born in Biberach an der Riss. After his military service and participation in the First Worl ...

. Breker was quickly accepted by the art dealer Alfred Flechtheim. He also established close relationships with important figures in the art world, including

Charles Despiau Charles Despiau (November 4, 1874 – October 28, 1946) was a French sculptor. Early life Charles-Albert Despiau was born at Mont-de-Marsan, Landes and attended first the École des Arts Décoratifs and later the École nationale supérieure de ...

Isamu Noguchi was an American artist and landscape architect whose artistic career spanned six decades, from the 1920s onward. Known for his sculpture and public artworks, Noguchi also designed stage sets for various Martha Graham productions, and severa ...

Maurice de Vlaminck Maurice de Vlaminck (4 April 1876 – 11 October 1958) was a French painter. Along with André Derain and Henri Matisse, he is considered one of the principal figures in the Fauve movement, a group of modern artists who from 1904 to 1908 we ...

and

André Dunoyer de Segonzac André Dunoyer de Segonzac (6 July 1884 – 17 September 1974) was a French painter and graphic artist. Biography Segonzac was born in Boussy-Saint-Antoine and spent his childhood there and in Paris. His parents wanted him to attend the military ...

, all of whom he later portrayed. He travelled to North Africa, producing lithographs which he published under the title "Tunisian Journey". He also visited

Aristide Maillol Aristide Joseph Bonaventure Maillol (; December 8, 1861 – September 27, 1944) was a French Sculpture, sculptor, Painting, painter, and printmaking, printmaker.Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette . "Maillol, Aristide". ''Grove Art Online. Oxford ...

, who was later to describe Breker as "Germany's Michelangelo". In 1932, he was awarded a prize by the Prussian Ministry of Culture, which allowed him to stay in Rome for a year. In 1934 he returned to Germany on the advice of

Max Liebermann Max Liebermann (20 July 1847 – 8 February 1935) was a German painter and printmaker, and one of the leading proponents of Impressionism in Germany and continental Europe. In addition to his activity as an artist, he also assembled an important ...

. At this time

Alfred Rosenberg Alfred Ernst Rosenberg ( – 16 October 1946) was a Baltic German Nazi theorist and ideologue. Rosenberg was first introduced to Adolf Hitler by Dietrich Eckart and he held several important posts in the Nazi government. He was the head o ...

, editor of the Nazi newspaper ''

Völkischer Beobachter The ''Völkischer Beobachter'' (; "'' Völkisch'' Observer") was the newspaper of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) from 25 December 1920. It first appeared weekly, then daily from 8 February 1923. For twenty-four years it formed part of the official pub ...

'', actually denounced some of Breker's work as

. However, Breker was supported by many Nazi leaders, especially

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...

. Even Rosenberg later hailed his sculptures as expressions of the "mighty momentum and will power" ("Wucht und Willenhaftigkeit") of Nazi Germany. He took commissions from the Nazis from 1933 through 1942, for example participating in a show of his work in occupied

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...

in 1942, where he met

, who appreciated his work. He maintained personal relationships with Albert Speer and with Hitler. In 1936 he won the commission for two sculptures representing athletic prowess, to be entered in the 1936 Olympic games arts competition in Berlin, one representing a Decathlete ("Zehnkämpfer"), which won the silver medal for statues, and the other The Victress ("Die Siegerin"). In 1937 he married Demetra Messala (Δήμητρα Μεσσάλα), a Greek model. The same year, Breker joined the

and was made "official state sculptor" by Hitler, given a large property and provided a studio with forty-three assistants. Breker was on a list of 378 " Gottbegnadeten" (divinely gifted) artists exempted from wartime military duty by Hitler and chief propagandist Joseph Goebbels. His twin sculptures ''The Party'' and ''The Army'' held a prominent position at the entrance to Albert Speer's new

, as well as the "Striding Horses" (1939), which until 1945 flanked the entrance stairs on the garden front of Adolf Hitler's Reich Chancellery in Berlin. The neoclassical nature of his work, with titles like ''Comradeship'', ''Torchbearer'', and ''Sacrifice'', typified Nazi ideals, and suited the characteristics of

Nazi architecture Nazi architecture is the architecture promoted by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime from 1933 until its fall in 1945, connected with urban planning in Nazi Germany. It is characterized by three forms: a stripped neoclassicism, typified by the ...

