Adolf A. Berle
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Adolf Augustus Berle Jr. (; January 29, 1895 – February 17, 1971) was an American lawyer, educator, writer, and diplomat. He was the author of ''
The Modern Corporation and Private Property ''The Modern Corporation and Private Property'' is a book written by Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means published in 1932 regarding the foundations of United States corporate law. It explores the evolution of big business through a legal and economic ...
'', a groundbreaking work on
corporate governance Corporate governance is defined, described or delineated in diverse ways, depending on the writer's purpose. Writers focused on a disciplinary interest or context (such as accounting, finance, law, or management) often adopt narrow definitions th ...
, a professor at
Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
, and an important member of US President
Franklin Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
's " Brain Trust."


Early life

Berle was born in
Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
, Massachusetts, the son of Mary Augusta (Wright) and Adolf Augustus Berle. He entered
Harvard College Harvard College is the undergraduate college of Harvard University, an Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636, Harvard College is the original school of Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher lea ...
at age 14, earning a bachelor's degree in 1913 and a master's degree in 1914. He then enrolled in
Harvard Law School Harvard Law School (Harvard Law or HLS) is the law school of Harvard University, a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest continuously operating law school in the United States. Each class ...
. In 1916, at age 21, he became the second youngest graduate in the school's history, behind only
Louis Brandeis Louis Dembitz Brandeis (; November 13, 1856 – October 5, 1941) was an American lawyer and associate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939. Starting in 1890, he helped develop the "right to privacy" concept ...
.


Career


Early career

Upon graduation Berle joined the US military. His first assignment as an intelligence officer was to assist in increasing sugar production in the Dominican Republic by working out property and contractual conflicts among rural landowners. Immediately after
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, Berle became a member of the American delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, advocating for smaller nations' rights of self-determination. In 1919, Berle moved to New York City and became a member of the
law firm A law firm is a business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law. The primary service rendered by a law firm is to advise clients (individuals or corporations) about their legal rights and responsibilities, and to r ...
of Berle, Berle and Brunner.


''The Modern Corporation and Private Property''

Berle became a professor of corporate law at Columbia Law School in 1927 and remained on the faculty until retiring in 1964. He is best known for his groundbreaking work in
corporate governance Corporate governance is defined, described or delineated in diverse ways, depending on the writer's purpose. Writers focused on a disciplinary interest or context (such as accounting, finance, law, or management) often adopt narrow definitions th ...
that he co-authored, with economist Gardiner Means, ''
The Modern Corporation and Private Property ''The Modern Corporation and Private Property'' is a book written by Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means published in 1932 regarding the foundations of United States corporate law. It explores the evolution of big business through a legal and economic ...
''. It is the most quoted text in corporate governance studies. Berle and Means showed that the means of production in the US economy were highly concentrated in the hands of the largest 200 corporations, and within the large corporations, managers controlled firms despite shareholders' formal ownership. Berle theorized that the facts of economic concentration meant that the effects of competitive-price theory were largely mythical. While some advocated
trust busting Competition law is the field of law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies. Competition law is implemented through public and private enforcement. It is also known as antitrust l ...
, breaking up the concentrations of firms into smaller entities to restore competitive forces, Berle believed that that would be economically inefficient. Instead, he argued for government regulation and became identified with the school of business statesmanship, which advocated that corporate leadership accept (and theorized that they had, to a great extent, already accepted) that they must fulfill responsibilities toward society in addition to their traditional responsibilities toward shareholders. Corporate law should reflect this new reality, he wrote in ''The Modern Corporation'': "The law of corporations, accordingly, might well be considered as a potential constitutional law for the new economic state, while business practice is increasingly assuming the aspect of economic statesmanship."


