Arbanasi dialect
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The Arbanasi dialect is a dialect of
Gheg Albanian Gheg (also spelled Geg; Gheg Albanian: ''gegnishtja'', Standard sq, gegërishtja) is one of the two major variety (linguistics), varieties of Albanian language, Albanian, the other being Tosk Albanian, Tosk. The geographic dividing line betwee ...
that is spoken in long-standing diaspora communities of Albanians in Croatia. Its speakers originated from the region of Kraja (now in modern
Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...
), and moved to
Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...
in the early 18th century. It is notable for a number of divergent developments as well as preservations of certain archaic features of Medieval Gheg Albanian. Slavic Croatian influences are present, as are
Romance Romance (from Vulgar Latin , "in the Roman language", i.e., "Latin") may refer to: Common meanings * Romance (love), emotional attraction towards another person and the courtship behaviors undertaken to express the feelings * Romance languages, ...
influences from
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
and Venetian. The dialect may also be called the "Dalmatian dialect" of Albanian in some older publications.


Phonology


Phonemes

* Unlike most
Albanian dialects The Albanian language is composed of many dialects, divided into two major groups: Gheg Albanian, Gheg and Tosk Albanian, Tosk. The Shkumbin river is roughly the geographical dividing line, with Gheg spoken north of the Shkumbin and Tosk south of ...
, both
Tosk Tosk ( sq-definite, toskërishtja) is the southern group of dialects of the Albanian language, spoken by the ethnographic group known as Tosks. The line of demarcation between Tosk and Gheg (the northern variety) is the Shkumbin River. Tosk is t ...
and
Gheg Gheg (also spelled Geg; Gheg Albanian: ''gegnishtja'', Standard sq, gegërishtja) is one of the two major varieties of Albanian, the other being Tosk. The geographic dividing line between the two varieties is the Shkumbin River, which winds it ...
, which have two r phonemes, an alveolar tap ( and an alveolar trill (, Arbanasi only has one, the alveolar tap (). All instances that were originally ''rr'' () have merged into 'r' .Matasović, Ranka (2012). "A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European". Page 42 This is the reverse from Croatian, Italian and Venetian, all three of which have a trill; the tap is available as a separate phoneme in Italian, while in Croatian it is an allophone of the trill. * The Albanian palatals and ( and respectively) have merged into "hard" affricates and ( and ), as occurs in many Gheg dialects. * Sporadic elimination of Albanian interdental fricatives () and () (Albanian > Arbanasi ), or shifting them respectively to and . These sounds are absent in Croatian and Italian, though not in Venetian. ** A to shift sporadically as well: for Standard Albanian . * Gheg nasal vowels are
denasalized In phonetics, denasalization is the loss of nasal airflow in a nasal sound, such as a nasal consonant or a nasal vowel. That may be due to speech pathology but also occurs when the paranasal sinus, sinuses are blocked from a common cold, when it i ...
. * Deletion (
apocope In phonology, apocope () is the loss (elision) of a word-final vowel. In a broader sense, it can refer to the loss of any final sound (including consonants) from a word. Etymology ''Apocope'' comes from the Greek () from () "cutting off", from ...
) of wherever it occurs. Note that Italian and Venetian, like most Romance languages, lack the sound. * > in some contexts.


Other sound changes

* Word-final consonants are sporadically lost in Arbanasi.


Morphology

Non-standard imperatives: for the imperative of ("to come", likely derived from the root of the past tense and/or the past participle , while the present tense is a partial borrowing from ancient
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
). In Standard Albanian, this would be .


Syntax

Romance
influence Influence or influencer may refer to: *Social influence, in social psychology, influence in interpersonal relationships **Minority influence, when the minority affect the behavior or beliefs of the majority *Influencer marketing, through individu ...
is seen in the use of constructions of ‘do’ + infinitive. The infinitive is constructed in the standard Gheg fashion using ('with').Matasovic, Ranko (2012). "A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European". Page 42-43


Lexicon


High frequency of loanwords

* Arbanasi contains a number of words borrowed directly from Venetian: , , , (cf. Italian ) etc. * Loans from Croatian penetrate into the functional vocabulary: (Croatian for 'that') used for 'that' instead of Albanian (which itself is thought to be a Latin loan), 'just' (instead of Albanian 'only'). * Other loans from Croatian: ('king', Croatian: ; Standard Albanian: or Gheg , both from Latin), ('merciful',
semantic shift Semantic change (also semantic shift, semantic progression, semantic development, or semantic drift) is a form of language change regarding the evolution of word usage—usually to the point that the modern meaning is radically different from t ...
from Croatian 'dear'), 'astonished'. * Loans from Italian rather than Venetian are also present: for example, ('as soon as') from Italian , ('on the contrary') from Italian . * Loans from Italian via Croatian: 'sung' (Standard Albanian: , itself a Latin loan).


