Akron plan
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The Akron Plan was a scheme for the design of churches and other religious buildings that housed
Sunday school A Sunday school is an educational institution, usually (but not always) Christian in character. Other religions including Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism have also organised Sunday schools in their temples and mosques, particularly in the West. Su ...
s. It was characterized by a set of wedge-shaped classrooms that radiated from the direction of a central superintendent's platform. Doors or movable partitions could be closed to separate the classes, or opened to allow the entire body of pupils to participate in school-wide exercises. Until about 1860, Sunday-school pupils of all ages were taught together in a single large room. After that, there was an increasing tendency for pupils to be taught separately, with instruction tailored to their ages, for most of the session. However, the superintendent conducted all-school exercises at the beginning and end of the session. To facilitate this, the building's interior layout had to enable the students to be quickly and efficiently divided into classes or brought together in a single body. The Akron Plan was devised to address this need. It took its name from the city of
Akron Akron () is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Summit County. It is located on the western edge of the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau, about south of downtown Cleveland. As of the 2020 Census, the city prop ...
in the state of
Ohio Ohio () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The sta ...
in the
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of the United States, where it was developed for the construction of a church built in 1866–67. It was quickly adopted by Protestant churches across the United States. The plan fell out of favor in the early 20th century, when Sunday schools changed their approach to one in which pupils were taught separately for the entire session, eliminating the school-wide exercises. The awkwardly shaped and imperfectly soundproofed rooms were poorly adapted for this new approach, and many of them underwent extensive remodelling. By the beginning of the 21st century, few intact Akron Plan interiors remained in existence.


Sunday schools, 1780–1872

The genesis of the Sunday school occurred in 1780 in
Gloucester, England Gloucester ( ) is a cathedral city and the county town of Gloucestershire in the South West of England. Gloucester lies on the River Severn, between the Cotswolds to the east and the Forest of Dean to the west, east of Monmouth and east of the ...
, when philanthropist
Robert Raikes Robert Raikes ("the Younger") (14 September 1736 – 5 April 1811) was an English philanthropist and Anglican layman. He was educated at The Crypt School Gloucester. He was noted for his promotion of Sunday schools. Family Raikes was born at ...
arranged for the teaching of a measure of literacy and religious instruction to slum children, most of whom worked six days a week and had Sunday as their only free day. The experiment proved successful and was taken up elsewhere; by Raikes's death in 1811, Sunday-school pupils numbered about a quarter-million, throughout the British Isles and in the United States. With the passage of time, the exclusive focus on lower-class children was abandoned. The expansion to upper classes was pioneered by, among others, noted divine
Lyman Beecher Lyman Beecher (October 12, 1775 – January 10, 1863) was a Presbyterian minister, and the father of 13 children, many of whom became noted figures, including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, Edward Beecher, Isabella Bee ...
, who in about 1830 sent his children to Sunday school, and encouraged his neighbors to do likewise. Instruction in reading and writing was dropped, and the schools devoted themselves to religious education. Through the first quarter of the 19th century, religious instruction in Sunday schools took the form of rote memorization of extensive passages from the Bible or the catechism; pupils might be tasked with memorizing as many as 300 verses a week. In about 1826, this began to give way to a new system, the "selected lesson" or "limited lesson", whereunder all pupils were given the same relatively short excerpt from Scripture to memorize, and were taught the passage's meaning and significance. Until about 1860, Sunday school was usually conducted in a single large room, with pupils of all ages learning the same lesson. This allowed all members of a family to discuss the lesson at home after church; but it was difficult to devise lessons that would be useful to all members of such a heterogeneous set of pupils, and the mix of ages tended to give rise to disciplinary problems. In response to this, and in keeping with the practice in the public schools, Sunday schools began to be divided into grades. In 1872, a national convention adopted the Uniform Lesson Plan, whereunder all students would study the same Scriptural passage but would be taught in a manner appropriate to their age.


