Alioramus

''Alioramus'' (; meaning 'different branch') is a genus of tyrannosaurid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period of Asia. It currently contains two species. The type species, ''A. remotus'' is known from a partial skull and three foot bones recovered from the Mongolian Nemegt Formation, which was deposited in a humid floodplain about 70 million years ago. These remains were named and described by Soviet paleontologist Sergei Kurzanov in 1976. A second species, ''A. altai'', known from a much more complete skeleton also from the Nemegt Formation, was named and described by Stephen L. Brusatte and colleagues in 2009. Its relationships to other tyrannosaurid genera were at first unclear, with some evidence supporting a hypothesis that ''Alioramus'' was closely related to the contemporary species '' Tarbosaurus bataar''. However, the discovery of '' Qianzhousaurus'' indicates that it belongs to a distinct branch of tyrannosaurs, namely the tribe Alioramini.

''Alioramus'' were bipedal like all known theropods, and their sharp teeth indicate that they were carnivores. Known specimens were smaller than other tyrannosaurids like ''Tarbosaurus bataar'' and ''Tyrannosaurus rex'', but their adult size is difficult to estimate since both ''Alioramus'' species are known only from juvenile or sub-adult remains. The genus ''Alioramus'' is characterized by a row of five bony crests along the top of the snout, a greater number of teeth than any other genus of tyrannosaurid, and a lower skull than most other tyrannosaurids.

History of discovery

The holotype (PIN 3141/1) of ''Alioramus'' is a partial skull associated with three metatarsals. A joint Soviet-Mongolian expedition to the Gobi Desert in the early 1970s found these remains at a locality known as Nogon-Tsav in the Mongolian province of Bayankhongor, Nemegt Formation. ''Alioramus'' was named and described by Russian paleontologist Sergei Kurzanov in 1976. Its crests and low skull profile looked so different from other tyrannosaurids that Kurzanov believed his find was far removed from other members of the family. Accordingly, he gave it the generic name ''Alioramus'', derived from the Latin ''alius'' ('other') and ''ramus'' ('branch'), and the specific name ''A. remotus'', which means 'removed' in Latin. A second species, ''A. altai'', was discovered back in 2009 at the Tsagan Khushu locality also from the Nemegt Formation. However, several faunal differences may suggest that the respective locations of ''A. remotus'' and ''A. altai'' differ in age. The holotype IGM 100/1844 is a partial skeleton that includes a very complete skull—more so than ''A. remotus''—with partial vertebrae, pelvic girdle and hindlimbs. The name for this species, ''altai'', is in reference to the Altai Mountains.

Description

''Alioramus remotus'' was estimated at in length when originally described by Sergei Kurzanov in 1976. In 1988 Paul gave a similar length of and a weight of . In 2016 Molina-Pérez and Larramendi estimated ''A. remotus'' at and , and ''A. altai'' at and . Kurzanov, however, did not correct for lengthening of the skull by deformation during fossilization, which may indicate a shorter overall body length for this individual. If this specimen is a juvenile, then adult ''Alioramus'' would have reached greater lengths, but no confirmed adult specimens are known.

Skull

The skull of ''A. remotus'' was approximately long. In general, it is long and low, a shape typical of more basal tyrannosauroids and juveniles of larger tyrannosaurids. The premaxillary bones at the tip of the snout in ''Alioramus remotus'' have not been found, but are taller than wide in all tyrannosauroids for which they are known. The nasal bones are fused and ornamented with a row of five irregular bony crests that protrude upwards from the midline, where the nasal bones are sutured together. These crests all measure more than tall.

At the back of the skull there is a protrusion, called the ''nuchal crest'', arising from the fused parietal bones, a feature shared with all tyrannosaurids. In ''Alioramus'', the nuchal crest is greatly thickened, similarly to ''Tarbosaurus'' and ''Tyrannosaurus''. Like the rest of the skull, the lower jaw of ''Alioramus'' was long and slender, another possible juvenile characteristic. As in ''Tarbosaurus'', a ridge on the outer surface of the angular bone of the lower jaw articulated with the rear of the dentary bone, locking the two bones together and removing much of the flexibility seen in other tyrannosaurids. Other tyrannosaurids had four premaxillary teeth, ''D''-shaped in cross section, on each side. Including 16 or 17 in each maxilla, and 18 in each dentary, ''Alioramus'' had 76 or 78 teeth, more than any other tyrannosaurid. The braincase of ''A. altai'' was intermediate between the basal theropod and avialan conditions.

