A requiem

The Music for the Requiem Mass is any music that accompanies the Requiem, a Mass in the Catholic Church for the deceased. It has inspired a large number of compositions, including settings by Mozart, Berlioz, Donizetti, Verdi, Bruckner, Dvořák, Fauré and Duruflé. Originally, such compositions were meant to be performed in liturgical service, with monophonic chant. Eventually the dramatic character of the text began to appeal to composers to an extent that they made the requiem a genre of its own, and the compositions of composers such as Verdi are essentially concert pieces rather than liturgical works.

Common texts

The following are the texts that have been set to music. Note that the ''Libera Me'' and the ''In Paradisum'' are not part of the text of the Catholic Mass for the Dead itself, but a part of the burial rite that immediately follows. ''In Paradisum'' was traditionally said or sung as the body left the church, and the ''Libera Me'' is said/sung at the burial site before interment. These became included in musical settings of the Requiem in the 19th century as composers began to treat the form more liberally.

Introit

From 4 Esdras 2:34–35; Psalm 65:1-2

::''Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine:''
::''et lux perpetua luceat eis.''
::''Te decet hymnus, Deus, in Sion,''
::''et tibi reddetur votum in Ierusalem:''
::''exaudi orationem meam,''
::''ad te omnis caro veniet.''
::''Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine:''
::''et lux perpetua luceat eis.''

:::Eternal rest give unto them, O Lord,
:::and let perpetual light shine upon them.
:::A hymn, O God, becometh Thee in Zion;
:::and a vow shall be paid to Thee in Jerusalem:
:::hear my prayer;
:::all flesh shall come to Thee.
:::Eternal rest give unto them, O Lord,
:::and let perpetual light shine upon them.

Kyrie eleison

This is as the Kyrie in the Ordinary of the Mass (music), Mass:

::''Kyrie, eleison.''
::''Christe, eleison.''
::''Kyrie, eleison.''

:::Lord, have mercy.
:::Christ, have mercy.
:::Lord, have mercy.

This is Greek language, Greek (Κύριε ἐλέησον, Χριστὲ ἐλέησον, Κύριε ἐλέησον). Each utterance is sung three times, though sometimes that is not the case when sung polyphonically.

Gradual

From 4 Esdras 2:34–35; Psalm 112:6

::''Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine:''
::''et lux perpetua luceat eis.''
::''In memoria æterna erit iustus:''
::''ab auditione mala non timebit.''

:::Eternal rest give unto them, O Lord;
:::and let perpetual light shine upon them.
:::The just shall be in everlasting remembrance;
:::he shall not fear the evil hearing.

Tract

::''Absolve, Domine,''
::''animas omnium fidelium defunctorum''
::''ab omni vinculo delictorum.''
::''Et gratia tua illis succurrente,''
::''mereantur evadere iudicium ultionis.''
::''Et lucis æternae beatitudine perfrui.''

:::Absolve, O Lord,
:::the souls of all the faithful departed
:::from every bond of sin.
:::And by the help of Thy grace
:::may they be enabled to escape the avenging judgment.
:::And enjoy the bliss of everlasting light.

Sequence

A sequence (poetry), sequence is a liturgical poem sung, when used, after the Tract (or Alleluia, if present). The sequence employed in the Requiem, ''Dies irae'', attributed to Thomas of Celano (c. 1200 – c. 1260–1270), has been called "the greatest of hymns", worthy of "supreme admiration". The Latin text is included in the Requiem Mass in the Tridentine Mass, 1962 Roman Missal. An early English version was translated by William Josiah Irons in 1849.

Offertory

::''Domine Iesu Christe, Rex gloriæ,''
::''libera animas omnium fidelium defunctorum''
::''de pœnis inferni et de profundo lacu:''
::''libera eas de ore leonis,''
::''ne absorbeat eas tartarus,''
::''ne cadant in obscurum:''
::''sed signifer sanctus Michael''
::''repræsentet eas in lucem sanctam:''
::''Quam olim Abrahæ promisisti, et semini eius.''