. On closer inspection, though, the proportions of his figures, the highly colouristic treatment of his surfaces (the strong contrasts between dark and light accents), and the melodramatic tension of their musculatures perhaps invites comparison with the Italian

Mannerist Mannerism, which may also be known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Ita ...

sculptors of the 16th century. This Mannerist tendency to Breker's neoclassicism may suggest closer affinities to concurrent

expressionist Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it rad ...

tendencies in German

Modernism Modernism is both a philosophy, philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western world, Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new fo ...

than is acknowledged. Until the fall of the Third Reich, Breker was a professor of visual arts in Berlin.

Post-Nazi career

Ninety percent of Breker's public works were destroyed during the bombings of Germany toward the end of the war. In 1946, Breker was offered a commission by Soviet leader

Joseph Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretar ...

, but he refused, saying "One dictatorship is sufficient for me". In 1948 Breker was designated as a "

fellow traveller The term ''fellow traveller'' (also ''fellow traveler'') identifies a person who is intellectually sympathetic to the ideology of a political organization, and who co-operates in the organization's politics, without being a formal member of that o ...

" of the Nazis and fired, despite which he continued to thrive professionally. He returned to Düsseldorf, now in the new

, which remained his base, with periods of residence in Paris. During this time he worked as an architect. However, he continued to receive commissions for sculptures, producing a number of works in his familiar classical style, working for businesses and individual patrons. He also produced many portrait busts. In 1970 he was commissioned by the king of Morocco to produce work for the United Nations Building in Casablanca, but the work was destroyed. Many other works followed, including sculptures for Dusseldorf's city hall, portraits of

Anwar Sadat Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 ...

and

Konrad Adenauer Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1963. From 1946 to 1966, he was the first leader of the Christian Dem ...

, and a statue of

Pallas Athene Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva. Athena was regarded as the patron and protectress of v ...

, helmeted and throwing a spear in the same bombastic style as his Nazi-era work. Breker's rehabilitation continued, culminating in the creation of a Breker museum, funded by the Bodenstein family, who set aside Schloss Nörvenich (between Aachen and

Cologne Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...

) for the purpose. The Arno Breker Museum was inaugurated in 1985, and still open in 2021. Breker's rehabilitation led to backlashes from anti-Nazi activists, including controversy in Paris when some of his works were exhibited at the Centre Georges Pompidou in 1981. In the same year anti-Breker demonstrations accompanied an exhibition in Berlin. Breker's admirers insisted that he had never been a supporter of Nazi ideology (despite being a member of the Nazi Party), but had simply accepted their patronage. Breker's last major work was a monumental sculpture of

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to ...

intended to be located in Greece.

Marriages and family

Arno Breker was married twice. His first wife, Demetra Messala, was a Greek model. She died in 1956 in a car accident. He remarried in 1958 to Charlotte Kluge. They had two children, Gerhart (1959) and Carola (1962). Breker remained married to Kluge until his death in 1991.

Portraits (mostly in bronze)

* Baron von Mirbach, 1920 *

Friedrich Ebert Friedrich Ebert (; 4 February 187128 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first president of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925. Ebert was elected leader of the SPD on t ...

, Berlin 1924 (erster Staatsauftrag) * Walter Kaesbach, Düsseldorf, 1925 * Artur Kaufmann, 1925 * Herbert Eulenberg, 1925/26 *

Otto Dix Wilhelm Heinrich Otto Dix (; 2 December 1891 – 25 July 1969) was a German painter and printmaker, noted for his ruthless and harshly realistic depictions of German society during the Weimar Republic and the brutality of war. Along with George ...

, Paris 1926/27 *

, Paris 1927 * Hermann Kesser, 1927 * Moissey Kogan, Paris 1927/28 * Inge Davemann, 1928 * Albert Lindgens, 1928 * Walter Lindgens, 1928 * Illa Fudickar, 1929 * Robert Gerling, 1929 * Arnold von Guilleaume, 1929 * Jean Marchand, 1929 * Mossey Kogan, 1929 * H. R. von Langen, 1929 * Alberto Giacometti * Isolde von Conta, 1930 * Abraham Frohwein, 1930 * Heinrich Heine, 1930 * Edith Arnthal, 1930/31 * Demetra Breker, 1931 * Nico Mazaraki, 1931 * Robert Valancey, Paris 1931 *

Prince Georg of Bavaria Prince Georg of Bavaria (german: Georg Franz Joseph Luitpold Maria Prinz von Bayern; 2 April 1880 – 31 May 1943) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach and a Catholic priest. Birth and family Georg was born in Munich, Bava ...