Example

Linguist At Justin Rrota in one of his works, gives an image of the Arbanasi dialect, that was given to him by Italian philologist Tagliavini:
"Ni njer e ko pat' ni gomar fort të plak, çish (''që'') nuk ko mujt' vish (srb. ''ma'') me punua; përata ko shti në mendime m'e vra, e pe' (''prej'') likure të tij me bo tamburin. Ali (srb. ''por'') gomari, çish ko marrë vesht gji(th), ni dit', kur nuk ko ken' kurkush në shpi, ko ik' në fusha Ullath (''udhës'') e ndeshën çenin, e i thot': Çish (''çka'') do me thanë da (srb. ''që'') je ashtu i tuzno (srb. ''i idhun'')? (A man once had a very old donkey, who could not work anymore; because of that he had thoughts to kill him, and from his skin to cover his roof. But the donkey, who had learned of everything, one day, when nobody was home, ran away to the fields and on his way meets (his owners) dog, and the dog says: "What is it that you are so mad?"


Sociolinguistics

The ancestors of
Arbanasi people Arbanasi ( Arbanasi: ''Arbëneshë'') is a community in the Zadar region, Croatia, of Albanian origin, who traditionally speak the Arbanasi dialect of Gheg Albanian. Their name is an obsolete way to say ''Albanians'' in Croatian and is the to ...
are Catholic Albanians who originated from the southern shore of Lake Shkodër and fled the Muslim-ruled Ottoman Empire to avoid military service and also due to religious discrimination or
conversion to Islam Conversion to Islam is accepting Islam as a religion or faith and rejecting any other religion or irreligion. Requirements Converting to Islam requires one to declare the '' shahādah'', the Muslim profession of faith ("there is no god but Allah; ...
. The Arbanasi arrived in Venetian-ruled Dalmatia and settled on the outskirts of Zadar on lands provided by landowner Erizzo, in four neighbouring villages and in the towns of
Kotor Kotor (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Котор, ), historically known as Cattaro (from Italian: ), is a coastal town in Montenegro. It is located in a secluded part of the Bay of Kotor. The city has a population of 13,510 and is the administrative c ...
,
Dubrovnik Dubrovnik (), historically known as Ragusa (; see notes on naming), is a city on the Adriatic Sea in the region of Dalmatia, in the southeastern semi-exclave of Croatia. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations in the Mediterran ...
and
Zemunik Zemunik Donji is a municipality in Croatia in the Zadar County. According to the 2011 census, there are 2,060 inhabitants, 91% of whom are Croats The Croats (; hr, Hrvati ) are a South Slavic ethnic group who share a common Croatian ance ...
. All other Arbanasi were assimilated, except in Zadar where a settlement formed that they called Arbënesh (for the Italians , for the Croats ), later becoming known in all local languages as Arbanasi. Arbanasi speakers have assimilated a large number of former
Chakavian Chakavian or Čakavian (, , , sh-Latn, čakavski proper name: or own name: ''čokovski, čakavski, čekavski'') is a South Slavic regiolect or language spoken primarily by Croats along the Adriatic coast, in the historical regions of Dalmat ...
Croatian speakers who settled among them historically. Arbanasi speakers are usually bilingual in Croatian, and historically they were trilingual, also speaking the
Venetian language Venetian, wider Venetian or Venetan ( or ) is a Romance language spoken natively in the northeast of Italy,Ethnologue mostly in the Veneto region, where most of the five million inhabitants can understand it. It is sometimes spoken and often ...
. Various factors contributed to the generational transmission of Arbanasi Albanian by Arbanasi speakers. One was an oral tradition in which Arbanasi Albanian was spoken at social gatherings, often attended by women who recited folk stories. Another was the sense of community awareness and linguistic difference from the more numerous surrounding Croatian speakers. Lastly was in situations of mixed marriages where a non-Arbanasi spouse from the area would be taught Arbanasi Albanian after becoming part of an Arbanasi household. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Dalmatia was under Hapsburg rule. The establishment of a primary school in 1896 resulted in some Arbanasi receiving a mainly Italian-language education with some Croatian and two weekly lessons in Arbanasi Albanian. Another primary school existed teaching mostly in Croatian and in 1901, it made learning Arbanasi Albanian obligatory for students who had it as a mother tongue. After World War One, Zadar became part of
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
