Argenschwang
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Argenschwang is an ''
Ortsgemeinde A Verbandsgemeinde (; plural Verbandsgemeinden) is a low-level administrative division, administrative unit in the Germany, German States of Germany, federal states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony-Anhalt. A Verbandsgemeinde is typically compose ...
'' – a municipality belonging to a '' Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the
Bad Kreuznach Bad Kreuznach () is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a spa town, most well known for its medieval bridge dating from around 1300, the Alte Nahebrücke, which is one of the few remaining bridges in th ...
district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Rüdesheim, whose seat is in the municipality of
Rüdesheim an der Nahe Rüdesheim an der Nahe, or simply Rüdesheim, is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ' ...
.


Geography


Location

Argenschwang lies in the southern
Hunsrück The Hunsrück () is a long, triangular, pronounced upland in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by the valleys of the Moselle-Saar (north-to-west), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). It is continued by the Taunus mountains, past ...
, between the
Soonwald The Soonwald is a forested, low mountain region, up to , which forms part of the Hunsrück mountains in the German Central Uplands. It lies within the counties of Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis and Bad Kreuznach in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Geo ...
and the Gauchswald, at the 361 m-high Geisberg.


Neighbouring municipalities

Argenschwang borders in the north on the municipality of
Spabrücken Spabrücken is a municipality in the district of Bad Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country ...
, in the northeast on the municipality of
Dalberg Dalberg is the name of an ancient and distinguished German noble family, derived from the hamlet and castle (now in ruins) of Dalberg or Dalburg, near Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate. History In the 14th century, the original house of Dalber ...
, in the east on the municipalities of Wallhausen and Braunweiler, in the south on the municipality of
Sponheim Sponheim is a municipality in the district of Bad Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate in western Germany. History Sponheim was the capital of the County of Sponheim. Sponheim Abbey There was a Benedictine abbey which was founded in 1101 by Step ...
, in the west on the municipalities of
Allenfeld Allenfeld is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Rüdesheim, ...
and Spall and in the northwest on the municipality of
Münchwald Münchwald is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Rüdesheim, ...
.


Constituent communities

Also belonging to Argenschwang are the outlying homesteads of Webersmühle and Wiesenhof.


History

In 1127, Argenschwang had its first documentary mention under its former name, ''Hausen'', which was customary up until the 16th century. In this document, Argenschwang was mentioned as an endowment estate for
Sponheim Abbey Sponheim is a municipality in the district of Bad Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate in western Germany. History Sponheim was the capital of the County of Sponheim. Sponheim Abbey There was a Benedictine abbey which was founded in 1101 by Ste ...
. According to a record written by
Johannes Trithemius Johannes Trithemius (; 1 February 1462 – 13 December 1516), born Johann Heidenberg, was a German Benedictine abbot and a polymath who was active in the German Renaissance as a lexicographer, chronicler, cryptographer, and occultist. He is consi ...
, Abbot Baldemar von Sponheim acquired the village of Hausen (Argenschwang) in 1195 from the local lords, the
Counts of Sponheim The House of Sponheim or Spanheim was a medieval German noble family, which originated in Rhenish Franconia. They were immediate Counts of Sponheim until 1437 and Dukes of Carinthia from 1122 until 1269. Its cadet branches ruled in the Imperial C ...
, for 2,000 pounds in Heller. In 1332, Count Johann of Sponheim pledged the
castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...
along with the dale below (and hence the village as well) to the Knights of Ariswanke. The knights were themselves vassals of the Counts of Sponheim.


Municipality’s name

The name Argenschwang is made up of the Old High German root word ''wang'', meaning “field”, “meadow” or “grazing land” (this is also seen in the name Feuchtwangen), and another Old High German word ''arin'', which might be taken either to mean “eagle” or to be a short form of a man's name, perhaps ''Arinbald'' or ''Arinfried''. It could therefore be that the village of Argenschwang arose as a small grazing farm on Arin's meadows.


