Abba Giyorgis

Giyorgis of Segla (c. 1365 – 1 July 1425), also known as Giyorgis of Gesecha or Abba Giyorgis, was an Ethiopian Oriental Orthodox monk, saint, and author of religious books.

Giyorgis' work has had great influence on Ethiopian monastic calendars, hymns and Ge'ez literature. He is considered one of the most important Ge'ez writers in fifteenth-century Ethiopia.

Giyorgis was involved in a controversy concerning Sabbath in Christianity and consequentially fell into disfavor of emperor Dawit I. He managed to continue his work later in life, under the reigns of Tewodros I and Yeshaq I.

Disputed identity

It is possible that two or three prominent religious figures have been mixed into the same figure in Ethiopian Church tradition, and Giyorgis' identity remains uncertain. One theory is that Abba Giyorgis of Dabra Bahrey and Giyorgis of Segla (or Gesecha) are separate persons who lived in the mid-14th century. Abba Giyorgis of Dabra Bahrey may have flourished during the reign of emperor Amda Seyon I (1314–1344). He would have been the disciple of saint Iyasus Mo'a at the monastery of Hayq. Giyorgis of Segla (died between 1424 and 1426) would have been the writer, the preacher and the musician. A single remaining copy of his ''Gadl'' is being kept in the monastery of Hayq. ''Gadl'' (Saint's Life) is a traditional form of Ge'ez hagiography written by disciples of the saints after their demise.

Early life

Giyorgis' parents were of noble descent. Giyorgis' father was Hezba Tseyon, a court chaplain of emperor Dawit I. His father was known by his contemporaries as "a comprehender of the Scriptures like Salathiel" (Salathiel refers to Ezra the Scribe). His mother was Emmena Seyon from Bete Amhara. Giyorgis is among the monks who are claimed to have been students of Ethiopian saint and monastic leader Iyasus Mo'a at Lake Hayq's prominent monastery, which had become a place of pilgrimage already during Iyasus Mo'a's lifetime. The beginning of Giyorgis' career was not without hardship. He was so slow in learning that his teacher had lost hope at one point. Ethiopian education of the time relied heavily on memorization, and without showing ability one would not get very far in studies where knowledge was preserved orally. It has been told that:

Career

Giyorgis was among the most important (theological) authors in Ge'ez language during the fifteenth century in medieval Ethiopia. His stature can be compared to those of emperor Zara Yaqob and a pseudonymous author known only by the name Ritu'a Haymanot ("The One with the Orthodox Faith"). Out of his writing, Giyorgis is mostly remembered for his book of hours, known simply as ''Hours'' (''Sa'atat''), and ''The Book of Mystery'' (''Masehafa mestir''). Before his work on calendars, the Ge'ez version of the Coptic Book of Hours was a widely used book, even though many monasteries opted to compile their own books of hours. Use of the Coptic Book of Hours prevailed to some extent, despite Giyorgis' book being the most prevalent book in use. His book was gradually expanded to include additional material, such as hymns, during the century following from its inception. A late 17th-century Ethiopian book from Gondar, the ''Miracles of Mary'' (''Te'amire Maryam''), includes a story how Virgin Mary favored Giyorgis' book of hours.

Giyorgis had risen into a position of court chaplain during emperor Dawit I's reign like his father had before him. Royal princes were tutored by him in the court. Notably Giyorgis' student and future emperor Zara Yaqob held very similar theological views throughout his life. Giyorgis' thoughts concerning the Sabbath, however, got him into trouble with other churchmen and Dawit I, who imprisoned him. Disputes about the Sabbath were politically destabilizing, and the realm was troubled with monastic infighting during the 15th century. Ethiopia of that time had much contact with the outside world, which brought many missionaries of competing traditions and other travelers into the country. The Miaphysite Church and monastic leaders found themselves occasionally at odds with foreigners who managed to influence political leaders. A foreigner called Bitu, who had wielded great influence on the emperor, was involved in a decision to imprison Giyorgis. There were differences in religious views between Bitu and Giyorgis, as shown in the ''Book of Mystery'' where Giyorgis devotes a chapter to refute Bitu's views on the Image of God. He was finally released when one of his former royal students, Tewodros I, rose to the throne. Despite his dissidence, he continued to hold influence until his death during the reign of emperor Yeshaq I. While Giyorgis had wished to join a monastery of Dabra Libanos, disputes about the Sabbath led him to join Dabra Gol in historical Wollo region instead. There, late in his life, he became the head of the community of Abba Batsalota-Mikael. Many of his former royal students, who were the eight sons of emperor Dawit I, one by one became rulers of the Ethiopian Empire.

