Apu (1899 icebreaker)

''Apu'' was a Finnish state-owned steam-powered icebreaker built by Howaldtswerke in Kiel, Germany, in 1899. Initially owned by a private shipping company founded by shipowners from the Finnish city of Turku and known as ''Avance'', she was later purchased by the Finnish Board of Navigation and her name was translated into Finnish. ''Apu'' remained in service until 1959, when she was replaced by the new diesel-electric ''Murtaja''.

Construction

When the winter navigation committee appointed by the Senate of Finland in 1895 decided that the state-owned icebreakers would assist merchant ships only to the port of Hanko during the winter, the shipowners from Turku did not lose their faith in year-round traffic to their hometown. In 1898 they founded a joint shipping company, Isbrytare Aktiebolaget Avance (Icebreaker Company Avance), to order and maintain an icebreaker that would be used to maintain year-round traffic to the port of Turku. The new company was partially funded by the city and also received a long-term interest-free loan from the state. With total assets of 650,000 Finnish markkas (FIM) the company ordered a new icebreaker, designed by Swedish engineer C. Bagge, from the Howaldtswerke shipyard in Kiel, Germany. The total cost of the new vessel, christened ''Avance'', was FIM 616,000 and in many respects she resembled the first state-owned icebreaker, ''Murtaja''. She was completed and delivered to owners in February 1899.Laurell 1992, p. 68-71.

Career

The main task of ''Avance'' was to assist ships between Turku and Stockholm although scheduled year-round shipping service to the German city of Lübeck was launched during her first year in operation and she was often needed also in the southern shipping lane passing the island of Utö. She was found out to be suitable for icebreaking in the sheltered waters within the archipelago, but her wheelhouse had to be made higher shortly after entering service to improve visibility astern.

''Avance'' was offered to the city of Stockholm in 1907, but the Swedish buyers decided that she was too expensive and broke off the deal. Maintaining the icebreaker turned out to be more expensive than what was anticipated, and in 1909 the city of Turku purchased the majority of the shipping company's shares.Laurell 1992, p. 132.

In August 1914 Russia joined the First World War and the Finnish icebreakers were placed under the command of the Baltic Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy. ''Avance'' was confiscated and used to transport troops and supplies to coastal forts at the Gulf of Finland. Her name was written on the side in Cyrillic as ''Авансь''.Laurell 1992, p. 92.Ледоколы


When Finland declared independence on 6 December 1917, ''Avance'' was still under Russian control. After a failed attempt to recapture her in early 1918 she was taken to St. Petersburg by the retreating Russian revolutionaries. The Russians returned her in poor condition in 1922 after ''Wäinämöinen'' and ''Ilmarinen'', two former Russian icebreakers captured by the White Guard during the civil war in 1918, had been returned to their previous owners. Unable to pay for the extensive repairs, the shipping company sold ''Avance'' to the Board of Navigation for FIM 1.58 million. She was repaired at the Ab Crichton shipyard, who was paid FIM 1.25 million for the work, and on 15 December 1923 her name was translated to ''Apu'', meaning "assistance" in Finnish.Laurell 1992, p. 132.

After refit ''Apu'' resumed her duties on the Archipelago Sea as a state-owned icebreaker and remained in service through the Second World War until 1959 even though during her last years in service her assistance in the Archipelago Sea was described being "more of a moral nature".Laurell 1992, p. 330. The 60-year-old icebreaker was decommissioned on 7 April 1959 and broken up shortly afterwards. She was replaced by the second ''Karhu'' class icebreaker, ''Murtaja''.Laurell 1992, p. 333.

In 1969 a new diesel-electric icebreaker was named ''Apu'' after the smallest state-owned icebreaker of Finland. The new icebreaker was more than five times as big as the old one by displacement and had almost eight times as much power in her four propellers.

Technical details

''Avance'' was long overall and at the waterline. Her moulded breadth was and breadth at the waterline slightly smaller, . The draught of the icebreaker at maximum displacement, 900 tons, was on even keel.Laurell 1992, p. 344.

The ship was powered by a 1,500 ihp triple-expansion steam engine driving a single propeller in the stern and giving ''Avance'' a maximum speed of in open water. She had two coal-fired boilers and a smaller auxiliary boiler, all in a single engine room amidships. Her stores could hold 100 tons of coal, which was fed to the boilers at a rate of 1.3 to 1.8 tons per hour when the ship was breaking ice. Like other icebreakers of her time, she was also equipped with sails which, while rarely used, remained in the inventory until the 1920s.

In many ways ''Avance'' resembled the first state-owned icebreaker of Finland, ''Murtaja'', although her bow was of improved Swedish design which increased her icebreaking capability. The angle of the stem, the first part of the ship to encounter and break the ice, was 22 degrees. Still, she was of the same outdated European design as ''Murtaja'' and thus had similar problems in difficult ice conditions. Her coal stores were also located too far in the front, resulting in an unfavourable trim at full load. Despite her shortcomings ''Avance'' was found out to be suitable for service within the archipelago.

References

Bibliography

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apu (1899 icebreaker)
Icebreakers of Finland
1899 ships
Ships built in Kiel
World War I naval ships of Russia