Annuity (finance theory)

TheInfoList

An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals.Kellison, Stephen G. (1970). ''The Theory of Interest''. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. p. 45 Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a
savings account A savings account is a bank account A bank account is a financial account maintained by a bank or other financial institution in which the financial transaction A financial transaction is an Contract, agreement, or communication, carried ...
, monthly
home mortgage A mortgage loan or simply mortgage () is a loan In finance, a loan is the lending of money by one or more individuals, organizations, or other entities to other individuals, organizations etc. The recipient (i.e., the borrower) incurs a ...
payments, monthly
insurance Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management Risk management is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risk In simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening. ...

payments and
pension A pension (, from Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language A classical language is a language A language is a structured system of communication Communication (from Latin ''communicare'', meaning "to share" or "to be ...

payments. Annuities can be classified by the frequency of payment dates. The payments (deposits) may be made weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, or at any other regular interval of time. Annuities may be calculated by
mathematical functions Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as quantity Quantity is a property that can exist as a multitude or magnitude, which illustrate discontinuity and continuity. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more", " ...
known as "annuity functions". An annuity which provides for payments for the remainder of a person's lifetime is a
life annuity A life annuity is an annuity An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals.Kellison, Stephen G. (1970). ''The Theory of Interest''. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. p. 45 Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a sav ...
.

# Types

Annuities may be classified in several ways.

## Timing of payments

Payments of an ''annuity-immediate'' are made at the end of payment periods, so that interest accrues between the issue of the annuity and the first payment. Payments of an ''annuity-due'' are made at the beginning of payment periods, so a payment is made immediately on issueter.

## Contingency of payments

Annuities that provide payments that will be paid over a period known in advance are ''annuities certain'' or ''guaranteed annuities.'' Annuities paid only under certain circumstances are ''contingent annuities''. A common example is a
life annuity A life annuity is an annuity An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals.Kellison, Stephen G. (1970). ''The Theory of Interest''. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. p. 45 Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a sav ...
, which is paid over the remaining lifetime of the annuitant. ''Certain and life annuities'' are guaranteed to be paid for a number of years and then become contingent on the annuitant being alive.

## Variability of payments

*Fixed annuities – These are annuities with fixed payments. If provided by an insurance company, the company guarantees a fixed return on the initial investment. Fixed annuities are not regulated by the
Securities and Exchange Commission The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a large independent agency of the United States federal government, created in the aftermath of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Cras ...
. *Variable annuities – Registered products that are regulated by the SEC in the United States of America. They allow direct investment into various funds that are specially created for Variable annuities. Typically, the insurance company guarantees a certain death benefit or lifetime withdrawal benefits. * Equity-indexed annuities – Annuities with payments linked to an index. Typically, the minimum payment will be 0% and the maximum will be predetermined. The performance of an index determines whether the minimum, the maximum or something in between is credited to the customer.

## Deferral of payments

An annuity that begins payments only after a period is a ''deferred annuity'' (usually after retirement). An annuity that begins payments as soon as the customer has paid, without a deferral period is an ''immediate annuity''.

# Valuation

Valuation of an annuity entails calculation of the
present value In economics Economics () is a social science Social science is the Branches of science, branch of science devoted to the study of society, societies and the Social relation, relationships among individuals within those societies. ...
of the future annuity payments. The valuation of an annuity entails concepts such as
time value of money The time value of money is the widely accepted conjecture that there is greater benefit to receiving a sum of money Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts, ...
,
interest rate An interest rate is the amount of interest In and , interest is payment from a or deposit-taking financial institution to a or depositor of an amount above repayment of the (that is, the amount borrowed), at a particular rate. It is disti ...
, and
future value Future value is the value Value or values may refer to: * Value (ethics) In ethics Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about Metap ...
..

## Annuity-certain

If the number of payments is known in advance, the annuity is an ''annuity certain'' or ''guaranteed annuity''. Valuation of annuities certain may be calculated using formulas depending on the timing of payments.

### Annuity-immediate

If the payments are made at the end of the time periods, so that interest is accumulated before the payment, the annuity is called an ''annuity-immediate'', or ''ordinary annuity''. Mortgage payments are annuity-immediate, interest is earned before being paid.
The ''present value'' of an annuity is the value of a stream of payments, discounted by the interest rate to account for the fact that payments are being made at various moments in the future. The present value is given in
actuarial notation Actuarial notation is a shorthand method to allow Actuary, actuaries to record mathematical formulas that deal with Interest, interest rates and life tables. Traditional notation uses a halo system where symbols are placed as superscript or subscr ...
by: :$a_ = \frac,$ where $n$ is the number of terms and $i$ is the per period interest rate. Present value is linear in the amount of payments, therefore the present value for payments, or ''rent'' $R$ is: :$\text\left(i,n,R\right) = R \times a_.$ In practice, often loans are stated per annum while interest is compounded and payments are made monthly. In this case, the interest $I$ is stated as a
nominal interest rateIn finance and economics, the nominal interest rate or nominal rate of interest is either of two distinct things: # the rate of interest In finance Finance is the study of financial institutions, financial markets and how they operate within ...