, 1932 * Andreas von Siemens, Berlin 1932 * Nina Bausch, 1933 * Demetra Breker, 1933 * Olga von Dahlgreen, 1933 * Arthur Kampf, 1933 * Victor Manheimer, 1933 * Nora von Schnitzler, 1933 * Robert de Valencay, 1933 *

, 1934 * Gottfried Bermann-Fischer, 1934 * Max Baldner, 1934 * Kurt Edzard, 1934 * Graf von Luckner, 1934 * Anne-Marie Merkel, 1934/35 * Pütze von Siemens, 1934/35 * Kurt Edzard, 1935 * Anne-Marie Merkel, 1935 * Pütze von Siemens, 1935/36 *

Carl Friedrich von Siemens Carl Friedrich von Siemens (5 September 1872, in Berlin – 9 September 1941, in Heinendorf, near Potsdam) was a German Entrepreneur and politician. A member of the Siemens family, he became associated with Siemens & Halske AG in 1899, his family ...

, 1936 * Leo von König, 1936 * Joseph Goebbels, 1937 *

Paul von Hindenburg Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (; abbreviated ; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I and later became President of Germany fr ...

, 1937 * Wolfgang Reindl, 1938 *

, 1938 * Richard Wagner, 1939 * Gerda Bormann (wife of Martin Bormann), 1940 * Edda Göring (daughter of

Hermann Göring Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; ; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader and convicted war criminal. He was one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party, which ruled Germany from 1933 to 1 ...

), 1941 * Albert Speer, 1941 * Margarete Speer (wife of Albert Speer), 1941 * Bernhard Rust * Erika Baumker (wife of Adolf Baumker), approx 1941 *

Gerhart Hauptmann Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann (; 15 November 1862 – 6 June 1946) was a German dramatist and novelist. He is counted among the most important promoters of literary naturalism, though he integrated other styles into his work as well. He rece ...

, 1942 *

Serge Lifar Serge Lifar ( ua, Сергій Михайлович Лифар, ''Serhіy Mуkhailovуch Lуfar'') ( 15 December 1986) was a Ukrainian ballet dancer and choreographer, famous as one of the greatest male ballet dancers of the 20th century. No ...

, 1942/43 *

, 1942/43 * Alfred Cortot, 1942/43 *

Abel Bonnard Abel Bonnard (19 December 1883 31 May 1968) was a French poet, novelist and politician. Biography Born in Poitiers, Vienne, his early education was in Marseilles with secondary studies at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. A student of literatu ...

, 1943 * Wilhelm Kreis, 1943 *

, 1943 * Claude Flammarion, 1944 * Gottfried Ude-Bernays, 1945 * Johannes Bork, 1946 * Lothar Albano Müller, 1950 * Ludwig Hölscher, 1952 * Gustav Lindemann, 1952 *

Wilhelm Kempff Wilhelm Walter Friedrich Kempff (25 November 1895 – 23 May 1991) was a German pianist and composer. Although his repertoire included Bach, Mozart, Chopin, Schumann, Liszt and Brahms, Kempff was particularly well known for his interpretations ...

, 1953 * Emperor

Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia Haile Selassie I ( gez, ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ, Qädamawi Häylä Səllasé, ; born Tafari Makonnen; 23 July 189227 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles ...

, 1955 * Rolf Gerling, 1956 * Hans Gerling * Friedrich Sieburg, 1961 *

, 1963 * Jean Marais, 1963 *

Henry de Montherlant Henry Marie Joseph Frédéric Expedite Millon de Montherlant (; 20 April 1895 – 21 September 1972) was a French essayist, novelist, and dramatist. He was elected to the Académie française in 1960. Biography Born in Paris, a descendant ...