Uniform Lessons and Akron Plan

Under the Uniform Lesson Plan, the grades were not to be kept separate for the entire duration of the session. Rather, the class was to begin with devotional exercises, led by the superintendent and involving the entire body of pupils. After this, the grades were to be taught separately. The session would end with the superintendent's leading, and the whole body's participating in, a five-minute review of the lesson followed by closing exercises. This created a challenge for ecclesiastical architects. The Sunday-school building had to be designed in such a way that the pupils could quickly and efficiently be separated according to their various grades, and brought together for whole-school activities. John H. Vincent, an authority on Sunday schools in the
Methodist Episcopal Church The Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC) was the oldest and largest Methodist denomination in the United States from its founding in 1784 until 1939. It was also the first religious denomination in the US to organize itself on a national basis. In ...
and later a bishop, described the architectural requirements: "Provide for togetherness and separateness; have a room in which the whole school can be brought together in a moment for simultaneous exercises, and with a minimum of movement can be divided into classes for uninterrupted classwork". One of those who addressed the design problem was Lewis Miller. A wealthy inventor and industrialist, Miller supervised a Sunday school in
Canton, Ohio Canton () is a city in and the county seat of Stark County, Ohio. It is located approximately south of Cleveland and south of Akron in Northeast Ohio. The city lies on the edge of Ohio's extensive Amish country, particularly in Holmes and ...
, and later one in
Akron Akron () is the fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Summit County. It is located on the western edge of the Glaciated Allegheny Plateau, about south of downtown Cleveland. As of the 2020 Census, the city prop ...
. There, he employed the graded system and experienced the problems that arose from unsuitable building designs. When the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Akron decided to construct a new building, Miller interested himself in the building's design. Working with architects Walter Blythe of
Cleveland Cleveland ( ), officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in the northeastern part of the state, it is situated along the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S. ...
and
Jacob Snyder Jacob Snyder (March 12, 1823 – December 29, 1890) American architect best known as a designer of churches as well as one of the inventors of the Akron Plan. Early years Born in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, Snyder learned the basics of ...
of Akron, he devised a plan in which wedge-shaped classrooms were separated by partitions radiating from the direction of a central superintendent's platform. Doors on the platform-facing side of each classroom could be closed during grade-separated lessons, or opened to allow all pupils to see and hear the superintendent during school-wide exercises. The new church, following these plans, was constructed in 1866–67. The so-called Akron Plan was adopted by Protestant churches throughout the United States and the world, particularly after 1872, when the Fifth National Sunday-School Convention adopted the Uniform Lesson Plan. A 1911 American publication stated that "This plan for the Sunday-school building has been almost universally adopted in this country", and a 1914 publication stated that of the churches built in the preceding fifty years, three-quarters of those that made provisions for Sunday schools had used some version of the Akron Plan. Many of these churches modified the design with the addition of a movable partition between the sanctuary and the Sunday-school spaces, allowing the Sunday-school classes and the main body of congregants to be separated or united.


Decline

The Akron Plan was not without its failings. The divisions between the classrooms impeded worship by the whole body of pupils, compared to how they might have acted in a single large space. The wedge-shaped rooms were often poorly lighted and ventilated. Flimsy partitions and doors did not suffice to exclude distracting noises. In the early 20th century, the Uniform Lesson Plan began to fall out of favor. The requirement that the same Scriptural passages be taught to pupils of all grades was seen as unduly constraining: passages that adults could profitably study might be meaningless to small children. Moreover, the exclusive focus on Biblical passages made it difficult to study such things as church history and organization, missions, and latter-day issues such as
temperance Temperance may refer to: Moderation *Temperance movement, movement to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed *Temperance (virtue), habitual moderation in the indulgence of a natural appetite or passion Culture *Temperance (group), Canadian danc ...
. In 1908, a convention of the International Sunday School Association approved the development of completely graded lesson plans. These were adopted by 35,000 Sunday schools during the following five years. With the different grades no longer studying the same topic during a given week, there was no longer a place for the superintendent's review of the whole school. School-wide assemblies became infrequent, eliminating the need for a means of quickly bringing the whole body of pupils together. The change in Sunday-school organization did away with the advantages of the Akron Plan. The oddly shaped rooms could not readily be turned to other purposes without extensive modification. While Akron Plan churches continued to be built into the 1920s and 1930s, many existing churches were remodelled to create more useful interior spaces. By the beginning of the 21st century, few intact Akron Plan interiors remained.