Jewish history

Until about 1938 or 1940, during the time of the Third Reich, there was a Jewish community in Argenschwang. It arose in the mid 18th century, although there might have been a few Jews living in the village as early as the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1858, 66 of Argenschwang's inhabitants were Jewish, accounting for 14% of the population. In 1895, there were 48 Jews living in Argenschwang (11%). Also belonging to Argenschwang's Jewish community were Jewish inhabitants in
Spabrücken Spabrücken is a municipality in the district of Bad Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country ...
and Spall. It is believed, though, that the Jews living in Spabrücken had in the 19th century at first belonged to the small Jewish community in Schöneberg. In the way of institutions, there were a
synagogue A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
(see Former synagogue below), a Jewish school, a
mikveh Mikveh or mikvah (,  ''mikva'ot'', ''mikvoth'', ''mikvot'', or (Yiddish) ''mikves'', lit., "a collection") is a bath used for the purpose of ritual immersion in Judaism to achieve ritual purity. Most forms of ritual impurity can be purif ...
and a graveyard (see Jewish graveyard below). To provide for the community's religious needs, a schoolteacher was hired for a time, who also busied himself as the
hazzan A ''hazzan'' (; , lit. Hazan) or ''chazzan'' ( he, חַזָּן , plural ; Yiddish ''khazn''; Ladino ''Hasan'') is a Jewish musician or precentor trained in the vocal arts who helps lead the congregation in songful prayer. In English, this pr ...
and the shochet. In the First World War, four men from Argenschwang's Jewish community fell in battle (Max Salomon, Moritz Schwarz, Leopold Gamiel and Heinrich Wolf). Their names now appear on the memorial stone for the fallen of both world wars across the street from the former synagogue. About 1924, when the community still consisted of 30 persons in eight families (7.8% of some 450 inhabitants), the head of the community was Jakob Gamiel. Twelve persons living in Spabrücken then also counted themselves as members of the community, and also by this time, the 18 Jews living in Wallhausen had been grouped together with the Argenschwang community. In 1932, the head of the community was Jakob Gamiel III. In the 1931/1932 school year, six Jewish children received religious instruction. In 1933, the year when Adolf Hitler and the
Nazis Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Na ...
seized power, there were still 29 Jews living in Argenschwang (out of 385 inhabitants all together). In the years that followed, though, some of the Jews
emigrated Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country). Conversely, immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another (to permanentl ...
in the face of the
boycott A boycott is an act of nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organization, or country as an expression of protest. It is usually for moral, social, political, or environmental reasons. The purpose of a boycott is to inflict som ...
ing of their businesses, the progressive stripping of their rights and repression, all brought about by the Nazis. On Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938), Leopold Wolf's and Abraham Schwarz's houses over in Spabrücken were invaded and thoroughly demolished by Brownshirt thugs. According to Yad Vashem’s lists and information from the work ''Gedenkbuch - Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945'' (“Memorial Book – Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933-1945”), the following members of Argenschwang's Jewish community fell victim to the Holocaust (along with their birth years): * Helene Gärtner ''née'' Garnich (1888) * Egon Edmond Gamiel (1834) * Ernst Gamiel (1904) * Mathilde Gamiel (1881) * Klara Geisel ''née'' Gamiel (1878) * Auguste Herrmann ''née'' Hirsch (1878) * Arnold Hirsch (1927) * Ida Hirsch ''née'' Harf (1900) * Max Hirsch (1898) * Elisa Kahn ''née'' Gamiel (1891) * Blondine Levy ''née'' Salomon (1885) * Karoline Mann ''née'' Salomon (1876) * Emanuel Mayer (1883) * Johanna Mayer ''née'' Gamiel (1887) * Emil Salomon (1885) * Moritz Salomon (1887) * Johanette Wolf ''née'' Schwarz (1877) * Leopold Wolf (1865)


Population development

The table shows Argenschwang's population development. The figures in the table from 1871 to 1987 are based on censuses:Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz – Regionaldaten
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Religion

As at 31 August 2013, there are 345 full-time residents in Argenschwang, and of those, 135 are Evangelical (39.13%), 134 are Catholic (38.841%), 2 (0.58%) belong to the Palatinate State Free Religious Community, 7 (2.029%) belong to other religious groups and 67 (19.42%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation.