Roosevelt's Brain Trust

Berle was an original member of
Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
's " Brain Trust", a group of advisers who developed policy recommendations. Berle's focuses ranging from economic recovery to diplomatic strategy during Roosevelt's 1932 election campaign. Roosevelt's "
Commonwealth Club Address The ''Commonwealth Club Address'' (23 September 1932) was a speech made by New York Governor and Democratic presidential nominee Franklin Delano Roosevelt at the Commonwealth Club of California in San Francisco on his 1932 United States presidentia ...
", a speech written by Berle on government involvement in industrial and economic policy, was ranked in 2000 as the second-best presidential campaign speech of the 20th century by public address scholars. While remaining an informal adviser of Roosevelt after the election, Berle returned to
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
and became a key consultant in the successful mayoral election campaign of reformer Fiorello LaGuardia. From 1934 to 1938, Berle managed the city's fiscal affairs as its last Chamberlain.


Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs

Then, from 1938 to 1944, Berle was Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs. Berle's official duties in New York City and as an Assistant Secretary of State did not limit his perception of his real responsibilities or expertise, and in any case, Roosevelt appreciated both his speech-writing skills and his advice on a wide range of international and economic concerns. As a result, throughout the Roosevelt administration Berle consulted on important international and industrial New Deal projects, such as creation of the
St. Lawrence Seaway The St. Lawrence Seaway (french: la Voie Maritime du Saint-Laurent) is a system of locks, canals, and channels in Canada and the United States that permits oceangoing vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes of North Americ ...
, development of the administration's Good Neighbor Policy toward Latin America, and establishment of the
International Civil Aviation Organization The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates the principles and techniques of international air navigation, and fosters the planning and development of international sc ...
. Outside of Latin America, Berle argued "that control of the incomparable energy reserves of the Middle East would yield 'substantial control of the world.'" by 1941, Berle had charge of the intelligence activities in the State Department, working with the FBI in Latin America and the OSS in Europe. He was in touch with anti-fascist and anti-Communist Europeans, with the goal of building a liberal democratic coalition in Europe. Berle became entangled in incessant turf wars among intelligence agencies. Critics on the left accused him of being too hostile toward Moscow, and Secretary of State
Cordell Hull Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871July 23, 1955) was an American politician from Tennessee and the longest-serving U.S. Secretary of State, holding the position for 11 years (1933–1944) in the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ...
was annoyed at his access to Roosevelt. In 1944 he was reassigned to take charge of negotiation with the Allies regarding a postwar commercial aviation agreement.


National Lawyers Guild

In 1939, Berle became an early member of the National Lawyers Guild (NLG) (1937–present). According to the NLG's ''A History of the National Lawyers Guild 1937-1987'', two factions arose as early as 1940. External events heightening these tensions included the Hitler-Stalin Pact of September (1939), the Russian invasion of Finland (1940). One faction, led by Berle and
Morris Ernst Morris Ernst (August 23, 1888 – May 21, 1976) was an American lawyer and prominent attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). In public life, he defended and asserted the rights of Americans to privacy and freedom from censorshi ...
, supported
New Deal The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939. Major federal programs agencies included the Civilian Cons ...
policies. The other, led by Osmond Fraenkel and
Thomas I. Emerson Thomas I. Emerson (1907–1991) was a 20th-century American attorney and professor of law. He is known as a "major architect of civil liberties law," "arguably the foremost First Amendment scholar of his generation," and "pillar of the Bill of R ...
, supported freedom of speech and press as well as Anti-Fascism (seen at the time as a Popular Front stance, thus pro-Communist). Other issues supported by Fraenkel, Emerson, the National Executive Board and many chapters included: support for Loyalist Spain, criticism of
J. Edgar Hoover John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an American law enforcement administrator who served as the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He was appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation  ...
and the FBI, and support for labor unions. Berle and Ernst recommended anti-communist oaths, which Fraenkel and Emerson opposed. Many Berle and Ernst supporters left the NLG by 1940. During the NLG's 1940 convention, newly elected president
Robert W. Kenny Robert Walker Kenny (August 21, 1901 – July 20, 1976), 21st Attorney General of California (1943-1947), was "a colorful figure in state politics for many years" who in 1946 ran unsuccessfully against Earl Warren for state governor (a race ...
of California and secretary Martin Popper of New York sought to persuade members to return. During a phone call from Kenny, Berle gave him a short list of lawyers to leave as a simple matter of "cleaning house": Kenny rejected the request.