and during the interwar period, Arbanasi Albanian was at first tolerated and in later years banned from being spoken and taught in school. Zadar was incorporated into
communist Yugoslavia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, commonly referred to as SFR Yugoslavia or simply as Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It emerged in 1945, following World War II, and lasted until 1992, with the breakup of Yugo ...
in 1945 and Arbanasi Albanian was not taught by the school system. The Arbanasi dialect, once spoken by much of the community and which served as a significant identity marker, has nearly disappeared among the Arbanasi due to the historical and political stigmatisation of Albanian in the former Yugoslavia and the recent period of globalisation. In independent Croatia, the language did not receive encouragement for years until the 2010s. Arbanasi Albanian is currently endangered and fewer than 200 speakers competent in the language exist. An additional 500 people can understand it to a certain degree. Apart from a few publications like the journal ''Feja'' and collections of Arbanasi lore, the language is not written. In studies of speakers of Arbanasi Albanian, they stated to researchers that the language in Croatia is not stigmatised and they have not encountered issues due to speaking it. Arbanasi who speak Arbanasi Albanian mostly have a positive view of the language. Most Arbanasi speakers acknowledge the connections of their language with Albanian, however they stress the unique features of their language and independence from modern standard Albanian. Among Arbanasi people who recognise Albanian origins, they view their language as an Albanian dialect as opposed to a language in its own right. Arbanasi born in the Italian interwar period have a higher likelihood to positively view Arbanasi as Albanian and connections their community share with Albania. Other Arbanasi who hold the position that they are only Croats also accept that their language is "a part of the Albanian language". A more common view among Arbanasi is that the Arbanasi language was historically linked to Albanian and over time it differed due to borrowings from Italian and Croatian. Among the Arbanasi community, some have expressed concerns that they "need to beware of modern Albanian" and that cooperation with Albanians needs to be limited so the literary aspect of the Arbanasi idiom has an opportunity to develop. Arbanasi people who recognise their language as a type of Albanian Gheg feel that words should be drawn from it to fill gaps or substitute borrowed Italian and Croatian words used for objects or concepts of the modern period. Not all Arbanasi agree that the language should be taught, as some see it as a language of the private sphere among community members, whereas some others view the language as lacking the means for linguistic transmission. The teaching of Arbanasi is overall seen as a positive step by the community, although some prefer it is taught in a school course as opposed to a full school curriculum. In Croatia, there have been recent attempts to salvage Arbanasi Albanian from
language death In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker. By extension, language extinction is when the language is no longer known, including by second-language speakers. Other similar terms include linguicide, the deat ...
. In 2016, standard modern Albanian was introduced as an optional language class in a Zadar high school in the neighbourhood of Arbanasi with the assistance from
Albanian Albanian may refer to: *Pertaining to Albania in Southeast Europe; in particular: **Albanians, an ethnic group native to the Balkans **Albanian language **Albanian culture **Demographics of Albania, includes other ethnic groups within the country ...
,
Kosovo Kosovo ( sq, Kosova or ; sr-Cyrl, Косово ), officially the Republic of Kosovo ( sq, Republika e Kosovës, links=no; sr, Република Косово, Republika Kosovo, links=no), is a partially recognised state in Southeast Euro ...
and Croatian authorities. Support exists among the Arbanasi for teaching standard Albanian at the high school for the national Albanian minority of Croatia. Some Arbanasi feel that the move is a political gesture by the Croatian government that is provocative as it misunderstood their needs of being a distinct community with a unique language. Some community members contest teaching standard Albanian as a substitute for Arbanasi, as they prefer it develops on its own terms, and discussions have centered upon possibly teaching the language outside the formal education system to keep it alive.


References

{{Albanian language Albanian dialects Languages of Croatia Languages attested from the 18th century