Abu'l Hasan ibn Arfa Ra'a
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Ibn Arfa' Ra's ( ar, ابن أرفع رأس – ), flourished second half of the twelfth century, was a Maghrebi poet and
alchemist Alchemy (from Arabic: ''al-kīmiyā''; from Ancient Greek: χυμεία, ''khumeía'') is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscience, protoscientific tradition that was historically practiced in Chinese alchemy, C ...
. He is the author of an Arabic collection ( ) of alchemical poems called the ('Shards of Gold'). Traditionally he was identified with a certain Ibn al-Naqirāt, a religious scholar living in
Fez Fez most often refers to: * Fez (hat), a type of felt hat commonly worn in the Ottoman Empire * Fez, Morocco (or Fes), the second largest city of Morocco Fez or FEZ may also refer to: Media * ''Fez'' (Frank Stella), a 1964 painting by the moder ...
(Morocco) who died . However, this identification is probably spurious. If so, virtually nothing is known about Ibn Arfa' Ra's's life. Probably born in Al-Andalus, perhaps in
Granada Granada (,, DIN 31635, DIN: ; grc, Ἐλιβύργη, Elibýrgē; la, Illiberis or . ) is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the fo ...
, it is likely that he spent most of his life in Almohad Morocco. At some point he likely traveled to the Islamic East, where he may also have settled. Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own work under the name ('Solution to the Problems of the '). He also wrote some alchemical poems in the genre (strophic verse) and a number of short prose works on alchemy. Two works on magic have also been attributed to him, but these are probably spurious.


Identity

Most traditional authors of Arabic biographical dictionaries identify Ibn Arfa' Ra's with a religious scholar called Ibn al-Naqirāt, whose fuller name was . The fullest version of Ibn Arfa' Ra's's name, as may be reconstructed from the earliest manuscripts, is . Since both names share the major part Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Mūsa al-Anṣārī, they are close enough to raise the possibility that the two figures were indeed identical. However, neither Ibn al-Naqirāt's longer (the part of his name indicating lineage) "son of Ali son of Musa son of Muhammad son of Khalaf", nor his s (names referring to a place of origin) al-Sālimī (
Medinaceli Medinaceli () is a municipality and town in the province of Soria, in Castile and León, Spain. The municipality includes other villages like Torralba del Moral. Etymology Its name derives from the Arabic 'madīnat salīm', which was named afte ...
) or al-Jayyānī ( Jaén) ever occur in the alchemical manuscripts. The biographical dictionaries in their entries on Ibn al-Naqirāt never actually mention the nickname () Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs, nor the honorific Burhān al-Dīn, both of which often feature prominently in the alchemical manuscripts. If Ibn Arfa' Ra's is identical with Ibn al-Naqirāt, some basic facts of his life are known. Ibn al-Abbar (died 1260) in his biographical dictionary mentions that Ibn al-Naqirāt was born in 1121 or and that he died after 1196 or , and that he was born in Al-Andalus but later moved to
Fez Fez most often refers to: * Fez (hat), a type of felt hat commonly worn in the Ottoman Empire * Fez, Morocco (or Fes), the second largest city of Morocco Fez or FEZ may also refer to: Media * ''Fez'' (Frank Stella), a 1964 painting by the moder ...
(Morocco) where he became a (Islamic preacher). According to the broader biographical tradition, Ibn al-Naqirāt was an expert in (variant readings of the Quran) as well as in the jurisprudence and hadith of the Maliki school, preaching in the renowned Qarawiyyin mosque. However, the divergence between the names in the biographical dictionaries and those given in the manuscripts of the alchemical works attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, as well as certain details in reports relating to the two figures given by
Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khaldun (; ar, أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي, ; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732-808 AH) was an Arab The Historical Muhammad', Irving M. Zeitlin, (Polity Press, 2007), p. 21; "It is, of ...
(1332–1406) and Leo Africanus (), suggest that Ibn al-Abbar may have conflated the alchemist Ibn Arfa' Ra's with the religious scholar Ibn al-Naqirāt. In this case, very little remains that can be said about the life of Ibn Arfa' Ra's. Like Ibn al-Naqirāt, he originated in Al-Andalus, perhaps in
Granada Granada (,, DIN 31635, DIN: ; grc, Ἐλιβύργη, Elibýrgē; la, Illiberis or . ) is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the fo ...
, and later settled elsewhere. Although the fact that he was sometimes called al-Maghribī indicates that he may also have settled in Morocco, the alchemical manuscripts make no mention of Fez or any other specific place. Alternatively, the al-Maghribī may indicate that he left the Maghreb (the Islamic West, the region west of Egypt) and settled in the Mashreq (the Islamic East). In any case, it is clear that he spent a major part of his life in the West, most likely in Morocco. If the identification of Ibn Arfa' Ra's with Ibn al-Naqirāt is given up, the period in which he lived becomes very uncertain. Since Ibn al-Abbar knew of his works in the middle of the thirteenth century and some of the earliest commentaries on his work date from that period, Ibn Arfa' Ra's must have lived before , but a is much harder to establish. The fact that Ibn Arfa' Ra's cites al-Mas'udi (died 957) may provide the earliest date for which there is hard evidence, although the lack of any mention of him by the alchemist poet al-Tughra'i (died 1121) makes it most likely that Ibn Arfa' Ra's lived in the twelfth century.


