Functions
In lipid transport, apolipoproteins function as Secondary structure, structural components of lipoprotein particles, ligands for cell-surface receptors and lipid transport proteins, and Cofactor (biochemistry), cofactors for enzymes (e.g. Apolipoprotein C2, apolipoprotein C-II for lipoprotein lipase and Apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA1) for Lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase). Different lipoproteins contain different classes of apolipoproteins, which influence their function. Apolipoprotein A1, Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA1) is the major structural protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), although it is present in other lipoproteins in smaller amounts. APOA4, Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA4) is present in chylomicrons, Very low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and HDL. It is thought to act primarily in reverse cholesterol transport and intestinal lipid absorption via chylomicron assembly and secretion. ApoA-IV synthesized in hypothalamus is suggested to be a satiating factor which regulate the food intake of the rodent. Apolipoprotein B plays a particularly important role in lipoprotein transport being the primary organizing protein of many lipoproteins. Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC3) plays an important role in lipid metabolism specific in regulating the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Apolipoprotein D (apoD) is a soluble carrier protein of lipophilic molecules in neurons and glial cells within the central and peripheral nervous system and apoD can also modulate the stability and oxidation status of these molecules. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in the transport and uptake of cholesterol by way of its high affinity interaction with lipoprotein receptors, including the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (biochemistry), receptor. ApoE is the major lipoprotein in the central nervous system. Recent findings with apoA1 and apoE suggest that the Protein tertiary structure, tertiary structures of these two members of the Homo sapiens, human exchangeable apolipoprotein gene family are related. The three-dimensional Cis-regulatory element, structure of the LDL receptor-binding Domain (biology), domain of apoE indicates that the protein forms an unusually elongated four-helix bundle that may be stabilised by a tightly packed hydrophobic core that includes leucine zipper-type interactions and by numerous Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular), salt bridges on the mostly charged surface. Base (chemistry), Basic amino acids important for LDL Receptor (biochemistry), receptor Binding (molecular), binding are clustered into a surface patch on one long helix. Apolipoprotein F (apoF) is one of the minor apolipoprotein in blood plasma and it is a lipid transfer inhibit protein to inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein-mediated transfers of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. Apolipoprotein M (apoM) participates in the lipid metabolism and exhibit anti‑atherosclerotic functions and it is presented in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).Classes
There are multiple classes of apolipoproteins and several sub-classes: * Apolipoprotein A (Apolipoprotein AI, Apo-AI, APOA2, Apo-A2, APOA4, Apo-A4, and APOA5, Apo-A5) * Apolipoprotein B (Apo-B48 and Apo B-100) * Apolipoprotein C (Apolipoprotein C-I, ApoC-I, apo APOC2, ApoC-II, apo Apolipoprotein C3, ApoC-III, and Apolipoprotein C4, ApoC-IV) * Apolipoprotein D * Apolipoprotein E * Apolipoprotein F * Apolipoprotein H – a misnomer * Apolipoprotein L * Apolipoprotein M * Apolipoprotein(a) Exchangeable apolipoproteins (apoA, apoC, and apoE) have the same Gene structure, genomic structure and are members of a multi-gene family that probably evolution, evolved from a common ancestral gene. Apo-AI and ApoA4 are part of the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster on chromosome 11. Hundreds of genetic Polymorphism (biology), polymorphisms of the apolipoproteins have been described, and many of them alter their structure and function.Evolution
The cluster of exchangeable apoliproteins is well conserved in vertebrates. The family diversified by duplication, with the ancestral gene most similar to ApoC1. Beyond vertebrates, proteins similar to the exchangeable ApoA/C/E and the nonexchangable Apo-B are found in a wide range of animals and choanoflagellates. This suggests that the ancestral animal already has both kinds of apolipoproteins. In arthropods in particular, diacylglycerol-carrying apolipoproteins are known as ''apolipophorins'', with the ApoA/C/E-like one known as apolipophorin III and the Apo-B like one known as apolipophorin I/II.Synthesis and regulation
Apolipoprotein synthesis in the intestine is regulated principally by the fat content of the diet. Apolipoprotein synthesis in the liver is controlled by a host of factors, including dietary composition, hormones (insulin, glucagon, thyroxin, estrogens, androgens), Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol intake, and various drugs (statins, Niacin (nutrient), niacin, and fibric acids). ApoB is an integral apoprotein whereas the others are peripheral apoproteins. Apolipoprotein synthesis such as ApoA4 in hypothalamus involves in the integration of signals for regulation of food intake which is regulated by vagal nerve and cholecystokinin.Disease
Apolipoprotein has been suggested to be implicated in several types of diseases and dysfunction. ApoC1 level increases in neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia patients which suggest it plays an important role in occurrence of these conditions. ApoC3 is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Accumulation of plasma TRLs caused by elevated apoC-III leading to hypertriglyceridaemia. ApoD level increases in nervous system with a large number of neurologic disorders inclusive of Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and stroke. ApoE has been implicated in dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Apo(a) is a component of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and elevated plasma Lp(a) level is a heritable, independent, and possibly causal risk factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). The cholesterol-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins are also participate in the pathogenesis of ASCVD.References
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