Left to right: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Buzz Aldrin
Apollo program
← Apollo 10
Apollo 12 →
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the
Moon. Mission commander
Neil Armstrong

Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both
American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:18
UTC. Armstrong became the first human to step onto the lunar surface
six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him
about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours
together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds
(21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael
Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while
they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under
a day on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit.
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 was launched by a
Saturn V

Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center
on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16 at 9:32 am EDT (13:32 UTC) and
was the fifth manned mission of NASA's Apollo program. The Apollo
spacecraft had three parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the
three astronauts, and the only part that returned back to Earth; a
service module (SM), which supported the command module with
propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module
(LM) that had two stages – a descent stage for landing on the Moon,
and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.
After being sent to the
Moon

Moon by the Saturn V's upper stage, the
astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three
days until they entered into lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then
moved into the lunar module Eagle and landed in the Sea of
Tranquility. They stayed a total of about 21.5 hours on the lunar
surface. The astronauts used Eagle's upper stage to lift off from the
lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They
jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that blasted them
out of lunar orbit on a trajectory back to Earth. They returned to
Earth and landed in the Pacific Ocean on July 24.
The landing was broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience.
Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as
"one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Apollo 11
effectively ended the
Space Race

Space Race and fulfilled a national goal
proposed in 1961 by U.S. President John F. Kennedy: "before this
decade is out, of landing a man on the
Moon

Moon and returning him safely
to the Earth."[6]
Contents
1 Framework
1.1 Crew
1.2 Backup crew
1.3 Support crew
1.4 Flight directors
1.5 Call signs
1.6 Insignia
1.7 Mementos
2 Mission highlights
2.1 Launch and flight to lunar orbit
2.2 Lunar descent
2.3 Landing
2.4
Lunar surface

Lunar surface operations
2.5 Lunar ascent and return
2.6
Splashdown

Splashdown and quarantine
2.7 Celebration
2.8
Moon

Moon race
3 Legacy
3.1 Spacecraft location
3.2 40th anniversary events
4 Gallery
5 Notes
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
8.1 For young readers
9 External links
9.1
NASA

NASA reports
9.2 Multimedia
Framework
Crew
Position
Astronaut
Commander
Neil A. Armstrong
Second spaceflight
Command Module Pilot
Michael Collins
Second spaceflight
Lunar Module Pilot
Edwin "Buzz" E. Aldrin, Jr.
Second spaceflight
The crew assignment of
Neil Armstrong

Neil Armstrong as Commander,
Jim Lovell

Jim Lovell as
Command Module Pilot (CMP) and
Buzz Aldrin

Buzz Aldrin as Lunar Module Pilot (LMP)
was officially announced on November 20, 1967.[7]
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 was the
second all-veteran multi-person crew on an American mission,[8] the
first being that of Apollo 10).[9] An all-veteran crew would not be
flown again until
STS-26

STS-26 in 1988.[8] Lovell and Aldrin had previously
flown together as the crew of Gemini 12. The crew was initially
assigned as the backup for Apollo 9. Due to design and manufacturing
delays in the Lunar Module (LM),
Apollo 8

Apollo 8 and
Apollo 9

Apollo 9 swapped prime
and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo 8.
Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected
to command Apollo 11.[10] There would be one change. Mike Collins on
the
Apollo 8

Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors
diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth
vertebrae, requiring surgery.[11] Lovell took his place on the Apollo
8 crew, and, when he recovered, Collins joined Armstrong's crew as
CMP. In the meantime,
Fred Haise

Fred Haise filled in as backup LMP, and Aldrin
as backup CMP for Apollo 8.[12]
Backup crew
Position
Astronaut
Commander
James A. Lovell, Jr.
Command Module Pilot
William A. Anders
Lunar Module Pilot
Fred W. Haise, Jr.
The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander),
William Anders

William Anders as
CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8.[8] In
early 1969, he accepted a job with the National Space Council
effective August 1969 and announced that he would retire as an
astronaut on that date. At that point
Ken Mattingly

Ken Mattingly was moved from the
support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch, at which point
Anders would be unavailable. Lovell, Haise, and Mattingly would
ultimately be assigned as the prime crew of Apollo 13.[13]
Support crew
Charlie Duke, Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM)
Ronald Evans (CAPCOM)
Owen K. Garriott

Owen K. Garriott (CAPCOM)
Don L. Lind

Don L. Lind (CAPCOM)
Ken Mattingly

Ken Mattingly (CAPCOM)
Bruce McCandless II

Bruce McCandless II (CAPCOM)
Harrison Schmitt

Harrison Schmitt (CAPCOM)
Bill Pogue
Jack Swigert
William Carpentier

William Carpentier (SURGEON)
Flight directors
Clifford E. Charlesworth

Clifford E. Charlesworth (Green Team), launch and EVA
Gerald D. Griffin

Gerald D. Griffin (Gold Team)
Gene Kranz

Gene Kranz (White Team), lunar landing
Glynn Lunney

Glynn Lunney (Black Team), lunar ascent
Call signs
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Command/Service Module Columbia in lunar orbit, photographed
from the Lunar Module Eagle
After the crew of
Apollo 10

Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and
Snoopy, assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to
Manned Spacecraft Center director
George M. Low

George M. Low to suggest the Apollo
11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. During early mission
planning, the names Snowcone and Haystack were used and put in the
news release.[14]
The Command Module was named Columbia after the Columbiad, the giant
cannon shell "spacecraft" fired by a giant cannon (also from Florida)
in Jules Verne's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon. It also
referenced Columbia, a personification of the United States. The Lunar
Module was named Eagle for the national bird of the United States, the
bald eagle, which was featured prominently on the mission
insignia.[15]
Insignia
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 space-flown silver Robbins medallion
The
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 mission insignia was designed by Collins, who wanted a
symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". At Lovell's
suggestion, he chose an eagle as the symbol, put an olive branch in
its beak, and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance.
The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction; the
shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the
left.
NASA

