''Apium virus Y'' (ApVY) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus ''

Potyvirus ''Potyvirus'' is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family ''Potyviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. The genus is named after member virus ''potato virus Y''. Potyviruses account for about thirty percent of the currently known ...

'' and the virus family ''

Potyviridae ''Potyviridae'' is a family of positive-strand RNA viruses that encompasses more than 30% of known plant viruses, many of which are of great agricultural significance. The family has 12 genera and 235 species, three of which are unassigned to ...

''. Apium virus Y is a recently described member of the potyvirus family. It was first found in

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...

in 2002 in poison hemlock (''

Conium maculatum ''Conium maculatum'', colloquially known as hemlock, poison hemlock or wild hemlock, is a highly poisonous biennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, native to Europe and North Africa. A hardy plant capable of living ...

'': an immigrant weed in Australia). A survey of native and weed species in the family

Apiaceae Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus '' Apium'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plan ...

found ApVY to be widespread in Australia. In addition, this survey and others found two other potyviruses. One was a well-known potyvirus infecting the Apiaceae, ''

Celery mosaic virus Celery mosaic virus (CeMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus'' Potyvirus '' and the virus family '' Potyviridae ''. In California, mosaic diseases of celery (''Apium graveolens'') were reported as early as 1922. After some time, it beca ...

'' (CeMV). CeMV has been found in celery (''

Apium graveolens Celery (''Apium graveolens'') is a marshland plant in the family Apiaceae that has been cultivated as a vegetable since antiquity. Celery has a long fibrous stalk tapering into leaves. Depending on location and cultivar, either its stalks, lea ...

'') crops worldwide, including Australia, New Zealand and the US. The third potyvirus found in these surveys was another previously unknown potyvirus, '' Carrot virus Y'' (CarVY).

Geographic distribution

Since its sequence was first deposited in GenBank, ApVY has been found in

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island coun ...

,J. Tang, G. R. G. Clover, and B. J. R. Alexander 2007. First Report of ''Apium virus Y'' in Celery in New Zealand
Plant Disease 91: 1682
/ref>

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and ...

Washington state Washington (), officially the State of Washington, is a U.S. state, state in the Northwestern United States, Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. Named for George Washington—the first President of the United States, U.S. p ...

K. C. Eastwell, J. R. Glass, L. M. Seymour, and K. J. Druffel. 2008. First Report of Infection of Poison Hemlock and Celery by ''Apium virus'' Y in Washington Stat
Plant Disease 92: 1710
and

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...

in the United States, and

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...

. In New Zealand, it was found in celery in a mixed infection with CeMV. Two different strains of ApVY were found in Washington state, one in domestic celery crops and other in the weed

poison hemlock ''Conium maculatum'', colloquially known as hemlock, poison hemlock or wild hemlock, is a highly poisonous biennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, native to Europe and North Africa. A hardy plant capable of living in ...

. The one in celery was 98% identical to the Australian nucleotide sequences. The one found in naturally infected poison hemlock was only 91% identical to the sequences from Australia. The later turned out to be 98% identical to the North American isolates found in Florida and California. In turn, the Florida isolate was 90-91% identical to the Australian isolates. A third strain of this virus has been known in Germany since the early 1990s. Sequences of this virus isolated from parsley ('' Petroselinum crispum'') were 94% identical to the Australian isolate from parsley. ApVY was recently also found in Balıkesir province of Turkey, and might be distributed widely there as all 10 symptomatic parsley samples were tested positive using RT-PCR detection method. The study also successfully generated a new pair of primer for amplification of 1066 bp of ApVY genome, including the complete coat protein (CP) gene. Three of the four sequenced Turkish isolates shared a common ancestor with two Slovenian isolates which placed them in the same phylogenetic group, while another one was grouped with five USA isolates.

Host range and symptoms

In addition to cultivated celery and parsley, and the weed poison hemlock, natural ApVY infections have been identified in sea celery (''

Apium prostratum ''Apium prostratum'', commonly known as sea celery, is a variable herb native to coastal Australia and New Zealand. The leaves are variable, with toothed leaflets, and a celery like aroma. The tiny white flowers occur in clusters. There are tw ...

''), cilantro (''

Coriandrum sativum Coriander (;

''), and bishop's weed (''

Ammi majus ''Ammi majus'', commonly called bishop's flower, false bishop's weed, laceflower, bullwort, etc., is a member of the carrot family Apiaceae. The plant, which has white lace-like flower clusters, has a large distribution through Southern Europe ...

''). It has been found to be transmitted by

aphid Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A t ...

to celeriac (celery root, ''Apium graveolens'' var. ''rapaceum'') cultivars in California. All are members of the plant family ''

''. In another host range study, the virus causes local lesions and other symptoms on '' Chenopodium quinoa'', '' Blitum capitatum'', and ''

Beta Beta (, ; uppercase , lowercase , or cursive ; grc, βῆτα, bē̂ta or ell, βήτα, víta) is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. In Modern Greek, it represents the voiced labiod ...

macrocarpa'' which belong to ''

Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus ''Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making i ...

''. Symptoms reported included mosaic, vein clearing or banding, necrotic/chlorotic line patterns and stunting. Some samples of parsley, celery and poison hemlock, that gave positive results in tests, however, were asymptomatic.

References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apium Virus Y Potyviruses Viral plant pathogens and diseases