And/or

And/or (sometimes written and or) is an English grammatical conjunction used to indicate that ''one or more'' (or even all) of the cases it connects may occur. It is used as an inclusive ''or'' (as in logic and mathematics), because saying "or''"'' in spoken language (or writing "or") might be inclusive or exclusive.

The construction has been used in official, legal and business documents since the mid-19th century, and evidence of broader use appears in the 20th century. It has been criticized as both ugly in style and ambiguous in legal documents. Many style guides recommend against it.

Alternatives

Two alternatives have been proposed. The first is to (for just two items) replace and/or with "''x'' or ''y'' or both." The second is to simply choose which of ''and'' or ''or'' to use.

Mutual exclusivity

The word ''or'' does not entail mutual exclusivity by itself. The word ''either'' can be used to convey mutual exclusivity. "When using ''either'' as a conjunction, t can be appliedto more than two elements in a series." Thus,

appropriately indicates that the choices are mutually exclusive. If the function of ''or'' is clear from the context, it is not necessary to use ''either'' as a conjunction:

Criticism

References on English usage strongly criticize the phrase as "ugly" and " Janus-faced". William Strunk, Jr., and E.B. White, in their classic ''The Elements of Style'', say ''and/or'' is "A device, or shortcut, that damages a sentence and often leads to confusion or ambiguity". Roy H. Copperud, in ''A Dictionary of Usage and Style'', says that the phrase is "Objectionable to many, who regard it as a legalism".

Legal criticism

The phrase has come under criticism in both American and British courts. Judges have called it a "freakish fad", an "accuracy-destroying symbol", and "meaningless". In a Wisconsin Supreme Court opinion from 1935, Justice Fowler referred to it as "that befuddling, nameless thing, that Janus-faced verbal monstrosity, neither word nor phrase, the child of a brain of someone too lazy or too dull to know what he did mean". The Kentucky Supreme Court has said it was a "much-condemned conjunctive-disjunctive crutch of sloppy thinkers". Finally, the Florida Supreme Court has denounced the use of "and/or", stating

...we take our position with that distinguished company of lawyers who have condemned its use. It is one of those inexcusable barbarisms which were sired by indolence and damned by indifference, and has no more place in legal terminology than the vernacular of Uncle Remus has in Holy Writ. I am unable to divine how such senseless jargon becomes current. The coiner of it certainly had no appreciation for terse and concise law English.

Other authorities point out that it is usually quite unambiguous and can be the most efficient way to indicate the inclusive ''or'' in some contexts. Kenneth Adams, lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, and Alan Kaye, professor of linguistics at California State University, write, "It does, after all, have a specific meaning—''X and/or Y'' means ''X or Y or both''." However, the authors state that it should not be used in language of obligation.

The legal usage authority Bryan A. Garner stated that use of the term is particularly harmful in legal writing because a bad-faith reader of a contract can pick whichever suits them, the ''and'' or the ''or.'' Courts called on to interpret it have applied a wide variety of standards, with little agreement. Cited works include David Mellinkoff, ''The Language of the Law'' (Little Brown 1963) and Larry Solan, ''The Language of Judges'' (Chicago 1993).

See also

*Logical conjunction and disjunction
* Comprised of
*Etc.
* ...
* He/she

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:And or
English phrases
English grammar