Alger Hiss

During his tenure as Assistant Secretary of State, Berle rented Woodley Mansion, which had once been owned by
Grover Cleveland Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837June 24, 1908) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. Cleveland is the only president in American ...
and Martin Van Buren, from secretary of war Henry Stimson in 1939. On September 2,
Whittaker Chambers Whittaker Chambers (born Jay Vivian Chambers; April 1, 1901 – July 9, 1961) was an American writer-editor, who, after early years as a Communist Party member (1925) and Soviet spy (1932–1938), defected from the Soviet underground (1938), ...
arrived at Woodley to tell Berle that several senior government officials, including
Alger Hiss Alger Hiss (November 11, 1904 – November 15, 1996) was an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Statutes of limitations had expired for espionage, but he was convicted of perjury in con ...
, a respected member of the
State Department The United States Department of State (DOS), or State Department, is an United States federal executive departments, executive department of the Federal government of the United States, U.S. federal government responsible for the country's fore ...
, were members of a Soviet "apparatus" designed to influence US policy and pass classified documents and information to the Soviets. Chambers's autobiography asserts that Berle and the journalist who set up the meeting, Isaac Don Levine, met with Roosevelt and conveyed what Chambers told them, but Roosevelt unequivocally refused to take any action. Hiss remained at the State Department during and after the war in positions, including as Roosevelt's principal adviser on Soviet affairs at the Yalta conference, as a delegate to the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and as Secretary General of the San Francisco conference establishing the United Nations. In 1948, Chambers repeated his accusations to the
House Committee on Un-American Activities The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly dubbed the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives, created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloy ...
. Hiss denied the accusation in testimony to the Committee, leading to his trial and conviction for perjury. Berle provided incorrect and misleading testimony before the House Committee about his meeting with Chambers, which was contradicted by both his notes taken subsequent to the meeting and a personal diary entry that acknowledged that Chambers had implicated Hiss in espionage. Explaining Berle's evasive testimony, Allen Weinstein wrote in his book ''Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case'': "His major concern in 1948, at a time when Berle was a Liberal Party leader in New York working for Truman's election, was to defuse, if possible, the influence of anti-Communist sentiment and of the case itself in that election year." In 1943, Berle's duties in the State Department involved political supervision of the various clandestine activities necessitated by the war. Working with his assistant
Charles W. Yost Charles Woodruff Yost (November 6, 1907 – May 21, 1981) was a career U.S. Ambassador who was assigned as his country's representative to the United Nations from 1969 to 1971. Biography Yost was born in Watertown, New York. He attended t ...
, Berle liaised with the
OSS OSS or Oss may refer to: Places * Oss, a city and municipality in the Netherlands * Osh Airport, IATA code OSS People with the name * Oss (surname), a surname Arts and entertainment * ''O.S.S.'' (film), a 1946 World War II spy film about ...
, and with the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Berle also was a major architect in the development of federal farm and home owners' mortgage programs and in the expansion of the
Reconstruction Finance Corporation The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was a government corporation administered by the United States Federal Government between 1932 and 1957 that provided financial support to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgag ...
. He was elected a Fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and ...
in 1944.