Postcranial skeleton

The rest of the skeleton of ''Alioramus remotus'' is completely unknown except for three metatarsals (bones of the upper foot), but the discovery of ''A. altai'', which is known from substantially more complete remains, has shed light on the anatomy of the genus.

Classification

Paleontologists have long classified ''Alioramus'' within the superfamily Tyrannosauroidea, but because its remains were for many years poorly known, a more precise classification had remained elusive until the discovery of ''A. altai''. A cladistic analysis published in 2003 found ''Alioramus'' could be further classified into the family Tyrannosauridae and the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae, alongside ''Tyrannosaurus'', ''Tarbosaurus'' and '' Daspletosaurus''. A 2004 study supported this result but suggested it was equally probable that ''Alioramus'' belonged outside the family Tyrannosauridae entirely, with its supposed juvenile characters actually reflecting a more basal position within Tyrannosauroidea. Another study omitted ''Alioramus'' altogether due to the only specimen's fragmentary nature. The description of ''A. altai'' in 2009 confirmed the placement of the genus within the Tyrannosaurinae.

''Tarbosaurus'' and ''Alioramus'' shared several skull features, including a locking mechanism in the lower jaw between the dentary and angular bones, and both lacked the prong of the nasal bones which connected to the lacrimal bones in all other tyrannosaurids except adult ''Daspletosaurus''. The two genera may be closely related, representing an Asian branch of the Tyrannosauridae. Some specimens of ''Tarbosaurus'' have a row of bumps on the nasal bones like those of ''Alioramus'', although much lower. The long and low shape of the only known ''Alioramus remotus'' skull indicated that it was immature when it died and might even have been a juvenile ''Tarbosaurus'', which lived in the same time and place. The more prominent nasal crests and much higher tooth count of ''Alioramus'', however, suggested it was a separate taxon, even if it is known only from juvenile remains, confirmed by the discovery of ''A. altai''. Specimens identified as immature ''Tarbosaurus'' have the same tooth count as adults.

The description of ''Qianzhousaurus'' in 2014 erected a new branch of the tyrannosaur family named Alioramini; consisting of the long-snouted ''Q. sinensis'' and the two known species of ''Alioramus''. This clade had an uncertain placement relative to other members of the tyrannosaur branch in the initial analysis that discovered it. The primary phylogenetic analysis found Alioramini to be closer to Tyrannosaurus than to ''Albertosaurus'', and therefore a member of the group Tyrannosaurinae. However, a second analysis in the same paper found it to be located outside of the clade including Albertosaurinae and Tyrannosaurinae, and therefore the sister group of Tyrannosauridae. Below is the first analysis found by the authors:

Paleobiology

Feeding

Brusatte and colleagues in 2009 indicated that ''Alioramus'' lacks many of the robust and brute skull traits (such as a deep maxilla, robust lower jaws, or peg-like teeth) that are necessary to employ a "puncture-pull" feeding characteristic of large tyrannosaurids. They suggested that ''Alioramus'' may have exploited a different feeding style, such as focusing small-sized prey. This would also suggest that both ''Alioramus'' and ''Tarbosaurus''—whose remains have also been collected at the Tsagan Khushu locality, making them sympatric—used different feeding strategies, avoiding competition.