:::Lord Jesus Christ, King of glory,
:::deliver the souls of all the faithful departed
:::from the pains of hell and from the bottomless pit:
:::deliver them from the lion's mouth,
:::that hell swallow them not up,
:::that they fall not into darkness,
:::but let the standard-bearer holy Michael (archangel), Michael
:::lead them into that holy light:
:::Which Thou didst promise of old to Abraham and to his seed.

::''Hostias et preces tibi, Domine,''
::''laudis offerimus:''
::''tu suscipe pro animabus illis,''
::''quarum hodie memoriam facimus:''
::''fac eas, Domine, de morte transire ad vitam.''
::''Quam olim Abrahæ promisisti, et semini eius.''

:::We offer to Thee, O Lord,
:::sacrifices and prayers:
:::do Thou receive them in behalf of those souls
:::of whom we make memorial this day.
:::Grant them, O Lord, to pass from death to that life,
:::Which Thou didst promise of old to Abraham and to his seed.

Sanctus

This is as the ''Sanctus'' prayer in the Ordinary of the Mass (music), Mass:

::''Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus''
::''Dominus Deus Sabaoth.''
::''Pleni sunt cæli et terra gloria tua.''
::''Hosanna in excelsis.''

::''Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini.''
::''Hosanna in excelsis.''

:::Holy, holy, holy,
:::Lord God of Hosts.
:::Heaven and earth are full of Thy glory.
:::Hosanna in the highest.

:::Blessed is He Who cometh in the Name of the Lord.
:::Hosanna in the highest.

Agnus Dei

This is as the ''Agnus Dei'' in the Ordinary of the Mass (music), Mass, but with the petitions ''miserere nobis'' changed to ''dona eis requiem'', and ''dona nobis pacem'' to ''dona eis requiem sempiternam'':

Lux æterna

::''Lux æterna luceat eis, Domine:''
::''Cum Sanctis tuis in æternum:''
::''quia pius es.''
::''Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine:''
::''et lux perpetua luceat eis.''
::''Cum Sanctis tuis in æternum:''
:: ''quia pius es.''

:::May light eternal shine upon them, O Lord,
:::with Thy Saints for evermore:
:::for Thou art gracious.
:::Eternal rest give to them, O Lord,
:::and let perpetual light shine upon them:
:::With Thy Saints for evermore,
:::for Thou art gracious.

As mentioned above, there is no ''Gloria'', ''Alleluia'' or Credo in these musical settings.

Pie Jesu

Some extracts too have been set independently to music, such as ''Pie Jesu'' in the settings of Antonín Dvořák, Dvořák, Gabriel Fauré, Fauré, Maurice Duruflé, Duruflé and John Rutter.

The ''Pie Jesu'' consists of the final words of the ''Dies irae'' followed by the final words of the ''Agnus Dei''.

::''Pie Jesu Domine, dona eis requiem.''
::''Dona eis requiem sempiternam.''

::: Merciful Lord Jesus, grant them rest;
::: grant them eternal rest.

Musical Requiem settings sometimes include passages from the "Absolution at the bier" (''Absolutio ad feretrum'') or "Commendation of the dead person" (referred to also as the Absolution of the dead), which in the case of a funeral, follows the conclusion of the Mass.

Libera me

::''Libera me, Domine, de morte æterna, in die illa tremenda:''
::''Quando cæli movendi sunt et terra:''
::''Dum veneris iudicare sæculum per ignem.''
::''Tremens factus sum ego, et timeo, dum discussio venerit, atque ventura ira.''
::''Quando cæli movendi sunt et terra.''
::''Dies illa, dies iræ, calamitatis et miseriæ, dies magna et amara valde.''
::''Dum veneris iudicare sæculum per ignem.''
::''Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine: et lux perpetua luceat eis.''