NASA officials felt that the talons of the eagle looked too
"warlike" and after some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the
claws. Armstrong was concerned that "eleven" would not be understood
by non-English speakers, so they went with "Apollo 11";[16] they
decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be
representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing".[17]
All colors are natural, with blue and gold borders around the
patch.[citation needed]
When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971, the patch design
provided the eagle for its reverse side.[18] The design was also used
for the smaller
Susan B. Anthony dollar

Susan B. Anthony dollar unveiled in 1979, ten years
after the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 mission.[19]
Mementos
Neil Armstrong's personal preference kit carried a piece of wood from
the Wright brothers' 1903 airplane's left propeller and a piece of
fabric from its wing,[20] along with a diamond-studded astronaut pin
originally given to
Deke Slayton

Deke Slayton by the widows of the
Apollo 1

Apollo 1 crew.
This pin had been intended to be flown on
Apollo 1

Apollo 1 and given to
Slayton after the mission but following the disastrous launch pad fire
and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton and
Armstrong took it on Apollo 11.[21]
Mission highlights
Launch and flight to lunar orbit
Saturn V

Saturn V carrying
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 rises past the launch tower camera
Earth seen from
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 just after leaving Earth orbit (translunar
injection)
Play media
Taping at 500 fps of the engine ignition at launch
In addition to many people crowding highways and beaches near the
launch site, millions watched the event on television, with
NASA

NASA Chief
of Public Information Jack King providing commentary. President
Richard M. Nixon viewed the proceedings from the
Oval Office
.jpg/660px-President_Trump's_First_100_Days-_43_(34252543421).jpg)
Oval Office of the
White House.[citation needed]
A
Saturn V

Saturn V launched
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 from Launch Pad 39A, part of the Launch
Complex 39 site at the
Kennedy Space Center

Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969, at
13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 a.m. EDT local time). It entered Earth
orbit, at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles (185.9 km) by 98.9
nautical miles (183.2 km), twelve minutes later. After one and a
half orbits, the
S-IVB

S-IVB third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto
its trajectory toward the
Moon

Moon with the trans-lunar injection (TLI)
burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, the transposition,
docking, and extraction maneuver was performed: this involved
separating the
Apollo Command/Service Module

Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM) from the spent
rocket stage, turning around, and docking with the Lunar Module still
attached to the stage. After the Lunar Module was extracted, the
combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew
on a trajectory past the
Moon

Moon and into orbit around the Sun.[3]
On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC,
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 passed behind the
Moon

Moon and fired
its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit. In the thirty
orbits[22] that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing
site in the southern Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquillitatis) about
12 miles (19 km) southwest of the crater Sabine D (0.67408N,
23.47297E). The landing site was selected in part because it had been
characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8
and
Surveyor 5

Surveyor 5 landers along with the
Lunar Orbiter
.jpg/600px-Lunar_orbiter_1_(large).jpg)
Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft
and unlikely to present major landing or extravehicular activity (EVA)
challenges.[23]
Lunar descent
The Eagle in lunar orbit after separating from Columbia
CAPCOM Charles Duke, with backup pilots James Lovell and Fred Haise
listening in during Apollo 11's descent
On July 20, 1969, the Lunar Module Eagle separated from the Command
Module Columbia. Collins, alone aboard Columbia, inspected Eagle as it
pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged.
As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found that they were
passing landmarks on the surface four seconds early and reported that
they were "long"; they would land miles west of their target point.
Five minutes into the descent burn, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m)
above the surface of the Moon, the LM navigation and guidance computer
distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected "1202" and
"1201" program alarms. Inside Mission Control Center in Houston,
Texas, computer engineer
Jack Garman

Jack Garman told guidance officer Steve Bales
it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew.
The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the
guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and
had to postpone some of them.[24]
Due to an error in the checklist manual, the rendezvous radar switch
was placed in the wrong position. This caused it to send erroneous
signals to the computer. The result was that the computer was being
asked to perform all of its normal functions for landing while
receiving an extra load of spurious data which used up 15% of its
time. The computer (or rather the software in it) was smart enough to
recognize that it was being asked to perform more tasks than it should
be performing. It then sent out an alarm, which meant to the
astronaut, I'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing at
this time and I'm going to keep only the more important tasks; i.e.,
the ones needed for landing ... Actually, the computer was
programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set
of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. The
software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks
and re-establish the more important ones ... If the computer
hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was.[25][a]
— Letter from Margaret H. Hamilton, Director of Apollo Flight
Computer Programming MIT Draper Laboratory, Cambridge,
Massachusetts[29], titled "Computer Got Loaded", published in
Datamation, March 1, 1971
Landing
Play media
Landing on the Moon, July 20, 1969
Landing site of
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 at Sea of Tranquility
Play media
The
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 landing site visualized in three dimensions using
photography and a stereo digital elevation model from the LRO camera.
When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's
landing target was in a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a
300-meter (980 ft) diameter crater (later determined to be West
crater, named for its location in the western part of the originally
planned landing ellipse). Armstrong took semi-automatic control[30]
and, with Aldrin calling out altitude and velocity data, landed at
20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left.[4]
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than other missions, and the
astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later
found to be the result of greater propellant 'slosh' than expected,
uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra anti-slosh
baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this.[4]
Throughout the descent, Aldrin had called out navigation data to
Armstrong, who was busy piloting the LM. A few moments before the
landing, a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67-inch
(170 cm) probes hanging from Eagle's footpads had touched the
surface, and he said: "Contact light!" Three seconds later, Eagle
landed and Armstrong said "Shutdown." Aldrin immediately said "Okay,
engine stop. ACA – out of detent." Armstrong acknowledged "Out of
detent. Auto" and Aldrin continued "Mode control – both auto.
Descent engine command override off. Engine arm – off. 413 is in."
Charles Duke, CAPCOM during the landing phase, acknowledged their
landing by saying "We copy you down, Eagle."
Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post landing
checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to Duke with the
words, "Houston,
Tranquility Base

Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed."
Armstrong's unrehearsed[31] change of call sign from "Eagle" to
"Tranquility Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete
and successful. Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the
relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan— Tranquility, we copy you on
the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're
breathing again. Thanks a lot."[4][32]
Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the
EVA, Aldrin radioed to Earth:
This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every
person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a
moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give
thanks in his or her own way.[33]
He then took communion privately. At this time
NASA