After World War II

After the war, Berle served as
Ambassador An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sov ...
to
Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
from 1945 to 1946. In October 1945, two days after the deposition of president Getulio Vargas, Berle pledged for the freedom of the Brazilian communists who were being incarcerated by the government since the beginning of the month. He then returned to his academic career at Columbia. Berle was a founding member of the
Liberal Party of New York The Liberal Party of New York is a political party in New York. Its platform supports a standard set of socially liberal policies, including abortion rights, increased spending on education, and universal health care. History The Liberal Party wa ...
, a breakaway faction of the American Labor Party, which had lost support as a result of its sponsorship of Congressman Vito Marcantonio, a Communist sympathizer. For nearly a decade, Berle served as chairman of the Liberal Party. His main goal was to fight off far-left and Communist influences. He also chaired the
Twentieth Century Fund The Century Foundation (established first as The Cooperative League and then the Twentieth Century Fund) is a progressive think tank headquartered in New York City with an office in Washington, D.C. It was founded as a nonprofit public policy r ...
for the two decades following World War II. Berle briefly returned to government service for the first half of 1961, serving under President
John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination i ...
as head of an interdepartmental task force on
Latin America Latin America or * french: Amérique Latine, link=no * ht, Amerik Latin, link=no * pt, América Latina, link=no, name=a, sometimes referred to as LatAm is a large cultural region in the Americas where Romance languages — languages derived f ...
n affairs. During that time, he was primarily involved in forming the US response to a newly communist Cuba, which included both the failed
Bay of Pigs invasion The Bay of Pigs Invasion (, sometimes called ''Invasión de Playa Girón'' or ''Batalla de Playa Girón'' after the Playa Girón) was a failed military landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban exiles, covertly fina ...
and the initiation of the Alliance for Progress, an economic development policy aimed at the region. Berle continued to write academic work related to corporate law. His article on "Property, Production and Revolution" was a key statement of the theory behind the Great Society program of President Lyndon B. Johnson. He was elected to the
American Philosophical Society The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and communit ...
in 1965.


Personal life

Adolf Berle married Beatrice Bishop (1902–1993), the daughter of
Cortlandt Field Bishop Cortlandt Field Bishop (November 24, 1870 – March 30, 1935) was an American pioneer aviator, balloonist, autoist, book collector, and traveler. Early life He was born on November 24, 1870 to David Wolfe Bishop (1833–1900) and Florence Van Corl ...
(1870–1935) and Amy Bend (1870-1957), in 1927. Beatrice was the granddaughter
George Hoffman Bend George Hoffman Bend (August 3, 1838 – February 15, 1900) was an American banker, member of the New York Stock Exchange, and a prominent member of New York society during the Gilded Age. Early life Bend was born on August 3, 1838, in New York Cit ...
(1838–1900), a member of the
New York Stock Exchange The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed "The Big Board") is an American stock exchange in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is by far the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed c ...
and prominent in New York Society. Adolf and Beatrice had two daughters and a son. He had ten grandchildren. * Beatrice Van Cortlandt Berle, who married Dean Winston Meyerson in 1953. * Alice Bishop Berle, who married Clan Crawford, Jr. in 1949. * Peter Adolf Augustus Berle III (1937–2007), a lawyer and member of the New York Assembly who married Lila Sloane Wilde in 1960. In 1971, Berle died in
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
, aged 76. His wife edited and published selections from his diaries posthumously in 1973 as ''Navigating the Rapids: From the Papers of Adolf A. Berle''.


Legacy

According to historian Ellis W. Hawley: :Of the “service intellectuals” helping to shape modern American government, Adolf Berle was one of the most brilliant, versatile, and influential. Moving in and out of governmental positions, attaching himself to rising men of power, and overwhelming weaker personalities with the sheer force of his intellect and the amazing breadth of his expertise, he helped to shape and Implement new policies in such diverse areas as corporate taxation, railroad reorganization, trade relations, sugar controls, Latin American affairs, and urban planning. Through his writings, moreover, he became a leading articulator and shaper of what later scholars would call “
Corporate liberalism Corporate liberalism is a thesis in United States historiography and a tool for its open door imperialism in which the corporate elite become "both the chief beneficiaries of and the chief lobbyists for the supposedly anti-business regulations". The ...
.” In ''
The Modern Corporation and Private Property ''The Modern Corporation and Private Property'' is a book written by Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means published in 1932 regarding the foundations of United States corporate law. It explores the evolution of big business through a legal and economic ...
,'' he not only documented the rise of a managerial elite but set forth the possibility of its becoming a “neutral technocracy” imbued with an overriding sense of social responsibility and public trusteeship.Ellis W. Hawley, “Berle, Adolph Augustus” in John A. Garraty, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American Biography'' (2nd ed. 1996) p. 9
online
/ref>