::: Deliver me, O Lord, from death eternal in that awful day.
::: When the heavens and the earth shall be moved:
::: When Thou shalt come to judge the world by fire.
::: Dread and trembling have laid hold on me, and I fear exceedingly because of the judgment and of the wrath to come.
::: When the heavens and the earth shall be moved.
::: O that day, that day of wrath, of sore distress and of all wretchedness, that great day and exceeding bitter.
::: When Thou shalt come to judge the world by fire.
::: Eternal rest grant unto them, O Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon them.

In paradisum

::''In paradisum deducant te Angeli:''
::''in tuo adventu suscipiant te Martyres,''
::''et perducant te in civitatem sanctam Jerusalem.''
::''Chorus Angelorum te suscipiat,''
::''et cum Lazaro quondam paupere æternam habeas requiem.''

::: May the Angels lead thee into paradise:
::: may the Martyrs receive thee at thy coming,
::: and lead thee into the holy city of Jerusalem.
::: May the choir of Angels receive thee,
::: and with Rich man and Lazarus, Lazarus, who once was poor, mayest thou have eternal rest.

History of musical compositions

For many centuries the texts of the requiem were sung to Gregorian chant, Gregorian melodies. The Requiem (Ockeghem), Requiem by Johannes Ockeghem, written sometime in the later half of the 15th century, is the earliest surviving polyphony, polyphonic setting. There was a setting by the elder composer Guillaume Dufay, Dufay, possibly earlier, which is now lost: Ockeghem's may have been modelled on it.Fabrice Fitch: "Requiem (2)", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 21, 2007) Many early compositions employ different texts that were in use in different liturgies around Europe before the Council of Trent set down the texts given above. The requiem of Antoine Brumel, Brumel, circa 1500, is the first to include the ''Dies irae, Dies Iræ''. In the early polyphonic settings of the Requiem, there is considerable textural contrast within the compositions themselves: simple chordal or fauxbourdon-like passages are contrasted with other sections of contrapuntal complexity, such as in the Offertory of Ockeghem's Requiem.

In the 16th century, more and more composers set the Requiem mass. In contrast to practice in setting the Mass Ordinary, many of these settings used a cantus-firmus technique, something which had become quite archaic by mid-century. In addition, these settings used less textural contrast than the early settings by Ockeghem and Brumel, although the vocal scoring was often richer, for example in the six-voice Requiem by Jean Richafort which he wrote for the death of Josquin des Prez. Other composers before 1550 include Pedro de Escobar, Antoine de Févin, Cristóbal Morales, and Pierre de La Rue; that by La Rue is probably the second oldest, after Ockeghem's.

Over 2,000 Requiem compositions have been composed to the present day. Typically the Renaissance settings, especially those not written on the Iberian Peninsula, may be performed ''a cappella'' (i.e. without necessary accompanying instrumental parts), whereas beginning around 1600 composers more often preferred to use instruments to accompany a choir, and also include vocal soloists. There is great variation between compositions in how much of liturgical text is set to music.

Most composers omit sections of the liturgical prescription, most frequently the Gradual and the Tract. Gabriel Fauré, Fauré omits the ''Dies iræ'', while the very same text had often been set by French composers in previous centuries as a stand-alone work.

Sometimes composers divide an item of the liturgical text into two or more movements; because of the length of its text, the ''Dies iræ'' is the most frequently divided section of the text (as with Mozart, for instance). The ''Introit'' and ''Kyrie'', being immediately adjacent in the actual Roman Catholic liturgy, are often composed as one movement.

Musico-thematic relationships among movements within a Requiem can be found as well.

Requiem in concert

Beginning in the 18th century and continuing through the 19th, many composers wrote what are effectively concert works, which by virtue of employing forces too large, or lasting such a considerable duration, prevent them being readily used in an ordinary funeral service; the requiems of François-Joseph Gossec, Gossec, Hector Berlioz, Berlioz, Giuseppe Verdi, Verdi, and Antonín Dvořák, Dvořák are essentially dramatic concert oratorios. A counter-reaction to this tendency came from the Cecilian Movement, Cecilian movement, which recommended restrained accompaniment for liturgical music, and frowned upon the use of operatic vocal soloists.