NASA was still fighting
a lawsuit brought by atheist
Madalyn Murray O'Hair

Madalyn Murray O'Hair (who had objected
to the
Apollo 8

Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis) demanding that
their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while
in space. As such, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning
taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin was an elder at the Webster
Presbyterian Church, and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor
of the church, the Rev. Dean Woodruff. Aldrin described communion on
the
Moon

Moon and the involvement of his church and pastor in the October
1970 edition of Guideposts magazine and in his book Return to Earth.
Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the
Moon

Moon and
commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.[34]
The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the
landing with a five-hour sleep period as they had been awake since
early morning. However, they elected to forgo the sleep period and
begin the preparations for the EVA early, thinking that they would be
unable to sleep.
Lunar surface

Lunar surface operations
See also: First
Moon

Moon walk
A mounted slowscan TV camera showing Armstrong as he climbs down the
ladder to surface
A photograph of Armstrong near the LM, taken by Aldrin on the lunar
surface; most of the time Armstrong had the camera.
The astronauts planned placement of the Early Apollo Scientific
Experiment Package (EASEP)[35] and the U.S. flag by studying their
landing site through Eagle's twin triangular windows, which gave them
a 60° field of view. Preparation required longer than the two hours
scheduled. Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through
the hatch with his Portable Life Support System (PLSS). According to
veteran Moon-walker John Young, a redesign of the LM to incorporate a
smaller hatch had not been followed by a redesign of the PLSS
backpack, so some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo
astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.[36][37]
Several books indicate early mission timelines had
Buzz Aldrin

Buzz Aldrin rather
than
Neil Armstrong

Neil Armstrong as the first man on the Moon.[38]
At 02:39 UTC on Monday July 21, 1969, Armstrong opened the hatch, and
at 02:51 UTC began his descent to the lunar surface. The Remote
Control Unit controls on his chest kept him from seeing his feet.
Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to
deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA) folded against
Eagle's side and activate the TV camera, and at 02:56:15 UTC he set
his left foot on the surface.[39][40] The first landing used slow-scan
television incompatible with commercial TV, so it was displayed on a
special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor,
significantly reducing the quality of the picture.[41] The signal was
received at Goldstone in the United States but with better fidelity by
Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station

Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station in Australia. Minutes later the
feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope in
Australia.[42] Despite some technical and weather difficulties,
ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received
and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.[43] Although
copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely
available, recordings of the original slow scan source transmission
from the lunar surface were accidentally destroyed during routine
magnetic tape re-use at NASA.
The plaque left on the ladder of Eagle
While still on the ladder, Armstrong uncovered a plaque mounted on the
LM descent stage bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and
Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts
and President Nixon. The inscription read:
Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon, July 1969
A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.
After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost
like a powder,"[40] six and a half hours after landing,[3] Armstrong
stepped off Eagle's footpad and declared, "That's one small step for
[a] man, one giant leap for mankind."[b][44][45][46][47]
Armstrong intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the
word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not
initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later
asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man",
and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the "a" in
square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his
accent caused him to slur the words "for a" together; another is the
intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly
because of storms near Parkes Observatory. More recent digital
analysis of the tape claims to reveal the "a" may have been spoken but
obscured by static.[48][49]
That's one small step ...
Problems playing this file? See media help.
About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong
collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He
then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh.
This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in
case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and
return to the LM.[50]
Twelve minutes after the contingency sample was collected,[3] Aldrin
joined Armstrong on the surface, and described the view with the
simple phrase, "Magnificent desolation."[40]
Buzz Aldrin

Buzz Aldrin poses on the Moon, allowing
Neil Armstrong

Neil Armstrong to photograph
both of them using the visor's reflection
In addition to fulfilling President Kennedy's mandate to land a man on
the
Moon

Moon before the end of the 1960s,[51]
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 was an engineering
test of the Apollo system; therefore, Armstrong snapped photos of the
LM so engineers would be able to judge its post-landing condition. He
removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then
mounted it on a tripod 68 feet (21 m) from the LM. The TV camera
cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard
throughout the EVA.
Armstrong said that moving in the lunar gravity, one-sixth of Earth's,
was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely
no trouble to walk around."[40] Aldrin joined him on the surface and
tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops.
The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither
astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the
preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed
to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was
quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle's
shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, though the
helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.[40]
The astronauts planted a specially designed U.S. flag on the lunar
surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Sometime later, President
Richard Nixon
.jpg/440px-Richard_M._Nixon,_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679_(3x4).jpg)
Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission
which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the
White House."[52] Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read
during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the
White House

White House as
a
NASA

NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words
brief, to respect the lunar landing as Kennedy's legacy.[53] Armstrong
thanked the President, and gave a brief reflection on the significance
of the moment:
President Nixon speaks to Armstrong and Aldrin on the Moon
Nixon: Hello, Neil and Buzz. I'm talking to you by telephone from the
Oval Room at the White House. And this certainly has to be the most
historic telephone call ever made. I just can't tell you how proud we
all are of what you've done. For every American, this has to be the
proudest day of our lives. And for people all over the world, I am
sure they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat
this is. Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part
of man's world. And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility, it
inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to
Earth. For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the
people on this Earth are truly one: one in their pride in what you
have done, and one in our prayers that you will return safely to
Earth.
Armstrong: Thank you, Mr. President. It's a great honor and privilege
for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but men of
peace of all nations, and with interest and curiosity, and men with a
vision for the future. It's an honor for us to be able to participate
here today.
Aldrin bootprint; part of an experiment to test the properties of the
lunar regolith
The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow,
slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray
dust which soiled the outer part of their suits, the integrated
thermal meteoroid garment.
They deployed the EASEP, which included a passive seismograph and a
Lunar Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR). Then Armstrong walked 196 feet
(60 m) from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West
Crater while Aldrin collected two core tubes. He used the geological
hammer to pound in the tubes – the only time the hammer was used on
Apollo 11. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and
tongs on extension handles. Many of the surface activities took longer
than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection
halfway through the allotted 34 minutes.
Map showing landing site and photos taken
Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by
the astronauts: armalcolite, tranquillityite, and pyroxferroite.
Armalcolite

Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins.
During this period, Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn
Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high and that he should slow
down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out.
However, as metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for
both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the
astronauts a 15-minute extension.[54] In a 2010 interview, Armstrong,
who had walked a maximum of 196 feet (60 m) from the LM,
explained that
NASA

NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance
because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the
astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat
generation while working on the Moon.[55]
Lunar ascent and return
Aldrin next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with Eagle in
the background
Aldrin entered Eagle first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted
film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms (47.5 lb) of
lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley
device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor. Armstrong reminded Aldrin
of a bag of memorial items in his suit pocket sleeve, and Aldrin
tossed the bag down; Armstrong then jumped to the ladder's third rung
and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM life support, the
explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by
tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, one Hasselblad
camera, and other equipment. They then pressurized the LM and settled
down to sleep.[56]
Wikisource

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
In Event of
Moon

Moon Disaster
President Nixon's speech writer
William Safire

William Safire had prepared In Event
of
Moon

Moon Disaster for the President to read on television in the event
the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon.[57] The
contingency plan originated in a memo from Safire to Nixon's White
House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, in which Safire suggested a
protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a
disaster.[58][59] According to the plan, Mission Control would "close
down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their
souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to burial
at sea. The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to
Rupert Brooke's First World War poem, "The Soldier".[59] The plan
included presidential telephone calls to the astronauts' wives.
While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the circuit
breaker that would arm the main engine for lift off from the Moon.
There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding
them on the Moon. Fortunately, a felt-tip pen was sufficient to
activate the switch.[56] Had this not worked, the Lunar Module
circuitry could have been reconfigured to allow firing the ascent
engine.
After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to
prepare for the return flight. Two and a half hours later, at 17:54
UTC, they lifted off in Eagle's ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard
Columbia in lunar orbit.
After more than 21½ total hours on the lunar surface, they had left
behind scientific instruments that included a retroreflector array
used for the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment and a Passive Seismic
Experiment Package used to measure moonquakes. They also left an
Apollo 1

Apollo 1 mission patch, and a memorial bag containing a gold replica
of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace and a silicon
message disk. The disk carries the goodwill statements by Presidents
Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon and messages from leaders of
73 countries around the world. The disc also carries a listing of the
leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four
committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA
legislation, and the names of NASA's past and present top
management.[60] (In his 1989 book, Men from Earth, Aldrin says that
the items included Soviet medals commemorating Cosmonauts Vladimir
Komarov and Yuri Gagarin.) Also, according to Deke Slayton's book
Moonshot, Armstrong carried with him a special diamond-studded
astronaut pin from Slayton.
Eagle's ascent stage approaching Columbia
Film taken from the LM Ascent Stage upon liftoff from the
Moon

Moon reveals
the American flag, planted some 25 feet (8 m) from the descent
stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine.
Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple:<[3] "The
ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the
computers, and Neil was studying the attitude indicator, but I looked
up long enough to see the flag fall over."[22] Subsequent Apollo
missions usually planted the American flags at least 100 feet
(30 m) from the LM to prevent them being blown over by the ascent
engine exhaust.
After rendezvous with Columbia, Eagle's ascent stage was jettisoned
into lunar orbit on July 21, 1969, at 23:41 UTC. Just before the
Apollo 12

Apollo 12 flight, it was noted that Eagle was still likely to be
orbiting the Moon. Later
NASA

NASA reports mentioned that Eagle's orbit had
decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the
lunar surface.[61] The location is uncertain because the Eagle ascent
stage was not tracked after it was jettisoned, and the lunar gravity
field is sufficiently non-uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft
unpredictable after a short time.
NASA

NASA estimated that the orbit had
decayed within months and would have impacted on the Moon.
On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts
made a television broadcast in which Collins commented:
... The
Saturn V

Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly
complicated piece of machinery, every piece of which worked
flawlessly ... We have always had confidence that this equipment
will work properly. All this is possible only through the blood,
sweat, and tears of a number of a people ... All you see is the
three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of
others, and to all of those, I would like to say, "Thank you very
much."
Aldrin added:
This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more,
still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even,
than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol
of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the
unknown ... Personally, in reflecting on the events of the past
several days, a verse from Psalms comes to mind. "When I consider the
heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the
Moon

Moon and the stars, which Thou
hast ordained; What is man that Thou art mindful of him?"
Armstrong concluded:
The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with
the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the
American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire;
next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing
that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our
spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little EMU,
the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the
lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those
Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design,
the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those
craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to
all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God
bless you. Good night from Apollo 11.[22]
On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed,
potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth
return. A regular repair was not possible in the available time but
the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use
his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease.
Greg later was thanked by Armstrong.[62]
Splashdown

Splashdown and quarantine
Columbia floats on the ocean as Navy divers assist in retrieving the
astronauts
The astronauts in their Biological Isolation Garments aboard the
USS Hornet
On July 24, the astronauts returned home aboard the Command Module
Columbia just before dawn local time (16:51 UTC[3]) at 13°19′N
169°9′W / 13.317°N 169.150°W / 13.317; -169.150
(
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 splashdown), in the Pacific Ocean 2,660 km
(1,440 nmi) east of Wake Island, 380 km (210 nmi) south
of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (13 nmi) from the recovery
ship, USS Hornet.[3] This is near the village of Vatia in
American Samoa.[63] The American Samoa-flag which was brought to the
moon by
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 is on display at the
Jean P. Haydon Museum

Jean P. Haydon Museum in Pago
Pago, the territorial capital of American Samoa.[64]
At 16:44 UTC the drogue parachutes had been deployed and seven minutes
later the Command Module struck the water forcefully. During
splashdown, the Command Module landed upside down but was righted
within 10 minutes by flotation bags triggered by the astronauts.
"Everything's okay. Our checklist is complete. Awaiting swimmers", was
Armstrong's last official transmission from Columbia. A diver from the
Navy helicopter hovering above attached a sea anchor to the Command
Module to prevent it from drifting. Additional divers attached
flotation collars to stabilize the module and position rafts for
astronaut extraction. Though the chance of bringing back pathogens
from the lunar surface was considered remote, it was considered a
possibility and
NASA

