Sunni

Sunni theological traditions
Ilm al-Kalam
Ash'ari1
Maturidi
Sunni

Sunni Murji'ah
Traditionalist2
Shi'a
Twelver3
Principles
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Tawalla
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Seven pillars of Ismailism4
Walayah
Tawhid
Salah
Zakat
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Hajj
Jihad
Other Shia concepts of Aqidah
Imamate
Batin
Sixth Pillar of Islam
Other schools of theology
Khawarij5
Ibadi6
Murji'ah
Qadariyah
Muʿtazila7
Sufism8
Including:
1Jahmi; 2Karramiyya; 3
Alawites

Alawites & Qizilbash
4Sevener-Qarmatians,
Assassins

Assassins & Druzes
5Ajardi, Azariqa, Bayhasiyya,
Najdat

Najdat & Sūfrī
6Nūkkārī; 7
Bahshamiyya

Bahshamiyya & Ikhshîdiyya
8Alevism,
Bektashi Order

Bektashi Order & Qalandariyya
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Aqidah

Aqidah (Arabic: عقيدة, translit. ʿaqīdah, plural
عقائد ʿaqāʾid, also rendered ʿaqīda, aqeeda etc.) is an
Islamic term meaning "creed"[1] (Arabic
pronunciation: [ʕɑˈqiːdæ, ʕɑˈqɑːʔɪd]).
Many schools of Islamic theology expressing different views on aqidah
exist. Any religious belief system, or creed, can be considered an
example of aqidah. However, this term has taken a significant
technical usage in
Muslim

Muslim history and theology, denoting those matters
over which Muslims hold conviction. It is a branch of Islamic studies
describing the beliefs of Islam.
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Six articles of belief
1.2 Tawhid
1.3 Iman
2
Hadith

Hadith of Gabriel
2.1 Salat
2.2 Sawm
2.3 Zakat
2.4 Hajj
3 Other tenets
3.1 Jihad
3.2 Dawah
4 Eschatology
5 Schools of theology
5.1 Traditional
Sunni

Sunni Schools
5.1.1 Kalām
5.1.2 Athari
5.2 Shiʿi beliefs and practices
5.2.1 Twelver's Roots of Religion (Uṣūl ad-Dīn)
5.2.2 Ismaili beliefs
5.3 Cross-sectarian
5.3.1 Muʿtazilite view
6 Literature pertaining to creed
6.1
Sunni

Sunni literature
6.2 Shia literature
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Introduction[edit]
According to
Muslim

Muslim scholar Cyril Glasse, "systematic statements of
belief became necessary, from early
Islam

Islam on, initially to refute
heresies, and later to distinguish points of view and to present them,
as the divergences of schools of theology or opinion increased."[2]
The "first" creed written as "a short answer to the pressing heresies
of the time" is known as
Fiqh

Fiqh Akbar and ascribed to Abu Hanifa.[2][3]
Two well known creeds were the
Fiqh

Fiqh Akbar II[4] "representative" of
the Ash'ari, and
Fiqh

Fiqh Akbar III, "representative" of the Shafi'i.[2]
Al-Ghazali

Al-Ghazali also had a ʿaqīdah.[2] These creeds were more detailed
than those described below.
Six articles of belief[edit]
The six articles of faith or belief, derived from the
Quran

Quran and Sunnah
(Arkan al-Iman).[5] is accepted by all Muslims. While there are
differences between Shia and
Sunni

Sunni
Islam

Islam and other different schools
or sects concerning issues such as the attributes of God or about the
purpose of angels, the six articles are not disputed.
The six
Sunni

Sunni articles of belief are:
Belief in God and tawhid (monotheism)
Belief in the angels
Belief in the Islamic holy books[6]
Belief in the prophets and messengers
Belief in the
Last Judgment

Last Judgment and Resurrection
Belief in predestination.
The first five are based on several Qurʾānic creeds:
Whoever disbelieveth in God and His angels and His scriptures and His
messengers and the Last Day, he verily wandered far stray (4:136)
Who is an enemy of God, His Angels, His Messengers, Gabriel and
Michael! Then, lo! God is an enemy to the disbelievers (2:98)
...righteous is he who believeth in God and the Last Day and the
angels and the scripture and the prophets (2:177)
...believer believe in God and His angels and His scriptures and His
messengers (2:285)
The sixth point made it into the creed because of the first
theological controversy in Islām. Although not connected with the
sunni-shiʿi controversy about the succession, the majority of Twelfer
Shiʿites do not stress God's limitless power (qadar), but rather His
boundless justice (ʿadl) as the sixth point of belief – this does
not mean that Sunnis deny His justice, or Shiʿites negate His power,
just that the emphasis is different[citation needed].
In
Sunni

