Aggregate series

The Aggregat series (German for "Aggregate") was a set of ballistic missile designs developed in 1933–1945 by a research program of Nazi Germany's Armed Forces (Wehrmacht). Its greatest success was the A4, more commonly known as the V-2.

A1 (1933)

The A1 was the first rocket design in the Aggregat series. It was designed in 1933 by Wernher von Braun in a German armed forces research program at Kummersdorf headed by Walter Dornberger. The A1 was the grandfather of most modern rockets. The rocket was long, in diameter, and had a takeoff weight of . The engine, designed by Arthur Rudolph, used a pressure-fed rocket propellant system burning ethanol and liquid oxygen, and produced 2.9 kN (660 lbf) of thrust for 16 seconds. The LOX tank was located within the fuel tank and insulated with a fiberglass material. The rocket was stabilized by a 3 axes gyroscope system in the nose, supplied by Kreiselgeräte G.m.b.H. The rocket could not be rotated for stability as with a ballistic shell, as centrifugal force would force the liquid fuel to rise up along the walls of their tanks, which made feeding propellants to the combustion chamber difficult. Although the engine had been successfully test fired, the first flight attempt blew up on the launching pad on 21 December 1933, a half a second after ignition. The cause was a buildup up of propellants before ignition of its engine. Since the design was thought to be unstable, no further attempts were made, and efforts moved to the A2 design. The A-1 was too nose-heavy, and to compensate, the gyroscope system was moved to the middle of the A-2, between the oxygen and ethanol tanks.

A2 (1934)

Static tests and assembly were completed by 1 October 1934. Two A2s were built for a full-out test, and were named after a Wilhelm Busch cartoon, ''Max and Moritz''. On 19 and 20 December 1934, they were launched in front of senior Army officers on Borkum island in the North Sea. They reached altitudes of and . The A-2s had the same dimensions as the A-1, and the same engine, but separate propellant tanks. The cylindrical regeneratively cooled combustion chamber was welded inside the ethanol tank. The mushroom-shaped injector system consisted of fuel and oxidizer jets pointing at one another. Propellants were pressurized from a nitrogen tank, a system which was also used for the A-3 and A-5.

A3 (1935–1937)

Development of the A3 can be traced at least to February 1935 when Major Ernst Ritter von Horstig sent General Karl Becker a budget of almost half a million marks for the construction of two new test stands at Kummersdorf. Included were mobile test rigs, small locomotives, and office and storage space. The A3 plans called for a rocket with an inertial guidance system and a thrust engine.

In March 1936, Army General Werner von Fritsch witnessed a static firing of an A3 engine at Kummersdorf, and was sufficiently impressed to lend his support to the rocket program. Like the earlier A1 and A2 rockets, the A3 used a pressure-fed propellant system, and the same liquid oxygen and 75% ethanol mixture as the earlier designs. It generated its for 45 seconds. It used a three-gyroscope system to deflect tungsten alloy jet vanes. The design was finished in early 1936 and further modifications that made the rocket stable at supersonic velocities were finalized later that year.

The shape of the rocket was based on the 8-millimeter infantry bullet, in anticipation of supersonic flight. The rocket was in length, feet in diameter, and weighed when fueled. Fins were included, for "arrow stability", structurally anchored by an antenna ring. The stabilized platform used a pitch gyro and a yaw gyro, connected to pneumatic servos, which stabilized the platform along the pitch and yaw axes. Electrical carriages on the platform acted as integrating accelerometers. These signals were mixed with those from the SG-33 system, to drive the molybdenum-tungsten jet vane control servomotors. The SG-33 was fixed to the rocket, not the stabilized platform, and used three rate gyros to sense roll, pitch and yaw deviations. Two of the jet vanes rotated in the same direction for pitch and yaw control, and in opposite directions for roll control. The guidance and control system was designed by Fritz Mueller, based on Johannes Maria Boykow's ideas, the technical director of Kreiselgeräte GmbH (Gyro Instruments, Limited).

The A-3 engine was a scaled-up version of the A-2, but with a mushroom-shaped injector at the top of the combustion chamber, based on a design by Walter Riedel. Ethanol was sprayed upwards to mix with the oxygen sprayed downward from jets at the top of the chamber. This increased efficiency and generated higher temperatures.

This was the first of the Aggregat rockets to be launched from the Peenemünde area. As part of Operation Lighthouse the first A3 was launched on 4 December 1937, but suffered problems with premature parachute deployment and engine failure, and crashed close to the takeoff point. The second launch on 6 December 1937 suffered similar problems. The parachute was disabled in the third and fourth rockets launched on 8 and 11 December 1937, but these, too, experienced engine failures, though the lack of parachute drag allowed them to crash further from the launch site. They reached altitudes between and , before falling into the sea.

According to another source, one A3 reached a maximum downrange of and maximum altitude of .

With each launch a failure, von Braun and Dornberger looked for the cause. At first there was some thought of an electrostatic charge that prematurely set off the parachute, but this was largely disproved. Ultimately, the failures were attributed to the inadequate design of the rocket's experimental inertial guidance system and minor instabilities in the body and fin design. The control system was found to be unable to keep the rocket from turning with a wind greater than 12 feet per second. The stable platform gyros were limited to a 30 degree range of motion, and when the platform tumbled, the parachutes deployed. The jet vanes needed to move faster, and have a larger control force, to stop the rolling. The fins were redesigned in the A-5, when it was realized an expanding jet plume as the rocket gained altitude, would have destroyed the A-3 fin stabilizing antenna ring.

After this unsuccessful series of launches, the A3 was abandoned and A4 work postponed, while work on the A5 commenced.

According to Dornberger, the A-3 "...had not been equipped to take any payload. It was a purely experimental missile." Similarly, the A-5 was to be "for research purposes only."

Specifications

:''Length'': 6.74 meters (22.1 ft)
:''Diameter'': 0.68 meters (2.2 ft)
:''Finspan'': 0.93 meters (3.1 ft)
:''Launch mass'': 748 kilograms (1650 lb)
:''Fuel'': Ethanol and liquid oxygen
:''Liftoff thrust'': 14.7 kN

A-5 (1938–1942)

The A-5 played a vital role in testing the aerodynamics and technology of the A-4. Its rocket motor was identical to the A-3, but with a new control system provided by Siemens, was long, with a diameter of and a takeoff weight of . The A-5 was fitted with a Brennschluss receiving set, a parachute recovery system, could stay afloat in water for up to two hours, and was painted yellow and red, aiding recovery. New tail surfaces were tested in the Zeppelin Aircraft Works subsonic tunnel and the supersonic tunnel in Aachen. The internal vanes were now made of graphite instead of molybdenum. Uncontrolled A-5s were launched from Griefswalder Oie in late 1938. Models that were long and in diameter were dropped from He-111s starting in September 1938, testing supersonic speeds in the absence of a supersonic wind tunnel

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