NASA took great precautions at the recovery site.
Divers provided the astronauts with Biological Isolation Garments
(BIGs) which were worn until they reached isolation facilities on
board the Hornet. Additionally, astronauts were rubbed down with a
sodium hypochlorite solution and the Command Module wiped with
Betadine

Betadine to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The raft
containing decontamination materials was then intentionally sunk.[65]
A second Sea King helicopter - "Helicopter 66" - hoisted the
astronauts aboard one by one, where a
NASA

NASA flight surgeon gave each a
brief physical check during the 0.5 nautical miles (930 m) trip
back to the Hornet.
The crew of
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 in quarantine after returning to Earth, visited
by Richard Nixon
After touchdown on the Hornet, the astronauts exited the helicopter,
leaving the flight surgeon and three crewmen. The helicopter was then
lowered into hangar bay #2 where the astronauts walked the 30 feet
(9.1 m) to the Mobile
Quarantine

Quarantine Facility (MQF) where they would
begin the earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine.[66] This
practice would continue for two more Apollo missions,
Apollo 12

Apollo 12 and
Apollo 14, before the
Moon

Moon was proven to be barren of life and the
quarantine process dropped.[65][67]
President
Richard Nixon
.jpg/440px-Richard_M._Nixon,_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679_(3x4).jpg)
Richard Nixon was aboard Hornet to personally welcome the
astronauts back to Earth. He told the astronauts, "As a result of what
you've done, the world has never been closer together before."[68]
After Nixon departed, the Hornet was brought alongside the five-ton
Command Module where it was placed aboard by the ship's crane, placed
on a dolly and moved next to the MQF. The Hornet sailed for Pearl
Harbor where Columbia and the MQF were airlifted to the Manned
Spacecraft Center.[65]
In accordance with the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law, a set of
regulations promulgated by
NASA

NASA on July 16[69] to codify its
quarantine protocol, the astronauts continued in quarantine out of
concern that the
Moon

Moon might contain undiscovered pathogens and that
the astronauts might have been exposed to them during their Moon
walks. However, after three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo
spacecraft, then in their trailer on the Hornet, and finally in the
Lunar Receiving Laboratory

Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center), the
astronauts were given a clean bill of health.[70] On August 10, 1969,
the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and
lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them
in quarantine (
NASA

NASA physician
William Carpentier

William Carpentier and MQF project
engineer John Hirasaki[71]), and on Columbia itself.[72] Loose
equipment from the spacecraft would remain in isolation until the
lunar samples were released for study.[72]
Celebration
Parade in New York City
On August 13, they rode in parades in their honor in New York,
Chicago, and Los Angeles.[73][74] On the same evening in Los Angeles
there was an official State Dinner to celebrate the flight, attended
by members of Congress, 44 governors, the Chief Justice of the United
States, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza
Hotel.[74] President
Richard Nixon
.jpg/440px-Richard_M._Nixon,_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679_(3x4).jpg)
Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew
honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal
of Freedom.[74] This celebration was the beginning of a 45-day "Giant
Leap" tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and
included visits with prominent leaders such as Queen
Elizabeth II

Elizabeth II of
the United Kingdom. Many nations honored the first manned
Moon

Moon landing
with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11
commemorative postage stamps or coins.[75][76]
On September 16, 1969, the three astronauts spoke before a joint
session of Congress on Capitol Hill. They presented two US flags, one
to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate, that had
been carried to the surface of the
Moon

Moon with them.[77]
Moon

Moon race
Artist's impression of Luna 15
The Soviet Union had been competing with the US in landing a man on
the
Moon

Moon but had been hampered by repeated failures in development of
a launcher comparable to the Saturn V.[78] Meanwhile, they tried to
beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of unmanned
probes. On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, they
launched Luna 15, which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During
descent, a malfunction caused
Luna 15

Luna 15 to crash in
Mare Crisium

Mare Crisium about
two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface
to begin their voyage home. The
Jodrell Bank Observatory

Jodrell Bank Observatory radio
telescope in England was later discovered to have recorded
transmissions from
Luna 15

Luna 15 during its descent, and this was published
in July 2009 on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.[79]
Legacy
Spacecraft location
Command Module Columbia at the National Air and Space Museum
Lunar Module landing site photographed by the LRO in 2012
The Command Module Columbia was displayed at the National Air and
Space Museum (NASM), Washington, D.C. It was in the central Milestones
of Flight exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance,
sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as
the Wright Flyer, the Spirit of St. Louis, the Bell X-1, the North
American X-15, Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7, and Gemini 4.
Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits are displayed in the museum's
Apollo to the
Moon

Moon exhibit. The quarantine trailer, the flotation
collar, and the righting spheres are displayed at the Smithsonian's
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex near Washington Dulles International
Airport in Chantilly, Virginia.
In 2009, the
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) imaged the various
Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon, for the first time
with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar
modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the
astronauts.
In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by Amazon founder Jeff
Bezos located the F-1 engines that launched
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 into space. The
engines were found below the Atlantic Ocean's surface through the use
of advanced sonar scanning.[80] His team brought parts of two of the
five engines to the surface. In July 2013, a conservator discovered a
serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the
Atlantic, which
NASA

NASA confirmed was from the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 launch.[81][82]
Command Module Columbia at the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar
Columbia was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration
Hangar at the
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, VA, to be
readied for a four-city tour titled Destination Moon: The Apollo 11
Mission. This will include
Space Center Houston

Space Center Houston (October 14, 2017 to
March 18, 2018), the
Saint Louis Science Center

Saint Louis Science Center (April 14 to September
3, 2018), the Senator John
Heinz History Center

Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh
(September 29, 2018 to February 18, 2019), and the Seattle Museum of
Flight (March 16 to September 2, 2019).[83][84]
40th anniversary events
Mike Simons, director of the National Electronics Museum, assembles an
Apollo TV camera