Sunni and Shia view, having Iman literally means having belief in
Six Articles. However the importance of Iman relies heavily upon
reason.
Islam

Islam explicitly asserts that belief should be maintained in
that which can be proven using faculties of perception and
conception.[citation needed]
Tawhid[edit]
Part of a series on
God in Islam
Allah

Allah Jalla Jalālah
in Arabic calligraphy
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Allah
Names
Phrases and expressions
Theology
Oneness
Islamic creed
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Tawhid

Tawhid ("doctrine of Oneness") is the concept of monotheism in Islam.
It is the religion's most fundamental concept and holds that God
(Allah) is one (wāḥid) and unique (āḥad), and the Only One
worthy of Worship which is exactly what Jews and Christians also
believe that only the Uncreated can be worshiped. A creature cannot be
worshiped. This is idolatry.
According to Islamic belief,
Allah

Allah is the proper name of God, and
humble submission to his will, divine ordinances and commandments is
the pivot of the
Muslim

Muslim faith. "He is the only God, creator of the
universe, and the judge of humankind." "He is unique (wāḥid) and
inherently one (aḥad), all-merciful and omnipotent." The Qur'an
declares "the reality of Allah, His inaccessible mystery, His 99
descriptive names expressing a quality characteristic , and His
actions on behalf of His creatures.
Iman[edit]
Iman, in Islamic theology denotes a believer's faith in the
metaphysical aspects of Islam.[7][8] Its most simple definition is the
belief in the six articles of faith, known as arkān al-īmān.
Hadith

Hadith of Gabriel[edit]
The
Hadith

Hadith of Gabriel includes the Five Pillars of
Islam

Islam (Tawhid,
Salat, Sawm, Zakat, Hajj) in answer to the question, "O messenger of
God, what is Islam?" This hadith is sometimes called the "truly first
and most fundamental creed."[2]
Salat[edit]
An
Imam

Imam leading prayers in Cairo, Egypt, in 1865.
The
Mughal emperor

Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb

Aurangzeb performing Salat.
Salat

Salat is the practice of formal worship in Islam. Its importance for
Muslims is indicated by its status as one of the Five Pillars of
Islam, with a few dispensations for those for whom it would be
difficult. People who find it physically difficult can perform Salat
in a way suitable for them. To perform valid Salat, Muslims must be in
a state of ritual purity, which is mainly achieved by ritual ablution,
(wuḍūʾ), according to prescribed procedures.
Sawm[edit]
Ending the fast at a mosque.
In the terminology of Islamic law, sawm means to abstain from eating,
drinking (including water) and sexual intercourse from dawn until
dusk. The observance of sawm during the holy month of
Ramadan

Ramadan is one
of the Five Pillars of Islam, but is not confined to that month.
Zakat[edit]
Zakat

Zakat is the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on
accumulated wealth and is obligatory for all who are able to do so. It
is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to ease
economic hardship for others and eliminate inequality.
Hajj[edit]
A 16th century illustration of Islam's holiest shrine, the Ka'aba.
The
Hajj

Hajj is an Islamic pilgrimage to
Mecca

Mecca and the largest gathering
of Muslims in the world every year. It is one of the five pillars of
Islam, and a religious duty which must be carried out by every
able-bodied
Muslim

Muslim who can afford to do so at least once in his or her
lifetime.
Other tenets[edit]
Part of a series on
Islam

Islam and Iman
Islam
Iman
Ihsan
Individuals
Mumin – Believer
Muslim

Muslim – Submitter [to God]
Fasiq – Open sinner, corrupt
Fajir – Sinner (by action)
Kafir

Kafir – Disbeliever
Munafiq – Hypocrite
Groups
Ahl al-Kitâb
Ahl al-Fatrah
Terms
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In addition, some Muslims include
Jihad

Jihad and
Dawah

Dawah as part of ʿAqīdah
Jihad[edit]
Jihad

Jihad (to struggle) and literally means to endeavor, strive, labor to
apply oneself, to concentrate, to work hard, to accomplish. It could
be used to refer to those who physically, mentally or economically
serve in the way of God.[9]
Dawah[edit]
Main article: Dawah
Da‘wah ("invitation") means the proselytizing or preaching of Islam.
Da‘wah literally means "issuing a summon" or "making an invitation,"
being an active participle of a verb meaning variously "to summon" or
"to invite." A
Muslim

Muslim who practices da‘wah, either as a religious
worker or in a volunteer community effort, is called a dā‘ī
(داعي plural du‘āh, gen: du‘āt دعاة).
A dā‘ī is thus a person who invites people to understand Islam
through dialogue, not unlike the Islamic equivalent of a missionary
inviting people to the faith, prayer and manner of Islamic life.
Eschatology[edit]
Main article: Islamic eschatology
Eschatology