Notable compositions

Many composers have composed a Requiem. Some of the most notable include the following (in chronological order):
* Johannes Ockeghem, Ockeghem: Requiem (Ockeghem), Requiem, the earliest to survive, written in the mid-to-late 15th century
* Cristóbal de Morales, Morales: Two notable requiems: ''Cristóbal de Morales#cite ref-Stevenson/Planchart, Grove 1-2, Officium defunctorum'' (ca. 1526–28) and ''Missa pro defunctis'' (1544).
* Francisco Guerrero (composer), Guerrero: Requiem (Missa pro defunctis), 1582.
* Tomás Luis de Victoria, Victoria: Requiem of 1603 (part of a longer Officium Defunctorum, Office for the Dead)
* Jan Dismas Zelenka, Zelenka: Requiem in D Minor ZWV 48 After Augustus the Strong Circa 1730
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart: Requiem (Mozart), Requiem, K. 626 (1791: Mozart died before its completion; Franz Xaver Süssmayr's completion is often used)
* Antonio Salieri, Salieri: ''Requiem'' (1804) (played at his funeral on May 7, 1825)
* Luigi Cherubini, Cherubini: Requiem (Cherubini), Requiem in C minor (1815) and Requiem in D minor (1836)
* Hector Berlioz, Berlioz: ''Requiem (Berlioz), Grande Messe des morts'' (1837)

* Giuseppe Verdi, Verdi: ''Requiem (Verdi), Messa da Requiem'' (1874)
* Camille Saint-Saëns, Saint-Saëns: ''Requiem (Saint-Saëns), Messe de Requiem'' (1878)
* Antonín Dvořák, Dvořák: Requiem (Dvořák), Requiem, Op. 89 (1890)
* Gabriel Fauré, Fauré: Requiem (Fauré), Requiem, Op. 48 (1890)
* Frederick Delius, Delius: Requiem (Delius), Requiem (1916)
* Maurice Duruflé, Duruflé: Requiem (Duruflé), Requiem, Op. 9, based almost exclusively on the chants from the Graduale Romanum (1947)
* Benjamin Britten, Britten: ''War Requiem'', Op. 66, which incorporated poems by Wilfred Owen (1962)
* Igor Stravinsky, Stravinsky: ''Requiem Canticles'' (1966)

* Krzysztof Penderecki, Penderecki: ''Polish Requiem'' (1984, revised 1993 and 2005)
* Andrew Lloyd Webber, Lloyd Webber: Requiem (Lloyd Webber), Requiem (1985)
* John Rutter, Rutter: Requiem (Rutter), Requiem, includes Psalm 130, Psalm 23 and words from the Book of Common Prayer (1985)

Other composers

Renaissance

* Giovanni Francesco Anerio
* Gianmatteo Asola
* Giulio Belli
* Antoine Brumel
* Manuel Cardoso (composer), Manuel Cardoso
* Giovanni Cavaccio
* Joan Cererols
* Pierre Certon
* Clemens non Papa
* Guillaume Dufay (lost)
* Pedro de Escobar
* Antoine de Févin
* Francisco Guerrero (composer), Francisco Guerrero
* Jacobus de Kerle
* Orlande de Lassus
* Duarte Lobo
* Jean Maillard
* Jacques Mauduit
* Manuel Mendes
* Cristóbal de Morales
* Johannes Ockeghem (the earliest to survive)
* Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
* Pietro Pontio (2 for four voices—both incomplete—and one for five low voices)
* Costanzo Porta
* Johannes Prioris
* Jean Richafort
* Pedro Rimonte
* Pierre de la Rue
* Claudin de Sermisy
* Jacobus Vaet
* Tomás Luis de Victoria