Apollo TV camera for display at the Newseum
On July 15, 2009, Life.com released a photo gallery of previously
unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by Life photographer Ralph
Morse prior to the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 launch.[85] From July 16–24, 2009, NASA
streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40
years to the minute after the events occurred.[86] In addition, it is
in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a
preview of key moments.[87] In July 2010, air-to-ground voice
recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo
11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronised and released for
the first time.[88] The
John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and
Museum set up a Flash website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.[89]
On July 20, 2009, the crew of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with
U.S. President
Barack Obama

Barack Obama at the White House.[90] "We expect that
there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are
looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins,
and Aldrin", Obama said. "We want to make sure that
NASA

NASA is going to
be there for them when they want to take their journey."[91] On August
7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a
Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award in the United
States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Sen. Bill Nelson and Florida
Rep. Alan Grayson.[92][93]
A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary
events reflected on the significance of the
Moon

Moon landing:
It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks
taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of
today ... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical
achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come
close [to] the excitement that was generated by those astronauts –
Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.[94]
Gallery
Roll-out of
Saturn V

Saturn V AS-505 from the
Vehicle Assembly Building

Vehicle Assembly Building to the
launch pad
The Earth as seen from
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 on the third day out
Play media
Neil Armstrong

Neil Armstrong describes the Moon's surface before setting foot on it
The Washington Post

The Washington Post on Monday, July 21, 1969: "'The Eagle Has
Landed'—Two Men Walk on the Moon"
Notes
^ During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar
switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process
data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time, as
stated in the letter.[1][26] However, software engineer Don Eyles
concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the
problem was actually due to a hardware design bug previously seen
during testing of the first unmanned LM for Apollo 5. Having the
rendezvous radar on (so that it was warmed up in case of an emergency
landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an
electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar
system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as
dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the
hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious cycle stealing, as
the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the
computer alarms.[27] The Apollo onboard flight software for both the
CM and LM was developed using an asynchronous executive so that higher
priority jobs could interrupt lower priority jobs. The sequence that
occurred in the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 landing was successful because of its global
error detection and recovery system. This included the restart
capability to "kill and start over again" and recompute and the
display interface routines ("priority displays") providing the
ability, in the case of an emergency, to interrupt nominal displays
with higher priority alarm displays. Steps previously taken to create
solutions that took advantage of this multiprogramming environment
suggested solutions for multiprocessing. Although only one process is
actively executing at a given time in a multiprogramming environment,
other processes in the same system―sleeping or waiting―exist in
parallel with the executing process. With this as a backdrop, the
priority display mechanisms were created, essentially changing the
man-machine interface between the astronauts and the onboard flight
software from synchronous to asynchronous displays so that a mission
could be reconfigured in real time should it become necessary to do
so.[28]
^ A
NASA

NASA transcript explains that the "a" article was intended,
whether or not it was said;[40] the intention was to contrast a man
(an individual's action) and mankind (as a species).
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^ Extra-Terrestrial Exposure, 34
Fed. Reg.

Fed. Reg. 11975 (July 16, 1969),
codified at
14 C.F.R.

14 C.F.R. pt. 1200
^ "A Front Row Seat For History". NASAexplores. NASA. July 15, 2004.
Archived from the original on March 19, 2006. Retrieved June 14,
2013.
^ Carmichael, Scott W. (2010).
Moon

Moon Men Return: USS Hornet and the
Recovery of the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Astronauts. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval
Institute Press. p. 118. ISBN 9781591141105.
^ a b Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W.; Brooks, Courtney G. (1978).
"The Apollo Spacecraft - A Chronology. Vol. IV. Part 3 (1969 3rd
quarter)".
NASA

NASA History Program Office. NASA. p. 312. Retrieved
October 24, 2017.
^ Taylor, Alan (July 15, 2014). "The Year Men Walked on the Moon". The
Atlantic. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
^ a b c "Richard Nixon: Remarks at a Dinner in Los Angeles Honoring
the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Astronauts". The American Presidency Project. August 13,
1969. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
^ Wilson, Bill (July 23, 1969). "Families Wait for
Moon

Moon Men". The
Australian Women's Weekly. Sydney. 37 (8): 2–4. Retrieved July 19,
2013.
^ "Lunar Missions: Apollo 11". Lunar Hall of Fame. 2008. Archived from
the original on 2008-10-24. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ "The
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Crew Members Appear Before a Joint Meeting of
Congress". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved March 3,
2018.
^ Lindroos, Marcus. "The Soviet Manned Lunar Program" (PDF). MIT
OpenCourseWare. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved
October 4, 2011.
^ Brown, Jonathan (July 3, 2009). "Recording tracks Russia's Moon
gatecrash attempt". The Independent. London. Retrieved January 10,
2011.
^ "Amazon boss
Jeff Bezos

Jeff Bezos 'finds
Apollo 11

Apollo 11
Moon

Moon engines'". BBC News.
London. March 28, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
^ Kolawole, Emi (19 July 2013). "Bezos Expeditions retrieves and
identifies
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 engine #5,
NASA

NASA confirms identity". Retrieved 13
February 2017.
^ Bezos, Jeff (19 July 2013). "F-1 Engine Recovery - Updates".
^ "
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia". Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ "
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Moonship To Go On Tour". Retrieved August 27, 2017.
^ "LIFE: Up Close With Apollo 11". Life. Archived from the original on
May 21, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
^ "
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Onboard Audio". Apollo 40th Anniversary. NASA. Retrieved
June 14, 2013.
^ Garner, Robert (ed.). "
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos
(Downloads)". NASA. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
^ Riley, Christopher (July 20, 2010). "Sound restored to mission
control film shot during
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 moon landing". The Guardian.
London. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
^ "We Choose the Moon".
John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and
Museum. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved July
19, 2009.
^ "
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Crew Meets With President Obama". Image of the Day
Gallery. NASA. July 20, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
^ Zeleny, Jeff (July 21, 2009). "Obama Hails Apollo Crew From a Lens
of Childhood". The New York Times.
^ "Text of S.951 as Engrossed in Senate: New Frontier Congressional
Gold Medal Act – U.S. Congress – OpenCongress". OpenCongress.org.
Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved June 14,
2013.
^ "Text of H.R.2245 as Enrolled Bill: New Frontier Congressional Gold
Medal Act – U.S. Congress – OpenCongress". OpenCongress.org.
Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved June 14,
2013.
^ "
Moon