, 1964 *

Marcel Pagnol Marcel Paul Pagnol (; 28 February 1895 – 18 April 1974) was a French novelist, playwright, and filmmaker. Regarded as an auteur, in 1946, he became the first filmmaker elected to the Académie française. Although his work is less fashionabl ...

, 1964 *

Roger Peyrefitte Roger is a given name, usually masculine, and a surname. The given name is derived from the Old French personal names ' and '. These names are of Germanic origin, derived from the elements ', ''χrōþi'' ("fame", "renown", "honour") and ', ' ( ...

, 1964 * Jeanne Castel, 1964 *

Paul Morand Paul Morand (13 March 1888 – 24 July 1976) was a French author whose short stories and novellas were lauded for their style, wit and descriptive power. His most productive literary period was the interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s. He was mu ...

, 1965 * Jacques Benoist-Méchin, 1965 * Henry Picker *

, 1966 * Marcel Midy * Ezra Pound, 1967 * King

Mohammed V of Morocco Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monoth ...

Princess Ira von Fürstenberg Princess is a regal rank and the feminine equivalent of prince (from Latin ''princeps'', meaning principal citizen). Most often, the term has been used for the consort of a prince, or for the daughter of a king or prince. Princess as a subst ...

Louis-Ferdinand Céline Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches (27 May 1894 – 1 July 1961), better known by the pen name Louis-Ferdinand Céline ( , ) was a French novelist, polemicist and physician. His first novel ''Journey to the End of the Night'' (1932) won the '' Pr ...

, 1970 *

Salvador Dalí Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marquess of Dalí of Púbol (; ; ; 11 May 190423 January 1989) was a Spanish surrealist artist renowned for his technical skill, precise draftsmanship, and the striking and bizarre images in ...

, 1974/75 * Ernst Fuchs, 1976/77 * Leopold Sedar Senghor, 1978 *

Anwar El Sadat Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 ...

, 1980 *

Ernst Jünger Ernst Jünger (; 29 March 1895 – 17 February 1998) was a German author, highly decorated soldier, philosopher, and entomologist who became publicly known for his World War I memoir '' Storm of Steel''. The son of a successful businessman and ...

, 1981/82 * Richard Wagner,

Cosima Wagner Francesca Gaetana Cosima Wagner (née Liszt; 24 December 1837 – 1 April 1930) was the daughter of the Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt and Franco-German romantic author Marie d'Agoult. She became the second wife of the German comp ...

, Franz Liszt, 1982 * Heinrich Heine, 1983 * Peter und Irene Ludwig, 1986/1987 * Gerhard Hauptmann, 1988 * Arno Breker, Selfportrait, 1991

Sculptures 1935–1945

* Prometheus (1935) * Relief am Gebäude der Lebensversicherung Nordstern, Berlin (1936) * Der Zehnkämpfer fürs Olympia-Stadion, Berlin (1936, Silvermedal) * Die Siegerin fürs Olympia-Stadion, Berlin (1936) * Dionysos fürs Olympia-Dorf, Berlin (1936) * Der Verwundete (1938) * Der Rosseführer (1938) * Anmut (1938) * Fackelträger („Die Partei") im Hof der Neuen Reichskanzlei (1939) * Schwertträger („Die Wehrmacht") im Hof der Neuen Reichskanzlei (1939) * Schreitende Pferde, Gartenfront, Neue Reichskanzlei (1939) * Der Künder (1939) * Der Wäger (1939) * Bereitschaft (1939) * Der Rächer (1940) * Kameraden (1940), Breker-Museum * Bannerträger (1940) * Abschied (1940) * Vernichtung (1940) * Opfer (1940) * Schreitende (1940) * Der Wächter (1941) * Psyche (1941) * Berufung (1941) * Der Sieger (1942) * Kniende (1942) * Eos (1942) * Flora (1943)
Heros
(1943)

Reliefs

* Der Genius (1938) * Der Kämpfer (1938) * Apollo und Daphne * Auszug zum Kampf (1941) * Aufbruch der Kämpfer (1940/41) * Der Rufer (1941) * Orpheus and Eurydice (1944, Breker-Museum)

Books by Breker

* 1983 – ''Schriften'' ("Writings") Bonn: Marco-Edition . * 1987 – ''Begegnungen und Betrachtungen'' ("Encounters and Reflections") Bonn: Marco-Edition . * 2000 – ''Über allem Schönheit'' ("Above All Beauty") Arnshaugk.