Eschatology is literally understood as the last things or ultimate
things and in
Muslim

Muslim theology, eschatology refers to the end of this
world and what will happen in the next world or hereafter. Eschatology
covers the death of human beings, their souls after their bodily
death, the total destruction of this world, the resurrection of human
souls, the
Last Judgment

Last Judgment of human deeds by God after the resurrection,
and the rewards and punishments for the believers and non-believers
respectively. The places for the believers in the hereafter are known
as
Paradise

Paradise and for the non-believers as Hell.
Schools of theology[edit]
Main article: Schools of Islamic theology
Muslim

Muslim theology is the theology and interpretation of creed (aqidah)
that derived from the
Qur'an

Qur'an and Hadith. The contents of Muslim
theology can be divided into theology proper such as theodicy,
eschatology, anthropology, apophatic theology, and comparative
religion. In the history of
Muslim

Muslim theology, there have been
theological schools among Muslims displaying both similarities and
differences with each other in regard to beliefs.
Traditional
Sunni

Sunni Schools[edit]
Kalām[edit]
Main article: Kalam
Kalām is the
Islamic philosophy

Islamic philosophy of seeking theological principles
through dialectic. In Arabic, the word literally means "speech/words."
A scholar of kalām is referred to as a mutakallim (
Muslim

Muslim theologian;
plural mutakallimūn). There are many schools of Kalam, the main ones
being the
Ash'ari

Ash'ari and
Maturidi

Maturidi schools in
Sunni

Sunni Islam.
Athari[edit]
Main article: Athari
For the Atharis, the "clear" meaning of the
Qur'an

Qur'an and especially the
prophetic traditions have sole authority in matters of belief, as well
as law, and to engage in rational disputation, even if one arrives at
the truth, is absolutely forbidden.[10] Atharis engage in an amodal
reading of the Qur'an, as opposed to one engaged in Ta'wil
(metaphorical interpretation). They do not attempt to rationally
conceptualize the meanings of the
Qur'an

Qur'an and believe that the real
meanings should be consigned to God alone (tafwid).[11] This theology
was taken from exegesis of the
Quran

Quran and statements of the early
Muslims and later codified by a number of scholars including Ahmad ibn
Hanbal and Ibn Qudamah.
Shiʿi beliefs and practices[edit]
Shiʿi Muslims hold that there are five articles of belief. Similar to
the Sunnis, the Shiʿis do not believe in complete predestination, or
complete free will. They believe that in human life there is both free
will and predestination.
Twelver's Roots of Religion (Uṣūl ad-Dīn)[edit]
Main article:
Theology

Theology of Twelvers
Tawhid: The Oneness of God.
Adalah: The Justice of God.
Nubuwwah (Prophethood): God has appointed perfect and infallible
prophets and messengers to teach mankind the religion (i.e. a perfect
system on how to live in "peace.")
Imamate: (Leadership): God has appointed specific leaders to lead and
guide mankind — a prophet appoints a custodian of the religion
before his demise.
Last Judgment: God will raise mankind for Judgment
Ismaili beliefs[edit]
The branch of
Islam

Islam known as
Isma'ilism

Isma'ilism is the second largest Shiʿi
community. They observe the following extra pillars:
Belief in the Imamate
Belief in the prophets and messengers
Beliefs about the Last Judgment
Cross-sectarian[edit]
Muʿtazilite view[edit]
In terms of the relationship between human beings and their creator,
the
Muʿtazila

Muʿtazila emphasize human free will over predestination. They
also reduced the divine attributes to the divine essence.[12]
Literature pertaining to creed[edit]
Many
Muslim

Muslim scholars have attempted to explain Islamic creed in
general, or specific aspects of aqidah. The following list contains
some of the most well-known literature.
Sunni

Sunni literature[edit]
Mukhtasar Shu'ab al-Imān or "The 77 branches of faith" by the Imām
al-Bayhaqi
al-ʿAqīdah aṭ-Ṭaḥāwiyya ("The Fundamentals of Islamic Creed
by al-Tahawi). This has been accepted by almost all Sunnis (Atharis,
Ash'aris and Maturidis). Several Islamic scholars have written about
the Tahawiyya creed, including Ali al-Qari, al-Maydani, ibn Abi al-Izz
and Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz.
al-ʿAqīdah al-Wāsiṭiyyah ("The Wasit Creed") by ibn Taymiyyah.
Sharh as
Sunnah

Sunnah or the Explanation of the Sunna by al-Hasan ibn 'Ali
al-Barbahari. Lists approximately 170 points pertaining to the
fundamentals of ʿaqidah.
Khalq Afʿāl al-ʿIbād ("The Creation of the Acts of Servants") by
Muhammad