Giyorgis writes in his ''Book of Mystery'' that man is a creature of God with an immortal soul. With the divine gift of soul, man becomes different from other creatures, as man is an intelligent and speaking thing. Giyorgis' view of man can be characterized as dualistic. With the book, Giyorgis also attempted to refute heretical beliefs. It is an extensive anti-heretical work composed of 30 chapters. Treatises on heresy are meant to be read during important feast days of the Ethiopian Church. Each treatise concentrates on a different heretical doctrine, and the book refutes them one by one. The book was completed on 21 June 1424. It is the most important original Ethiopian theological work. The book is still used in liturgy.

At one point, Giyorgis held the position of abbot (''Nebura'ed'') of the important monastery of Debre Damo. He also founded the monastery of Debre Bahriy in Gesecha. At the monastery named after him, there is a crosscut in warka tree's bark claimed to have been left behind by Giyorgis himself.

Hymnody

In addition to being a renowned author of religious books, Giyorgis also composed hymns, such as ones in honor of Saint Peter and Saint Paul. He authored a collection of hymns that competed with other hymnals of the time for recognition as the hymnal of the Ethiopian Church's saints, and its contents leaned towards viewpoints of the Roman Catholic Church at a remarkably early date. Emperor Zara Yaqob's hymnal, however, was the most successful one. Under Giyorgis' leadership, scholars from Debre Negudgad and Debre-Egziabiher separated hymns of the fasting season into their own section. This was an innovation compared to the traditional division of Saint Yared's 6th century hymnals (''degua'') which featured only three divisions. The full extent of Giyorgis' compositions is unknown, and various local anaphoras of the Divine Liturgy may have been originally composed by him.

Views on the Sabbath

Giyorgis sought to justify Christian observation of the Sabbath on Sunday based on Old Testament scripture.

As is customary in Christianity, Giyorgis held that Jesus had established Sunday as the Lord's Day. But Giyorgis went further than that. He reasoned that if Jesus had come to fulfill the Mosaic Law, then one would expect to find hints of the Sunday Sabbath in the Pentateuch. He sought to do this by presenting mathematical proof based on the calendar found in the Book of Jubilees and the similar Enoch calendar in the Book of Enoch. The features of these calendars are a 364-day-year, a seven-year cycle culminating in the Jubilee (year of the release), and a particular arrangement of biblical Jewish holidays. Giyorgis sought to demonstrate that Sunday corresponds to the Jubilee year, the "Sabbath's Sabbath".

Relying on the authority of the Jubilee and Enoch calendars was possible because both the Book of Jubilees and Enoch are part of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church's Biblical canon. The Church, however, had already long before switched to the 365-day Ethiopian calendar (based on the Julian calendar). In effect, this meant that Giyorgis' calculation would have no practical impact on the liturgical year of the Church.

Giyorgis lays out his idea in the following passage of his ''Sermon on the First Sabbath'':

This can be summarized as:

Works

* ''Book of Hours'' or the Daytime(''Sa'atat'')
* ''Book of Hymns''
* ''Book of Mystery'' (''Masehafa Mestir'', completed on 21 June 1424)
* ''Book of Thanks'' (also known as ''Book of Light'')
* ''Horologium of the Night Hours''
* ''Hymns of Praise''
*
Praises of the Cross
'
* ''Arganonä Maryam (The Organ of mary)''
* ''Saqoqāwa dǝngǝl (Lament of the Virgin)''
* ''Fékkare haymanot (Synopsis of the Faith)''
* ''Hohétä Bérhan (The Splendor of the Sun)''

See also

* Beta Israel
* Lalibela
* Solomonic dynasty

Notelist

References

Works cited

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Further reading

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External links

A collection of Ethiopic manuscripts, various dates

Saint of the week

{{Authority control

Ethiopian male writers
Ethiopian saints
15th-century Christian saints
1360s births
1420s deaths