Publications

;Books *''Studies in the Law of Corporation Finance''. Chicago: Callaghan and Co., 1928. Rpt. 1995, Buffalo: W.S. Hein & Co. *''Cases and Materials in the Law of Corporation Finance''. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1930. *(with
Gardiner C. Means Gardiner Coit Means (June 8, 1896 in Windham, Connecticut – February 15, 1988 in Vienna, Virginia) was an American economist who worked at Harvard University, where he met lawyer-diplomat Adolf A. Berle. Together they wrote the seminal work of ...
) ''
The Modern Corporation and Private Property ''The Modern Corporation and Private Property'' is a book written by Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means published in 1932 regarding the foundations of United States corporate law. It explores the evolution of big business through a legal and economic ...
''. Council for Research in the Social Sciences, Columbia University. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1940. Rev. Ed., 1968. Rpt. with a new intro. by Murray L. Weidenbaum and Mark Jensen, New Brunswick ew Jersey Transaction Pubs., 1991. *(with Victoria J
hanne Hanne is a feminine given name. Notable people with the name include: * Hanne Blank (born 1969), American historian, writer, editor and public speaker * Hanne Budtz (1915–2004), Danish politician and lawyer * Hanne Darboven (born 1941), German c ...
Pederson) ''Liquid Claims and the National Wealth: An Exploratory Study in the Theory of Liquidity''. Council for Research in the Social Sciences, Columbia University. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1934. *''New Directions in the New World''. New York, London: Harper & Bros. Pubs., 1940. *''National Realism and Christian Faith''. The Ware Lecture, Boston, 1940. American Unitarian Assn., Tracts, No. 356. Boston: American Unitarian Assn., 940? * *''The Emerging Common Law of Free Enterprise: Antidote to the Omnipotent State?''. hiladelphia Brandeis Lawyers' Society, 1951. *'' The 20th Century Capitalist Revolution''. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1954. * *''Tides of Crisis: A Primer of Foreign Relations''. Apollo Editions, A-56. New York: Reynal & Co.; London: The MacMillan Co., 1957. Rpt. 1975, Westport onnecticut Greenwood Press. *''The Bank That Banks Built: The Story of Savings Banks Trust Company, 1933-1958''. New York: Harper & Bros., Pubs., 1959. *'' Power without Property: A New Development in American Political Economy.'' New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1959. *''The Motive Power of Political Economy.''. ew York New York Society for Ethical Culture, 1960. *''The Cold War in Latin America''. The Brian McMahon Lectures, 1961. torrs (Connecticut)?, 1961? *'' Latin America: Diplomacy and Reality''. New York: Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by Harper & Row, 1962. Rpt. Westport (Connecticut): Greenwood Press, 1982. *''The American Economic Republic''. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World; London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1963. *''If Marx Were To Return''. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Information Service, 1965. Electronic copy from HathiTrust http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009984714 *''The Three Faces of Power''. riginally presented as the Carpentier Lectures, Columbia University, March 1967. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967. * ''Political trends in Brazil'' by Vladimir Reisky de Dubnic, foreword by Adolf A. Berle (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1968) *''Power: Epilogue in America''. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968. (Taken from the author's ''Power'' to be published in 1969, and "published as a New Year's greeting to friends of the author and the publisher.") *''Power''. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969. *''Leaning against the Dawn: An Appreciation of the Twentieth Century Fund and Its Fifty Years of Adventure in Seeking To Influence American Development toward a More Effectively Just Civilization, 1919-1969''. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1969. * ''Navigating the Rapids, 1918–1971: From the Papers of Adolf A. Berle''. Beatrice Bishop Berle, Travis Beal Jacobs, Eds. Max Ascoli, Intro. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973. ;Articles *"Non-Voting Stock and Bankers Control" (1925–1926
39 ''Harvard Law Review'' 673
*"Corporate Powers as Powers in Trust" (1931) 44 ''Harvard Law Review'' 1049 *"The Theory of Enterprise Entity" (1947
47(3) ''Columbia Law Review'' 343
*"The Developing Law of Corporate Concentration" (1952
19(4) ''University of Chicago Law Review'' 639
*"Constitutional Limitations on Corporate Activity-Protection of Personal Rights from Invasion Through Economic Power" (1952) 100 '' University of Pennsylvania Law Review'' 933 *"Control in Corporate Law" (1958
58 ''Columbia Law Review'' 1212
*"Legal Problems of Economic Power" (1960
60 ''Columbia Law Review'' 4
*"Modern Functions of the Corporate System" (1962
62 ''Columbia Law Review'' 433
*"Property, Production and Revolution" (1965
65 ''Columbia Law Review'' 1
*"Corporate Decision-Making and Social Control" (1968–1969
24 ''Business Lawyer'' 149