### Perpetuity

A ''perpetuity'' is an annuity for which the payments continue forever. Observe that :$\lim_ \text\left(i,n,R\right) = \lim_ R \times a_ = \lim_ R \times \frac = \,\frac.$ Therefore a
perpetuity A perpetuity is an annuity An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals.Kellison, Stephen G. (1970). ''The Theory of Interest''. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. p. 45 Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a savings ...
has a finite present value when there is a non-zero discount rate. The formulae for a perpetuity are :$a_ = \frac \text \ddot_ = \frac,$ where $i$ is the interest rate and $d=\frac$ is the effective discount rate.

## Life annuities

Valuation of life annuities may be performed by calculating the
actuarial present valueThe actuarial present value (APV) is the expected value In probability theory, the expected value of a random variable X, denoted \operatorname(X) or \operatorname is a generalization of the weighted average, and is intuitively the arithmetic me ...
of the future life contingent payments.
Life table In actuarial science 2003 US mortality ( life) table, Table 1, Page 1 Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical Mathematics (from Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece Greece ( ...
s are used to calculate the
probability Probability is the branch of mathematics Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as numbers (arithmetic and number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and spaces in which they are contained ...

that the annuitant lives to each future payment period. Valuation of life annuities also depends on the timing of payments just as with annuities certain, however life annuities may not be calculated with similar formulas because actuarial present value accounts for the probability of death at each age.

# Amortization calculations

If an annuity is for repaying a debt ''P'' with interest, the amount owed after ''n'' payments is :$\frac- \left(1+i\right)^n \left\left( \frac - P \right\right).$ Because the scheme is equivalent with borrowing the amount $\frac$ to create a perpetuity with coupon $R$, and putting $\frac-P$ of that borrowed amount in the bank to grow with interest $i$. Also, this can be thought of as the present value of the remaining payments : See also
fixed rate mortgage A fixed-rate mortgage (FRM) is a mortgage loan A mortgage loan or simply mortgage () is a loan In finance, a loan is the lending of money by one or more individuals, organizations, or other entities to other individuals, organizations et ...
.

# Example calculations

Formula for finding the periodic payment ''R'', given ''A'': : $R = \frac A$ Examples: # Find the periodic payment of an annuity due of $70,000, payable annually for 3 years at 15% compounded annually. #* ''R'' = 70,000/(1+〖(1-(1+((.15)/1) )〗^(-(3-1))/((.15)/1)) #* R = 70,000/2.625708885 #* R =$26659.46724 Find PVOA factor as. 1) find ''r'' as, (1 ÷ 1.15)= 0.8695652174 2) find ''r'' × (''r''''n'' − 1) ÷ (''r'' − 1) 08695652174 × (−0.3424837676)÷ (−1304347826) = 2.2832251175 70000÷ 2.2832251175= $30658.3873 is the correct value # Find the periodic payment of an annuity due of$250,700, payable quarterly for 8 years at 5% compounded quarterly. #* R= 250,700/(1+〖(1-(1+((.05)/4) )〗^(-(32-1))/((.05)/4)) #* R = 250,700/26.5692901 #* R = $9,435.71 Finding the Periodic Payment(R), Given S: R = S\,/((〖((1+(j/m) )〗^(n+1)-1)/(j/m)-1) Examples: # Find the periodic payment of an accumulated value of$55,000, payable monthly for 3 years at 15% compounded monthly. #* R=55,000/((〖((1+((.15)/12) )〗^(36+1)-1)/((.15)/12)-1) #* R = 55,000/45.67944932 #* R = $1,204.04 # Find the periodic payment of an accumulated value of$1,600,000, payable annually for 3 years at 9% compounded annually. #* R=1,600,000/((〖((1+((.09)/1) )〗^(3+1)-1)/((.09)/1)-1) #* R = 1,600,000/3.573129 #* R = \$447,786.80

# Legal regimes

*
Annuities under American law In the United States, an annuity is a Structured product, structured (Insurance policy, insurance) product that each U.S. state, state approves and regulates. It is designed using a mortality table and mainly guaranteed by a life insurer. There ...
*
Annuities under European law Under European Union law European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union. Since the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community following World War II, the EU has developed the aim to "pr ...
*
Annuities under Swiss law A Swiss annuity simply refers to a fixed or variable annuity (finance theory), annuity marketed from Switzerland or issued by a Swiss based life insurance company but has no legal definition. Insurance brokers promoting annuity contracts issued by ...

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Amortization calculator An amortization calculator is used to determine the periodic payment amount due on a loan In finance Finance is the study of financial institutions, financial markets and how they operate within the financial system. It is concerned wi ...
*
Fixed rate mortgage A fixed-rate mortgage (FRM) is a mortgage loan A mortgage loan or simply mortgage () is a loan used either by purchasers of real property to raise funds to buy real estate, or by existing property owners to raise funds for any purpose while p ...
*
Life annuity A life annuity is an annuity An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals.Kellison, Stephen G. (1970). ''The Theory of Interest''. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. p. 45 Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a sav ...
*
Perpetuity A perpetuity is an annuity An annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals.Kellison, Stephen G. (1970). ''The Theory of Interest''. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. p. 45 Examples of annuities are regular deposits to a savings ...
*
Time value of money The time value of money is the widely accepted conjecture that there is greater benefit to receiving a sum of money Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts, ...

# References

* * {{DEFAULTSORT:Annuity (Finance Theory) Finance theories