Muhammad al-Bukhari. It shows the opinion of early scholars (Salaf)
but it does not cover all topics.
Lum'at al-Itiqād by ibn Qudamah. Details the creed of the early Imams
of the
Sunni

Sunni Muslims and one of the key works in the
Athari

Athari creed.
al-ʿUluww by al-Dhahabī. Details the opinions of early scholars on
matters of creed.
Ibaanah by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari.
Risālah al-Qudsiyyah ("The Jerusalem Tract") by al-Ghazali, where the
rules of faith are discussed.
Sa'd al-Din al-Taftazani on the creed of Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi
Shia literature[edit]
Shiʿite
Islam

Islam
Muhammad

Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i: translated by Hossein Nasr;
(also reprinted under the title Shi'a.)"
Root and Branches of
Faith

Faith by Maqbul Hussein Rahim
Shi'ism Doctrines, Thought and Spirituality by Hossein Nasr
Gallery[edit]
Bosniak

Bosniak "Book of the Science of Conduct" lists 54 religious duties
that each
Muslim

Muslim must know about, believe in, and fulfill. Published
in 1831, the handbook is by the Bosnian author and poet Abdulwahāb
Žepčewī.
"Book of Wisdom" based on Islamic
Theology

Theology by Khoja Akhmet Yassawi
(died 1166)
“Safeguards of Transmission” by Ubayd Allāh ibn Masūd ibn Mahmud
ibn Ahmad al-Mahbūbī (died 1346).
See also[edit]
Islam

Islam portal
Contemporary Islamic philosophy
Shahada
References[edit]
^
Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi

Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of
Islam

Islam (PDF).
Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Retrieved 22 December
2017. p. 470. From the root ʿ-q-d "to tie; knot", and hence the
class VIII verb iʿtaqada "to firmly believe", verbal noun iʿtiqād
"belief, faith, trust, confidence, conviction; creed, doctrine",
participle muʿtaqad "creed, doctrine, dogma, conviction, belief,
opinion". Wehr, Hans, “عقد” in: J. Milton Cowan (ed.), A
Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition (1979).
^ a b c d e Glasse, Cyril (2001). New Encyclopedia of
Islam

Islam (Revised
ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 105.
^ Abu Hanifah An-Nu^man. "Al-
Fiqh

Fiqh Al-Akbar" (PDF). aicp.org.
Retrieved 14 March 2014.
^ Al-
Fiqh

Fiqh Al-Akbar II With Commentary by Al-Ninowy
^ Joel Beversluis (ed.). Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An
Interfaith Guide to Religion and ... New World Library.
pp. 68–9.
^
http://al-quran.info/#&&sura=2&aya=177&trans=en-arthur_arberry&show=both,quran-uthmani&format=rows&ver=1.00
^ Farāhī, Majmū‘ah Tafāsīr, 2nd ed. (Faran Foundation, 1998),
347.
^ Frederick M. Denny, An Introduction to Islam, 3rd ed., p. 405
^ Khalid Mahmood Shaikh
^ Jeffry R. Halverson,
Theology

Theology and
Creed

Creed in
Sunni

Sunni Islam.
ISBN 0230106587, p 36.
^ Jeffry R. Halverson,
Theology

Theology and
Creed

Creed in
Sunni

Sunni Islam.
ISBN 0230106587, p 36-37.
^ Nader El-Bizri, ‘God: essence and attributes’, in The Cambridge
Companion to Classical Islamic theology, ed. Tim Winter (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 121-140
External links[edit]
Exhaustive Books & Articles on Aqeedah
The development of Aqeedah.
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Nasir Khusraw

Nasir Khusraw –
Badakhshan

Badakhshan Alevism
Imami Twelver
Theology

Theology of Twelvers
Ja'fari
Akhbari
Shaykhi
Usuli
Alevism
Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar

Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar – Qalandariyya
Baba Ishak

Baba Ishak – Babai Revolt
Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu

Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu – Rifa'i-Galibi Order
Ghulat
al-Khaṣībī / ibn Nusayr – Alawites
Fazlallah Astarabadi (Naimi) /
Imadaddin Nasimi

Imadaddin Nasimi –
Hurufism / Bektashism and folk religion
Independent
Ibadi
ibn Ibāḍ
Jābir ibn Zayd
Jabriyyah
Ibn Safwan
Murji'ah
Karramiyya
Qadariyah
Ma'bad al-Juhani
Muʿtazila
Bahshamiyya
Khawarij
Azariqa
Najdat
Sufri
Abu Qurra
Nakkariyyah
Abu Yazi