See also

* U.S. corporate law *
Corporate governance Corporate governance is defined, described or delineated in diverse ways, depending on the writer's purpose. Writers focused on a disciplinary interest or context (such as accounting, finance, law, or management) often adopt narrow definitions th ...
*
History of economic thought History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the History of writing#Inventions of writing, invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbr ...
* Berle-Dodd debate


References

;Notes


Sources


Secondary sources

* Bratton, William W. "Berle and Means reconsidered at the century's turn." ''Journal of Corporation Law'' 26 (2000): 737+. * Eden, Robert. "On the Origins of the Regime of Pragmatic Liberalism: John Dewey, Adolf A. Berle, and FDR's Commonwealth Club Address of 1932." ''Studies in American Political Development'' 7.1 (1993): 74-150. * Hawley, Ellis W. "Liberal: Adolf A. Berle and the Vision of an American Era." ''Reviews in American History'' (1990) 18#2 pp 229–234
online
* Kirkendall, Richard S. "A. A. Berle, Jr., Student of the Corporation, 1917-1932," ''Business History Review'' (1961) 35:43-58. * Schwarz, Jonathan A. ''Liberal: Adolf A. Berle and the Vision of an American Era'' (1987
online free
* Stigler, George J., and Claire Friedland. "The literature of economics: The case of Berle and Means." ''Journal of Law and Economics'' 26.2 (1983): 237-268. * Wang, Jessica. "Neo-Brandeisianism and the new deal: Adolf A. Berle, Jr., William O. Douglas, and the problem of corporate finance in the 1930s." ''Seattle University Law Review''. 33 (2009): 1221
online
* Welch Jr, Richard E. "Lippmann, Berle, and the US Response to the Cuban Revolution." ''Diplomatic History'' 6.2 (1982): 125-144.
Symposium: In Berle's Footsteps—A Symposium Celebrating the Launch of the Adolf A. Berle, Jr. Center on Corporations, Law & Society


Primary sources

* Berle, Adolf Augustus. ''Navigating the rapids, 1918-1971: from the papers of Adolf A. Berle.'' (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Press, 1973). * Berle, Beatrice Bishop. ''A life in two worlds: the autobiography of Beatrice Bishop Berle'' (1983), the wife of A A Berle
online


External links


Biography

Wilson Fails to Bring True Liberalism
Berle article on the Treaty of Versailles, from ''
The Nation ''The Nation'' is an American liberal biweekly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded on July 6, 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's '' The Liberator'', an abolitionist newspaper tha ...
'' magazine.
FDR Library
Berle papers
WNYC
Adolf A. Berle Q&A on WNYC (Oct 12, 1958) * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Berle, Adolf 1895 births 1971 deaths Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel American expatriates in the Dominican Republic American expatriates in France Ambassadors of the United States to Brazil 20th-century American lawyers Anti-communism in the United States Columbia Law School faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Lawyers from Boston Harvard Law School alumni The Century Foundation Harvard College alumni Members of the American Philosophical Society