Films and videos

* Arno Breker – ''Harte Zeit, starke Kunst'', by

Arnold Fanck Arnold Fanck (6 March 1889 – 28 September 1974) was a German film director and pioneer of the mountain film genre. He is best known for the extraordinary alpine footage he captured in such films as '' The Holy Mountain'' (1926), '' The White He ...

Hans Cürlis Hans may refer to: __NOTOC__ People * Hans (name), a masculine given name * Hans Raj Hans, Indian singer and politician ** Navraj Hans, Indian singer, actor, entrepreneur, cricket player and performer, son of Hans Raj Hans ** Yuvraj Hans, Punjabi ...

, Riefenstahl-Film GmbH, Berlin (1944) * Arno Breker – ''Skulpturen und Musik'', by Marco J. Bodenstein, 20 minutes, Marco-Edition Bonn. * Arno Breker – Deutsche Lebensläufe, Farbfilm 60 minutes, Marco-VG, Bonn. * Paris-Rom-Berlin und Arno Breker, and Interview with Albert Speer. Farbfilm, 60 minutes, EKS Museum Europäische Kunst, Schloss 52388 Nörvenich. * Zeit der Götter (1992)"Overview"
''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid d ...

References

Notes Further reading * Bodenstein, Joe F. (2016). ''Arno Breker – une biographie''. Paris: Èditions Séguier Paris. * Despiau, Charles (1942). ''Arno Breker''. Paris: Edition Flammarion. * Egret, Dominique (1997). ''Arno Breker: Ein Leben für das Schöne''. Berlin:

Grabert Verlag Grabert-Verlag together with its subsidiary Hohenrain-Verlag is one of the largest and best-known extreme-right publishing houses in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is notorious for publishing anti-Semitic works, for example those of Wilhelm ...

. . * Hirlé, Ronald (2010). ''Arno Breker – Sculpteur – Dessinateur – Architecte''. Strasbourg and Paris: Editions Hirlè. * Klier, Hans (1978). ''Arno Breker – Form und Schönheit''. Bonn: Salzburger Kulturvereinigung; Paris: Marco-Edition. * * Leber, Hermann (1998). ''Rodin, Breker, Hrdlicka'' * Möller, Uwe (2000). ''Arno Breker – Zeichnungen-Drawings-Dessins 1927–1990''. Bonn: Marco Edition * Peyrefitte, Roger (1980). ''Hommage an Arno Breker''. Paris: Marco-Edition. * Probst, Volker G. (1981). ''Der Bildhauer Arno Breker – Eine Untersuchung''. Paris: Marco-Edition . * Probst, Volker G. (1981). ''Das Bildnis des Menschen im Werk von Arno Breker'' Paris: Marco-Edition. . * Probst, Volker G. (1985). ''Das Pietà-Motiv bei Arno Breker''. Paris: Marco-Edition. * Schilling, Rolf (1994). ''Eros und Ares – Begegnung mit Breker''. Munich: Edition Arnshaugk * Trimborn, Jürgen (2011). ''Arno Breker. Der Künstler und die Macht.'' Berlin: Aufbau-Verlag * Zavrel, B. John (1985). ''Arno Breker – His Art and Life''. New York: West Art. * Zavrel, B. John and Ludwig, Peter (1990). ''Arno Breker - The Collected Writings''. New York: West Art; Paris: Marco-Edition. * Zavrel, B. John and Webb, Benjiman D. (1982). ''Arno Breker – The Divine Beauty in Art''. New York: West Art.

External links

Web museum

Arno Breker Museum Official Site (in German)

Arno Breker Life, Work and Relationships with Modern Writers and Artists (in French)

Demetra Messala
Article about Arno Breker's wife
Arno Breker Appreciation Group
{{DEFAULTSORT:Breker, Arno 1900 births 1991 deaths People from Elberfeld Nazi Party politicians German sculptors Modern sculptors People from the Rhine Province Olympic silver medalists in art competitions 20th-century German sculptors 20th-century German male artists German male sculptors Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics Olympic competitors in art competitions Architects from Wuppertal