Works


Ibn Arfa' Ra's's most enduring work is a of alchemical poems called the ('Shards of Gold'). These poems, which all together comprise about 1400 lines, are arranged by the letter they use to rhyme, thus covering the entire Arabic alphabet. A large number of commentaries on the work were written by other Islamo-Arabic alchemists, among them commentaries by al-Irbilī (died 1257) and al-Sīmāwī (), as well as five commentaries by al-Jildakī (written ) alone. The ranks among the first works to feature exegesis of the Quran ( ) in an alchemical context.


Other works

Ibn Arfa' Ra's wrote a commentary on his own alchemical , called the ('Solution to the Problems of the '). There are also some alchemical poems by Ibn Arfa' Ra's which are written in , a genre of
Arabic poetry Arabic poetry ( ar, الشعر العربي ''ash-shi‘ru al-‘Arabīyyu'') is the earliest form of Arabic literature. Present knowledge of poetry in Arabic dates from the 6th century, but oral poetry is believed to predate that. Arabic poetry ...
that uses strophic verse. These were not included in the because poems of the genre are usually excluded from collections. A number of short prose works have been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but these have not yet been investigated: * * * A work on magic called ('Spiritual Medicine through the Merciful Quran') has been attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, but this attribution is clearly spurious since the work heavily borrows from thirteenth–fourteenth century works on magic like those written by pseudo- al-Būnī and Ibn Sabʿīn. The case of , another work on letter magic attributed to Ibn Arfa' Ra's, is less certain, but the fact that its author holds magic in higher regard than alchemy suggests that it was not written by a devoted alchemist like Ibn Arfa' Ra's. There is also a commentary on Ibn al-Fāriḍ's (1181–1235) wine poem which may have been authored by Ibn Arfa' Ra's, although this would necessitate placing Ibn Arfa' Ra's's lifetime in the thirteenth century rather than the twelfth, which is not very likely..


Notes


References


Bibliography


Primary sources

* (non-critical edition of the ) * (critical edition of the ) and reported that Svetlana Dolgusheva is working on a critical edition, German translation, and commentary of the .


Secondary sources

* * * * * * * *


External links


Zwischen Religion und Alchemie: Der Gelehrte Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs (gest. 593/1197) als Modell für eine integrative arabische Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte
(research project at the University of Tübingen on Ibn Arfa' Ra's) {{Authority control 12th-century deaths Year of birth unknown Year of death unknown Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world 12th-century Arabic-language writers Scientists from al-Andalus Scholars from the Almohad Caliphate Poets from the Almohad Caliphate