Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

ranks as the fourth most productive country in the world measured in terms of gross yearly aquaculture production with an estimated 14.4 million tons in 2014. It benefits from being an archipelago nation with an extensive coastline over 81,000 km long, situated in a tropical climate. The top aquaculture products exported include shrimp, fish and seaweed. Aquaculture in Indonesia has seen a tremendous growth in its contribution to fish supply in Indonesia, increasing from 10.6% in 1960 to 40.2% in 2014, and looks to surpass the output of capture fisheries by 2026 under business as usual scenarios. Indonesia produced 490,000 tons of shrimp in 2004, which was 8% of the world production for the year. In 1999, 507,513 ha of Indonesia was occupied by aquaculture, 60% of which being

brackish water Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing seawater (salt water) and fresh water together, as in estuari ...

ponds, 28% being integrated

rice Rice is the seed of the grass species '' Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice) or less commonly ''Oryza glaberrima'' (African rice). The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera '' Zizania'' and '' Porteresia'', both wild and domesticat ...

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, and 12% being freshwater ponds. Indonesia-aquaculture-regions-with-percentages-of-national-production

History

Since the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) was created in 2000, there has been a strong push for aquaculture development by the Indonesian government with the creation of development zones, investment in private hatcheries, distribution and marketing channels for fish and fingerlings, training, improved information systems and support for product certification and access to capital.

Locations

Inland waters include

river A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases, a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of w ...

lake A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much large ...

s, swamps, reservoirs or dams, fields and

pond A pond is an area filled with water, either natural or artificial, that is smaller than a lake. Defining them to be less than in area, less than deep, and with less than 30% emergent vegetation helps in distinguishing their ecology from ...

s.Ahmad Yani.2007.Geografi. Jakarta:Grafindo.112 Aquaculture can be divided into two types namely brackish water fisheries and freshwater fisheries. Indonesian brackish water fisheries in the north coast of

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...

do a lot, the east coast of Aceh,

Riau Riau is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the central eastern coast of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca. The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest, West Sumatra to the west, and Jambi to the south. Acco ...

, North Sumatra and

South Sumatra South Sumatra ( id, Sumatra Selatan) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southeast of the island of Sumatra, The province spans and had a population of 8,467,432 at the 2020 Census. The capital of the province is Palembang. The prov ...

Species

Eight species accounted for roughly 90% of Indonesia's aquaculture production in 2014:

Nile tilapia The Nile tilapia (''Oreochromis niloticus'') is a species of tilapia, a cichlid fish native to the northern half of Africa and the Levante area, including Israel, and Lebanon. Numerous introduced populations exist outside its natural range. It i ...

, clarias catfish,

milkfish The milkfish (''Chanos chanos'') is the sole living species in the family Chanidae. However, there are at least five extinct genera from the Cretaceous. The repeating scientific name ( tautonym) is from Greek ( ‘mouth’). The species has man ...

, white-leg shrimp, common carp, pangasius catfish and asian tiger shrimp

Challenges

There are a number of social and environmental challenges including loss of mangrove and wetland ecosystems, pollution of waterways, rendering of edible fish into fish meal and oils for aquaculture diets, marginalized local farmers, increased social tensions and fish disease outbreaks.

References

{{Oceania topic, Aquaculture in

Agriculture in Indonesia Water in Indonesia