Politics


Municipal council

The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected by
majority vote A majority, also called a simple majority or absolute majority to distinguish it from related terms, is more than half of the total.Dictionary definitions of ''majority'' aMerriam-Websterarms Arms or ARMS may refer to: *Arm or arms, the upper limbs of the body Arm, Arms, or ARMS may also refer to: People * Ida A. T. Arms (1856–1931), American missionary-educator, temperance leader Coat of arms or weapons *Armaments or weapons **Fi ...
might be described thus: Per fess countercompony of four Or and sable and sable a chevron, in base three lozenges one and two, dexter three lozenges and sinister the same, all argent. The countercompony (two-row chequered) pattern in the upper field is drawn from arms once borne by the
Counts of Sponheim The House of Sponheim or Spanheim was a medieval German noble family, which originated in Rhenish Franconia. They were immediate Counts of Sponheim until 1437 and Dukes of Carinthia from 1122 until 1269. Its cadet branches ruled in the Imperial C ...
. The composition in the lower field with the chevron and lozenges is drawn from a coat of arms set into the wall over the gateway into the
castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...
. This may have been placed by
Imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Imperial, Texa ...
Lieutenant Colonel Lieutenant colonel ( , ) is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel. Several police forces in the United States use the rank of lieutenant colone ...
Eberhard von Leyen (d. 1673) on the occasion of the castle's renovation.


Culture and sightseeing


Buildings

The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: * Brunnenstraße 5 – Evangelical church;
Gothic Revival Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic, neo-Gothic, or Gothick) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. The movement gained momentum and expanded in the first half of the 19th century, as increasingly ...
quarrystone building, 1880–1883, town master builder Hartmann,
Kreuznach Bad Kreuznach () is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a spa town, most well known for its medieval bridge dating from around 1300, the Alte Nahebrücke, which is one of the few remaining bridges in th ...
(see also below) * Am Ehrenmal 1 – former Lutheran rectory;
Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...
timber-frame building, marked 1665 * Brunnenstraße 7 – former
synagogue A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
; three-part group of Baroque timber-frame buildings, 17th and 18th centuries (see also below) * Brunnenstraße 9 – linear estate; timber-frame house, partly solid, possibly from the 18th century * Brunnenstraße 11 – Baroque timber-frame house, possibly from the 18th century * Brunnenstraße 23 – timber-frame house, about 1800 *
Castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...
Argenschwang ruin, Ritterpfad 8 (monumental zone) – ruin of the Rosenburg, founded in the 12th century, destroyed about 1793: two floors of the
palas A ''palas'' () is a German term for the imposing or prestigious building of a medieval ''Pfalz'' or castle that contained the great hall. Such buildings appeared during the Romanesque period (11th to 13th century) and, according to Thompson, ...
, remnants of a
bastion A bastion or bulwark is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fi ...
-like building with flanking towers, former three-floor gatehouse, 17th century (see also below) * Jewish graveyard, Im Nauenweg (monumental zone) – area with 65 gravestones from 1870 to 1938 (see also below)


Evangelical church

Argenschwang's Evangelical church was built as a
Gothic Revival Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic, neo-Gothic, or Gothick) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. The movement gained momentum and expanded in the first half of the 19th century, as increasingly ...
quarrystone building in the years 1880 to 1883 to plans by town master builder Hartmann from
Bad Kreuznach Bad Kreuznach () is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a spa town, most well known for its medieval bridge dating from around 1300, the Alte Nahebrücke, which is one of the few remaining bridges in th ...
, and it was consecrated on
Reformation Day Reformation Day is a Protestant Christian religious holiday celebrated on 31 October, alongside All Hallows' Eve (Halloween) during the triduum of Allhallowtide, in remembrance of the onset of the Reformation. According to Philip Melanchtho ...
(31 October) 1883. The church was renovated in 1979. Inside is an
organ Organ may refer to: Biology * Organ (biology), a part of an organism Musical instruments * Organ (music), a family of keyboard musical instruments characterized by sustained tone ** Electronic organ, an electronic keyboard instrument ** Hammond ...
built in 1885 by the Brothers Oberlinger from Windesheim. The bells date from 1883 and were poured at the Klaren Bellfoundry in Bonn.