Moon landings: British scientists salute space heroes". The Daily
Telegraph. London. July 17, 2009. Archived from the original on March
8, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
This article incorporates public domain material from
websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
Bibliography
Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S., Jr. (1979).
Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft. NASA
History Series. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information
Branch, NASA. ISBN 978-0-486-46756-6. LCCN 79001042.
OCLC 4664449.
NASA

NASA SP-4205. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
Carmichael, Scott W. (2010).
Moon

Moon Men Return: USS Hornet and the
Recovery of the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Astronauts. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval
Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-110-5.
OCLC 562772897.
Chaikin, Andrew (1994). A Man on the Moon: The Triumphant Story Of The
Apollo Space Program. New York: Penguin Group.
ISBN 0-14-027201-1. OCLC 890357362.
Collins, Michael; Aldrin, Edwin E., Jr. (1975). "A Yellow Caution
Light". In Cortright, Edgar M. Apollo Expeditions to the Moon.
Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 1623434.
NASA

NASA SP-350. Retrieved June
13, 2013.
Collins, Michael (2001) [1974]. Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's
Journeys. Foreword by Charles Lindberg. New York: Cooper Square Press.
ISBN 0-8154-1028-X. LCCN 2001017080.
OCLC 45755963.
Cunningham, Walter (2010) [1977]. The All-American Boys.
ipicturebooks. ISBN 978-1-87696-324-8. OCLC 713908039.
Hansen, James R. (2005). First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong. New
York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5631-5.
LCCN 2005049992. OCLC 937302502.
Manned Spacecraft Center (November 1969).
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Mission Report
(PDF). Manned Spacecraft Center, Mission Evaluation Team. Houston,
Texas: NASA. OCLC 10970862. MSC-00171. Retrieved July 10,
2013.
Mindell, David A. (2008). Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in
Spaceflight. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
ISBN 978-0-262-13497-2. LCCN 2007032255.
OCLC 751829782.
Orloff, Richard W. (2000). Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical
Reference.
NASA

NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.:
NASA

NASA History
Division, Office of Policy and Plans. ISBN 0-16-050631-X.
LCCN 00061677. OCLC 829406439.
NASA

NASA SP-2000-4029. Retrieved
June 12, 2013.
Slayton, Donald K. "Deke"; Cassutt, Michael (1994). Deke! U.S. Manned
Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle. New York: Forge.
ISBN 0-312-85503-6. LCCN 94002463. OCLC 29845663.
Waligora, J.M.; Horrigan, D.J. (1975). "Chapter 4: Metabolism and Heat
Dissipation During Apollo EVA Periods". In Johnston, Richard S.;
Dietlein, Lawrence F.; Berry, Charles A. Biomedical Results of Apollo.
Foreword by
Christopher C. Kraft, Jr.

Christopher C. Kraft, Jr. Washington, D.C.: NASA. NASA
SP-368. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Further reading
Cappellari, J.O. Jr. (May–June 1972). Where on the Moon? An Apollo
Systems Engineering Problem. Bell System Technical Journal. 51. New
York: American Telephone and Telegraph Company. pp. 955–1127.
OCLC 17779623.
Barbour, John Andrews (1969). Footprints on the Moon. Writers and
editors of the Associated Press. Manuscript by John Barbour. New York.
Associated Press. OCLC 26341.
French, Francis; Burgess, Colin (2007). In the Shadow of the Moon: A
Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965–1969. Outward Odyssey: A
People's History of Spaceflight. Foreword by Walter Cunningham.
Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
ISBN 978-0-8032-1128-5.
Mailer, Norman (1970). Of a Fire on the Moon. Boston: Little, Brown.
ISBN 0-316-54411-6. OCLC 101602.
Rahman, Tahir (2008). We Came in Peace for All Mankind: The Untold
Story of the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Silicon Disc (1st ed.). Overland Park, Kansas:
Leathers Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58597-441-2.
For young readers
Aldrin, Buzz (2005). Reaching for the Moon. Paintings by Wendell Minor
(1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. 40 pages.
ISBN 0-06-055446-0.
Floca, Brian (2009). Moonshot: The Flight of Apollo 11. New York:
Atheneum Books for Young Readers. 48 pages.
ISBN 978-1-4169-5046-2.
Thimmesh, Catherine (2006). Team Moon: How 400,000 People Landed
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 on the Moon. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 80 pages.
ISBN 978-0-618-50757-3.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo 11.
"
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 transcripts" at Spacelog
"Magnificent Desolation: The
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Moonwalk Pictures" by Apollo
Lunar Surface Journal contributor Joseph O'Dea. Complete gallery of
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 EVA pictures.
"Apollo 11" Detailed mission information by Dr. David R. Williams,
NASA

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
"Apollo 11" Photographer Blaise Thirard's presentation of Apollo 11
photographs
Sylvester, Rachel; Coates, Sam. "Men on the Moon". The Times. London.
Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved May 24,
2013. Original reports from
The Times

The Times (London)
"Apollo 40th Anniversary". NASA. July 2009. Archived from the original
on July 18, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
NASA

NASA website honoring
the mission
"The untold story: how one small silicon disc delivered a giant
message to the Moon" at collectSPACE.com
"Apollo Anniversary:
Moon

Moon Landing 'Inspired World'" National
Geographic News, July 16, 2004 – 35th anniversary of Apollo 11;
Steven Dick, NASA's chief historian: "... a thousand years from
now, that step may be considered the crowning achievement of the 20th
century."
"Ten Things You Didn't Know About the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11
Moon

Moon Landing" by Craig
Nelson, Popular Mechanics, July 13, 2009
"Coverage of the Flight of
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 – (1969)" provided by Todd
Kosovich for RadioTapes.com. Radio station recordings (airchecks)
covering the flight of Apollo 11.
"Space Missions" at Buzz Aldrin's official website
NASA