Foster with team in 2022 hypothesized that due to their slim and gracile build, Alioramin genera may have been hunters of small, particularly fast and nimble prey, which would have allowed alioramins to avoid competition with larger tyrannosaurs that specialized in killing larger animals. The long and delicate snouts of alioramins like ''Alioramus'' and ''Qianzhousaurus'' may have also prevented them from killing the same prey species that juvenile and adult tyrannosaurids of tyrannosaurids like ''Tarbosaurus'' hunted, though these larger tyrannosaurs themselves may have hunted alioramins as prey on occasion. Alioramins may also have had a different feeding strategy than other tyrannosaurids, as their jaws seem to have been weaker than those of the larger genera, and even juveniles of larger species have proportionately higher bite forces than alioramins of equivalent size. Furthermore, Alioramins seemingly remained confined to Asia, suggesting some factor prevented them from colonizing the better-sampled fossil deposits from North America. Why this may be remains a mystery until more evidence is discovered.

Ontogeny

Histological analyses performed on the holotype of ''A. altai'' (IGM 100/1844) by Brusatte and colleagues in 2009 determined that this individual had an internal bone structure corresponding to a nine year-old and actively growing ''Tyrannosaurus''. The team however, noted that in terms of body size this individual is closer to a seven/eight year-old ''Albertosaurus'' or ''Gorgosaurus'', and a five/six year-old ''Daspletosaurus'' or ''Tyrannosaurus'', which may suggest that ''Alioramus'' attained a comparably smaller adult size. Lastly, Brusatte and team argued against the skull shape and cranial ornamentation of ''Alioramus'' being juvenile traits, given that: IGM 100/1844 is smaller and slender than comparably aged ''Tyrannosaurus'' and has a longer snout than any known juvenile of large tyrannosaurids (''Albertosaurus'' or ''Tarbosaurus''); and several well-documented ontogenic (growth) series of other dinosaurs evidence that ornamentation increases throughout growth. The latter may suggest that adult ''Alioramus'' possessed a rather elaborate cranial ornamentation.

Examinations of '' Qianzhousaurus'' and its comparisons with both species of ''Alioramus'' published in 2022 suggests that both Alioramus species are known from juvenile specimens in different growth stages, and that ''Qianzhousaurus'' represents an adult example of the alioramini. The examinations also suggest that the variation seen between the various species is consistent with the growth trends seen in other tyrannosaurid genera, though specimens that could constitute a full growth series from infant to adult for each species have not been recovered for any of these tyrannosaurs. One part of the growth series across all specimens in this study was discovered to remain unique to alioramin tyrannosaurs; the rugose process of the jugal starts small and conical in early life, but becomes massive and indistinct as the animals grow. This same study also suggests Alioramins did not undergo a secondary metamorphosis from slender juveniles to robust adults like other tyrannosaurs such as ''Tarbosaurus'' and ''Tyrannosaurus'' did, but maintained a unique physiology better suited to pursuit of fast, small prey.

Paleoenvironment

The Beds of Nogon-Tsav are considered to be the same age as the Nemegt Formation. This geologic formation has never been dated radiometrically, but the fauna present in the fossil record indicate it was probably deposited during the Maastrichtian stage, at the end of the Late Cretaceous.

The Maastrichtian stage in Mongolia, as preserved in the Nemegt Formation and at Nogon-Tsav, was characterized by a wetter and more humid climate compared with the semi-arid environment preserved in the earlier, underlying Barun Goyot and Djadochta Formations. Nemegt sediments preserve floodplains, large river channels and soil deposits, but caliche deposits indicate periodic droughts. This environment supported a more diverse and generally larger dinosaur fauna than in earlier times. Kurzanov reported that other theropods, including ''Tarbosaurus'', ornithomimosaurs and therizinosaurs were discovered at the same locality, but these remains have never been reported in detail. If the Nogon Tsav fauna was similar to that of the Nemegt Formation, troodontid theropods, as well as pachycephalosaurs, ankylosaurids and hadrosaurs would also have been present. Titanosaurian sauropods were also potential prey for predators in the Nemegt.

See also

* Timeline of tyrannosaur research

References

External links

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3D holotype braincase of ''A. altai''
at DigiMorph

{{Taxonbar, from=Q131174

Tyrannosaurids
Maastrichtian life
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Cretaceous China
Fossils of China
Fossils of Mongolia
Nemegt fauna
Fossil taxa described in 1976
Taxa named by Sergei Kurzanov