Former synagogue

The building that once housed the village
synagogue A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
is a more than 300-year-old two-floor timber-frame house with gable roof, rectangular windows and an attic floor. This building was bought by the Jewish community in the 18th century so that, after an expansion, a synagogue could be set up inside it. The prayer hall was on the upper floor; there was no women's gallery. The women's worship area was set apart from the rest by a screen. The prayer hall had a vaulted wooden ceiling that was painted with a starry-sky pattern. For almost 200 years, the Argenschwang synagogue was the hub of the local Jewish community's life. Then came the
Nazis Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Na ...
. On Kristallnacht (9–10 November 1938),
Nazi stormtroopers The (; SA; literally "Storm Detachment") was the original paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party. It played a significant role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1920s and 1930s. Its primary purposes were providing protection for Nazi ralli ...
laid the building's interior waste. In August 1939, a farmer bought the property. In 1950, the building was transferred back to the
Bad Kreuznach Bad Kreuznach () is a town in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a spa town, most well known for its medieval bridge dating from around 1300, the Alte Nahebrücke, which is one of the few remaining bridges in th ...
/
Birkenfeld Birkenfeld () is a town and the district seat of the Birkenfeld district in southwest Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is also the seat of the like-named ''Verbandsgemeinde''. The town itself has approximately 7,000 inhabitants. Geography ...
Jewish religious community's ownership, but they later sold it again. On 25 July 1980, the old synagogue became a listed building, receiving monumental protection. That same year, the building had an outside makeover. More work was needed inside, where the prayer hall's wooden-beam ceiling had to be dismantled owing to structural damage. File:SAM 4686.JPG, Rosenburg ruin File:SAM 4679.JPG, Rosenburg ruin; former gatehouse File:Argenschwang 4682.jpg, Former synagogue (17th and 18th centuries) File:Argenschwang03.jpg, Argenschwang Church, in the background Castle Argenschwang


Castle Argenschwang ruin (Rosenburg)

The ruin stands at roughly 295 m above sea level. Castle Argenschwang was built in the 12th century by the
Counts of Sponheim The House of Sponheim or Spanheim was a medieval German noble family, which originated in Rhenish Franconia. They were immediate Counts of Sponheim until 1437 and Dukes of Carinthia from 1122 until 1269. Its cadet branches ruled in the Imperial C ...
and had its first documentary mention in 1195. A further confirmed mention comes from 1332 when both the
castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...
and the village were pledged to Simon von Ariswancke (possibly a sideline of the Counts of Sponheim that arose as a result of a child
born out of wedlock Legitimacy, in traditional Western common law, is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each other, and of a child conceived before the parents obtain a legal divorce. Conversely, ''illegitimacy'', also known as '' ...
). Beginning in 1416, the church found itself under the ownership of the Lords of Leyen. In 1758, it was sold to the Margrave of Baden. Thirty-five years later, in 1793, French Revolutionary troops destroyed it. In the southwest of the complex stands a two-floor former
palas A ''palas'' () is a German term for the imposing or prestigious building of a medieval ''Pfalz'' or castle that contained the great hall. Such buildings appeared during the Romanesque period (11th to 13th century) and, according to Thompson, ...
. In the northeast are remnants of a
bastion A bastion or bulwark is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fi ...
-like, jutting building with round flanking towers. Of the castle complex itself, all that is left besides wall remnants is the former three-floor 17th-century gatehouse with the heraldic relief. The castle is today under private ownership and is used as a dwelling.


