''Antillocladius'' is a genus of

midges A midge is any small fly, including species in several families of non-mosquito Nematoceran Diptera. Midges are found (seasonally or otherwise) on practically every land area outside permanently arid deserts and the frigid zones. Some midg ...

belonging to the family

Chironomidae The Chironomidae (informally known as chironomids, nonbiting midges, or lake flies) comprise a family of nematoceran flies with a global distribution. They are closely related to the Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae. Many specie ...

, subfamily

Orthocladiinae Orthocladiinae is a subfamily of midges in the non-biting midge family (Chironomidae). For lack of a better common name, they are simply referred to as orthoclads. Genera *'' Aagaardia'' Sæther, 1985 *'' Abiskomyia'' Edwards, 1937 *'' Ac ...

. The name ''Antillocladius'' means orthoclad (subfamily Orthocladiinae) that occurs in the

Antilles The Antilles (; gcf, label=Antillean Creole, Antiy; es, Antillas; french: Antilles; nl, Antillen; ht, Antiy; pap, Antias; Jamaican Patois: ''Antiliiz'') is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mex ...

, where it was primarily recorded.

Distribution

The genus ''Antillocladius'' is distributed in the

Nearctic The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America ...

Neotropical The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

Palaearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...

(East

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...

) and Indomalayan realms. The genus was erected by Sæther (1981) based on ''A. antecalvus'' Sæther, 1981, from the

British West Indies The British West Indies (BWI) were colonized British territories in the West Indies: Anguilla, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grena ...

: Saint Vincent and Saint Lucia. Subsequently, Sæther (1982) described two new species from the southeastern United States ('' Antillocladius arcuatus'' and '' Antillocladius pluspilalus'') and emended the genus. Wang and Sæther (1993) described two additional new species from Palaearctic and Oriental China. Andersen and Contreras-Ramos (1999) described the first species from Continental

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...

(

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...

). The genus was revised by Mendes, Andersen & Sæther (2004), with the addition of nine species, plus two Japanese species transferred to the genus (Yamamoto, 2004). Recently the genus was revised by Mendes & Andersen (2008) with the addition of 7 new species from Brazil and a new combination of a species from India. The genus thus comprises:

Species

:*'' A. anandae'' Mendes, Andersen & Hagenlund, 2011 - recorded from

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

:*'' A. antecalvus'' Sæther, 1981 - recorded from Saint Vincent,

and

Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...

:*'' A. arcuatus'' Sæther, 1982 - recorded from United States,

, Mexico and

:*'' A. atalaia'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. axitiosus'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. biota'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

:*'' A. brazuca'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. calakmulensis'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from Mexico :*'' A. campususp'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. folius'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

:*'' A. gephyrus'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. herradurus'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from Mexico :*'' A. itatiaia'' Mendes, Andersen & Hagenlund, 2011 - recorded from

:*'' A. laviejae'' Ospina-Torres, Jaime-Murcia & Mey, 2018 - recorded from Colombia :*'' A. musci'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

:*'' A. plicatus'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. pluspilalus'' Sæther, 1982 - recorded from United States,

, Mexico and

Nicaragua Nicaragua (; ), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (), is the largest country in Central America, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the countr ...

:*'' A. scalpellatus'' Wang & Sæther, 1993 - recorded from China and Russia :*'' A. skartveiti'' Andersen & Contreras-Ramos, 1999 - recorded from

:*'' A. sooretama'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

:*'' A. subnubilus'' (Sinharay & Chaudhuri, 1979) - recorded from India :*'' A. tokarameneus'' (Sasa & Suzuki, 1995) - recorded from Japan :*'' A. ubatuba'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

:*'' A. ultimus'' Mendes & Andersen, 2008 - recorded from

:*'' A. venequatoriensis'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from

and

:*'' A. yakyijeus'' (Sasa & Suzuki, 2000) - recorded from Japan :*'' A. zempoalensis'' Mendes, Andersen & Sæther, 2004 - recorded from Mexico :*'' A. zhengi'' Wang & Sæther, 1993 - recorded from China and

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

Characteristics

The species are based on male

genitalia A sex organ (or reproductive organ) is any part of an animal or plant that is involved in sexual reproduction. The reproductive organs together constitute the reproductive system. In animals, the testis in the male, and the ovary in the female, a ...

characters and only two females are described, ''A. musci'' and ''A. antecalvus''. The

pupa A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in thei ...

e are known of only four species, ''A. antecalvus'', ''A. folius'', ''A. musci'' and ''A. pluspilalus''. The

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ...

e are known of only three species, ''A. folius'', ''A. musci'' and ''A. pluspilalus''. The immatures of the genus are described from terrestrial and semi-terrestrial habitats, sharing the environment with many other genera in the subfamily Orthocladiinae.