NASA reports
"Apollo Program Summary Report".
NASA

NASA History Program Office. NASA.
April 1975. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006.
Retrieved September 23, 2006. – 200+ pages
Ertel, Ivan (1969–1978). The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology.
I–IV. Morse, M.L.; Bays, J.K.; Brooks, C.G.; Newkirk, R.W.
Washington, D.C.: NASA. LCCN 69060008. OCLC 23818. NASA
SP-4009. Retrieved September 23, 2006.
"
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Mission Report" (PDF). NASA. 1971. – 230 pages
"EP-72 Log of Apollo 11".
NASA

NASA History Program Office. NASA. Retrieved
January 16, 2006. – Timeline of the mission, from "One Giant
Leap for Mandkind," 2004.
Multimedia
"'To the
Moon

Moon and Back': LIFE Covers the
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Mission". Time.
Archived from the original on July 20, 2013. Retrieved July 20,
2013. – Life magazine
Special

Special Edition, August 11, 1969
"Apollo 11: Scenes From the Moon". Archived from the original on July
17, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2013. – slideshow by Life
magazine
Garner, Robert (ed.). "
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos
(Downloads)". NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013. – Remastered
videos of the original landing.
Jones, Eric M. Jones, ed. (1995). "
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal".
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved September 23,
2006. – Transcripts and audio clips of important parts of the
mission
Jones, Eric M.; Glover, Ken, eds. (1995–2009). "
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Image
Library".
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved September
23, 2006. – Hundreds of high-resolution images of the mission,
including assembled panoramas.
"Apollo Mission Traverse Maps". USGS. Archived from the original on
September 24, 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2006. – Several
maps showing routes of moonwalks
Google
Moon

Moon – with lunar landing sites tagged
Apollo Lunar Surface VR Panoramas at moonpans.com
Apollo Image Archive at Arizona State University
Apollo launch and mission videos at ApolloTV.net
Real-time audiovisual recreation of the lunar module landing with
audio feeds from the crew of
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 and Ground Control
The short film Moonwalk One is available for free download at the
Internet Archive
The short film The Eagle Has Landed: The Flight of
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 is
available for free download at the Internet Archive
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Restored EVA Part 1 (1h of restored footage)
v
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Moon

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v
t
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← 1968 · Orbital launches in 1969 ·
1970 →
Venera 5
.jpg/300px-The_Soviet_Union_1969_CPA_3820_stamp_(USSR_Emblems_Dropped_on_Venus,_Radiotelescope_and_Orbits).jpg)
Venera 5
Venera 6
.jpg/260px-The_Soviet_Union_1969_CPA_3821_stamp_(Space_Probe,_Space_Capsule_and_Orbits).jpg)
Venera 6 Kosmos 263
Soyuz 4

Soyuz 4
Soyuz 5

Soyuz 5 7K-L1 No.13L
OSO-5 OPS 7585 Kosmos 264 US-A No.5 Isis 1 Meteor-1 No.11
OPS 3890 · OPS 2644
Intelsat III F-3
Kosmos 265 OPS 0757
Luna E-8 No.201

Luna E-8 No.201 7K-L1S No.3
Mariner 6

Mariner 6 Kosmos 266
ESSA-9

ESSA-9
Kosmos 267
Apollo 9

Apollo 9 OPS 4248
Kosmos 268 Kosmos 269 Kosmos
270 Kosmos 271 Kosmos 272 OV1-17 · OV1-18 ·
OV1-19 · Orbiscal 2 OPS 3722 · OPS 2285 Kosmos 273
Kosmos 274 Meteor-1 No.12 2M No.521
Mariner 7

Mariner 7
Kosmos 275 2M
No.522 Kosmos 276
Kosmos 277 Kosmos 278 Molniya-1 No.16 OPS
3148 Nimbus 3 · SECOR 13 Kosmos 279 OPS 5310 Kosmos 280
OPS 1101 · OPS 1721 Kosmos 281
Apollo 10

Apollo 10 Kosmos 282
Intelsat III F-4 OPS 6909 · OPS 6911 · ERS-29 ·
ERS-26 · OV5-9
Kosmos 283 Kosmos 284
Kosmos 285 OPS
1077
OGO-6

OGO-6
Luna E-8-5 No.402

Luna E-8-5 No.402 Kosmos 286 Explorer 41 Kosmos
287 Kosmos 288
Biosatellite 3

Biosatellite 3 STV-2 7K-L1S No.5 Kosmos 289
Luna 15

Luna 15
Apollo 11

Apollo 11 Kosmos 290 Molniya-1 No.18 OPS 1127
DS-P1-Yu No.23 OPS 3654
Intelsat III F-5 OPS 8285
Kosmos 291
Zond 7

Zond 7 OSO-6 · PAC-1 ATS-5 Kosmos 292 Kosmos 293
Kosmos 294
Kosmos 295 OPS 7807 Pioneer E · ERS-32
Kosmos 296 Kosmos 297 Kosmos 298 Kosmos 299 Unnamed OPS
3531 · OPS 4710
Kosmos 300

Kosmos 300 Kosmos 301 OPS 7613 ·
NRL PL-161 · NRL PL-162 · NRL PL-163 · NRL
PL-164 · NRL PL-176 · Timation 2 · Tempsat
2 · SOICAL Cone · SOICAL Cylinder ESRO-1B Meteor-1
No.15
Soyuz 6

Soyuz 6
Soyuz 7

Soyuz 7
Soyuz 8

Soyuz 8 Interkosmos 1 Kosmos 302
Kosmos 303 Kosmos 304
Kosmos 305

Kosmos 305 Kosmos 306
Kosmos 307 OPS
8455
Kosmos 308 Azur Kosmos 309
Apollo 12

Apollo 12 Kosmos 310
Skynet 1A

Skynet 1A
Kosmos 311 Kosmos 312 7K-L1e No.1 Kosmos 313 OPS
6617
Kosmos 314 Kosmos 315 Kosmos 316 Kosmos 317 Interkosmos
2 Unnamed
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes (
). Manned flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch
failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other
spacecraft are denoted in brackets.
v
t
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NASA
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