Jewish graveyard

The Jewish graveyard in Argenschwang was opened only about 1870. The last burial took place there in 1938 (Amalie Mayer ''née'' Fried, d. 18 January 1938). The graveyard has an area of 2 110 m². The fencing around this area today does not correspond with the plot's actual limits. The graveyard is made up of an old part and a new part. All together, 65 gravestones are preserved, although many are now missing their name tablets. In the front part, it is believed that during the time of the Third Reich, several gravestones were stolen. The names most commonly appearing on the gravestones are Schwarz, Gamiel, Hirsch, Mayer and Marx.


Sport and leisure


Swimming pool

Argenschwang's
swimming pool A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, paddling pool, or simply pool, is a structure designed to hold water to enable Human swimming, swimming or other leisure activities. Pools can be built into the ground (in-ground pools) or built ...
owes its existence to a decree from the Nazi district chairman (''Landrat'') in 1938 whereby a few swimming pools were to be built within the district. Among the locations chosen for one of these was Argenschwang. In the so-called Bachwies (a rural cadastral area) a suitable plot of land was quickly found, allowing the pool's basin to be finished by late autumn 1939. However, owing to the hardships caused by the Second World War, which had already begun by this time, the pool could not be opened again until 1950. Later, from higher up, came orders demanding that a circulating system and changing rooms be built. This could only come about under great financial hardship, with the swimming pool only being opened again at the beginning of the 1972 season with the required building improvements completed. In the 1980s, there was a general need for the pool's basin to be renovated and thus once again, the municipality had to reach deep into its pockets to keep the swimming pool open. It was at this difficult time that the ''Schwimmbadförderverein'' (“Swimming Pool Promotional Association”) was founded, on 14 December 1989. This club has made it its business ever since to support the swimming pool in whatever way is needed. Since 1995, a
solar heating system A solar thermal collector collects heat by Absorption (optics), absorbing sunlight. The term "solar collector" commonly refers to a device for solar hot water panel, solar hot water heating, but may refer to large power generating installations ...
, new fencing and various other user-friendly things have been put in place. The communal will in the current promotional association and the old promotional club of 1947 have kept the swimming pool up and running to the present day.


Hiking trail

Argenschwang also has a 6.1 km-long hiking trail, the ''Rosenburgweg'', that begins at the Evangelical church in the village core. While it leads hikers mostly through fields, meadows and woodland, it does also pass by the
Castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...
Argenschwang (or Rosenburg) ruin. The trail is a circuit and therefore also ends at the church back in the village.


Economy and infrastructure


Transport

Running through Argenschwang is '' Landesstraße'' 239, which leads to
Dalberg Dalberg is the name of an ancient and distinguished German noble family, derived from the hamlet and castle (now in ruins) of Dalberg or Dalburg, near Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate. History In the 14th century, the original house of Dalber ...
in the east, while to the north, it leads through the
Soonwald The Soonwald is a forested, low mountain region, up to , which forms part of the Hunsrück mountains in the German Central Uplands. It lies within the counties of Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis and Bad Kreuznach in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Geo ...
to
Ellern Ellern is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a Municipalities of Germany, municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (Districts of Germany, district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany ...
. Meeting ''Landesstraße'' 239 in the middle of the village are ''Landesstraße'' 238, which leads to
Allenfeld Allenfeld is an ''Ortsgemeinde'' – a municipality belonging to a ''Verbandsgemeinde'', a kind of collective municipality – in the Bad Kreuznach district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the ''Verbandsgemeinde'' of Rüdesheim, ...
in the south, and '' Kreisstraße'' 30, which leads to
Spabrücken Spabrücken is a municipality in the district of Bad Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country ...
in the north.


References


External links


Municipality’s official webpage

Literature about Argenschwang in ''Rheinland-Pfälzische Landesbibliographie''
{{Authority control Bad Kreuznach (district) Districts of the Rhine Province Holocaust locations in Germany