Bibliography

*Andersen, T. & Contreras-Ramos, A. (1999) First record of ''Antillocladius'' Sæther from Continental South America (Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). ''

Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae ''Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae'' is a peer-reviewed, open access scientific journal no-publication fee, publishing original research studies in the fields of animal taxonomy, systematics, biogeography, and ecology. It was estab ...

'' 45, 149–154. *Coffman, W.P., Cranston, P.S., Oliver, D.R. & Sæther, O.A. (1986) The pupae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.) Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 2. Pupae. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement, 28, 147–298. *Cranston, P.S., Oliver, D.R. & Sæther, O.A. (1983) The larvae of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.) Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement 19, 149–291. *Cranston, P.S., Oliver, D.R. & Sæther, O.A. (1989) The adult males of Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult males. Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement 34, 165–352. *Mendes, H.F. & Andersen, T. (2008) A review of ''Antillocladius'' Sæther, 1981 and ''Litocladius'' Mendes, Andersen et Sæther, with the description of two new Neotropical genera (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa 1887, 1–75.http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01887p075.pdf *Mendes, H.F., Andersen, T. & Hagenlund, L.K. (2011). New species and records of ''Antillocladius'' Sæther and ''Litocladius'' Mendes, Andersen ''et'' Sæther from Brazil and Costa Rica (Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa 2915, 39-51. *Mendes, H.F., Andersen, T. & Sæther, O.A. (2004) A review of ''Antillocladius'' Sæther, 1981; ''Compterosmittia'' Sæther, 1981 and ''Litocladius'' new genus (Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). Zootaxa 594, 1–82. *Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1995) The chironomid species collected on the Tokara Islands, Kagoshima (Diptera). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 46, 255-288. *Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (2000) Studies on the Chironomid Midges Collected on Yakushima Island, Southwestern Japan. Tropical Medicine 42, 53-134. *Sæther, O.A. (1981) Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae: Diptera) from the British West Indies with descriptions of ''Antillocladius'' n. gen., ''Lipurometriocmemus'' n. gen., ''Compterosmittia'' n. gen. and ''Diplosmittia'' n. gen. – Entomologica scandinavica, Supplement,16, 1-46. *Sæther, O.A. (1982) Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from SE U.S.A., with descriptions of ''Plhudsonia'', ''Unniella'' and ''Platysmittia'' n. genera and ''Atelopodella'' n. subgen. Entomologica scandinavica 13, 465–510. *Sæther, O.A. (1984) The immatures of ''Antillocladius'' Sæther, 1981 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects 6, 1–6. *Spies, M. & Reiss, F. (1996) Catalog and bibliography of Neotropical and Mexican Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana, Supplement 22, 61–119. *Tiunova, T.M., Teslenko, V.A., Arefina, T.I., Makarchenko, M.A. & Zorina, O.V. (2003) Fauna of aquatic insects in Barabashevka River basin (Southern Primorye). In: Vladimir Ya. Levanidov's Biennial Memorial Meetings, vol 2. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 61–69. n Russian *Wang, X. (2000) A revised checklist of chironomids from China (Diptera). In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.) Late 20th Century Research on Chironomide: An Anthology from the 13th International Symposium on Chironomidae. Freiburg, 5–9 September 1997. Aachen,

Shaker Verlag Shaker Verlag is a German publishing house located in Düren and Maastricht, established in 1986 by Dr. Chaled Shaker. Shaker Verlag is a publisher of scientific literature, especially monographs and dissertations. More than 20,000 booksShaker V ...

, 629–652. *Wang, X. & Sæther, O.A. (1993) First Palaearctic and Oriental records of the orthoclad genus ''Antillocladius'' Sæther (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica scandinavica 24, 227–230. *Yamamoto, M. (2004) A catalog of Japanese

(Diptera: Chironomidae). Makunagi/ Acta Dipterologica 21, 1-121.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q4774900 Chironomidae