Notes

{{Reflist, 30em, refs= Jenks, Brother Christopher Stephen (1995). "The Akron Plan Sunday School". ''Common Bond'' (New York Landmarks Conservancy), December 1995. Reproduced a
Partners for Sacred Places.
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Moore, Sam.
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Chambers et al. (2003), section 8, p. 4. Chambers et al. (2003), section 8, p. 5. Cope (1911), pp. 113–15. Evans (1915), p. 29. Evans (1915), pp. 29–30. Evans (1915), p. 30. Evans (1914), p. 155. Evans (1914), pp. 155–56. Evans (1914), pp. 157–58. Evans (1914), p. 158. Hamill (1905), p. 38. Hamill (1905), pp. 41–42. Hamill (1905), pp. 42–43. Lawrance (1911), p. 14. Lawrance (1911), pp. 83–84. Lawrance (1911), pp. 84–89. Lawrance (1911), p. 90. Evans (1915), p. 31, gives a date of 1909 for the Louisville convention of the International Sunday School Association. This is apparently an error. Evans (1914), p. 158, gives a date of 1908, as do other sources, including Cope (1911), p. 117, and Meyer (1910), p. 232. Trine, Phyllis, and Stacy Stupka-Burda (2008). {{usurped,
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: First United Presbyterian Church".
} {{usurped,

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Mavromatis, Kelly (2008). ''Akron Churches: Early Architecture''. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. Retrieved 2017-01-07 vi
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Merrill (1905), pp. 3–6. Trumbull (1905), pp. 8–9. Trumbull (1905), pp. 10–11.
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References

*Chambers, Murphy & Burge, Restoration Architects, Ltd. (2003).
"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: First Congregational Church" (Akron, Ohio).
Retrieved 2017-01-07. *Cope, Henry Frederick (1911). ''The Evolution of the Sunday School''. Boston: Pilgrim Press. Retrieved vi
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2015-12-02. *Evans, Herbert Francis (1914). "The Sunday-School Building and Its Equipment". ''The Biblical World'', vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 150–224. Retrieve
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2014-09-09. *Evans, H. F. (1915). "Architecture of Sunday Schools" in ''The Encyclopedia of Sunday Schools and Religious Education'', ed. by John T. McFarland and Benjamin S. Winchester, pp. 28–55. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons. Retrieved vi
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2014-09-09. *Hamill, H. M. (1905). "The Genesis of the International Sunday-school Lesson", in ''The Development of the Sunday-School, 1780–1905'', ed. by W. N. Hartshorn, Rev. George R. Merrill, and Marion Lawrance. Boston: Fort Hill Press; published by Executive Committee of the International Sunday-School Association. Retrieved vi
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2014-09-12. *Lawrance, Marion (1911). ''Housing the Sunday School''. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. Retrieved vi
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2014-09-09. *Merrill, George R. (1905). "Robert Raikes and the Eighteenth Century", in ''The Development of the Sunday-School, 1780–1905'', ed. by W. N. Hartshorn, Rev. George R. Merrill, and Marion Lawrance. Boston: Fort Hill Press; published by Executive Committee of the International Sunday-School Association. Retrieved vi
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2014-09-12. *Meyer, Henry H. (1910). ''The Graded Sunday School in Principle and Practice''. New York: Eaton & Mains. Retrieved vi
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2015-12-02. *Trumbull, Charles Gallaudet (1905). "The Nineteenth Century Sunday-school", in ''The Development of the Sunday-School, 1780–1905'', ed. by W. N. Hartshorn, Rev. George R. Merrill, and Marion Lawrance. Boston: Fort Hill Press; published by Executive Committee of the International Sunday-School Association. Retrieved vi
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