Baroque

* Giovanni Francesco Anerio
* Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber
* André Campra
* Marc-Antoine Charpentier
* Johann Joseph Fux
* Jean Gilles (composer), Jean Gilles
* Antonio Lotti (Requiem in F Major)
* Benedetto Marcello (Requiem in the Venetian Manner)
* Claudio Monteverdi (lost)
* Michael Praetorius
* Heinrich Schütz
* Andrzej Siewiński
* Jan Dismas Zelenka

Classical period

* Johann Georg Albrechtsberger
* Franz Joseph Aumann
* Luigi Cherubini
* Domenico Cimarosa (1787)
* Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
* Joseph Leopold Eybler
* Florian Leopold Gassmann
* François-Joseph Gossec
* Johann Adolph Hasse, Johann Adolf Hasse
* Michael Haydn
* Amandus Ivanschiz
* Georg von Pasterwitz
* Joseph Martin Kraus
* Andrea Lucchesi
* Giovanni Battista Martini
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1791)
* José Maurício Nunes Garcia
* Ignaz Pleyel
* Antonio Salieri
* Václav Tomášek
* Osip Kozlovsky

Romantic era

* Hector Berlioz (1837)
* João Domingos Bomtempo
* Johannes Brahms (1865–68)
* Anton Bruckner, ''Requiem (Bruckner), Requiem in D minor''
* Ferruccio Busoni
* Carl Czerny
* Gaetano Donizetti: ''Requiem (Donizetti), Requiem in D minor'' (for Bellini)
* Antonín Dvořák
* Gabriel Fauré
* Charles Gounod
* Asger Hamerik
* Franz Lachner
* Franz Liszt
* Giacomo Puccini [Introit only]
* Max Reger, ''Requiem (Reger), Hebbel Requiem'', ''Lateinisches Requiem'' (fragment)
* Anton Reicha, Antonín Rejcha
* Robert Schumann
* Franz von Suppé (1855)
* Charles Villiers Stanford
* Giuseppe Verdi (1874)
* Richard Wetz
* See also: Messa per Rossini

20th century

* Julius Fučík (composer) (1915)
* Mark Alburger
* Malcolm Archer
* Vyacheslav Artyomov
* John Baboukis’s Requiem Mass for G.K. Chesterton (1986)
* Osvaldas Balakauskas
* Benjamin Britten
* Gavin Bryars
* Sylvano Bussotti's "Rara Requiem" (1969)
* Michel Chion
* Vladimir Dashkevich
* Stephen DeCesare's "Requiem"
* An American Requiem, James DeMars: An American Requiem
* Edison Denisov
* Alfred Desenclos (1963)
* Felix Draeseke (1910)
* Ralph Dunstan
* Maurice Duruflé
* Lorenzo Ferrero's ''Lorenzo Ferrero#Choral and vocal music, Introito'', part of the ''Requiem per le vittime della mafia''
* Gerald Finzi'
Requiem da camera
* John Foulds "A World Requiem"
* Howard Goodall's "Eternal Light: A Requiem"
* William Harper (composer), William Harper "Requiem"
* Hans Werner Henze
* Frigyes Hidas
* Herbert Howells
* Sigurd Islandsmoen
* Karl Jenkins
* Dmitry Kabalevsky (1962)
* Volker David Kirchner
* Ståle Kleiberg
* Joonas Kokkonen
* Cyrillus Kreek

Huub de Lange
* Morten Lauridsen "Lux Aeterna"
* Philip Ledger
* Kamilló Lendvay
* György Ligeti (1965)
* Nils Lindberg
* Andrew Lloyd Webber
* Fernando Lopes-Graça
* Roman Maciejewski
* Bruno Maderna (1946)
* Frank Martin (composer), Frank Martin Requiem (Martin), Requiem (1972)
* Jean-Christian Michel
* Otto Olsson (1903)
* Ildebrando Pizzetti (1968)
* Jocelyn Pook
* Zbigniew Preisner "Requiem for My Friend (Preisner)"
* Aaron Robinson (composer), Aaron Robinson: "An American Requiem" (1997)
* John Rutter (1985)
* Joseph Ryelandt
* Shigeaki Saegusa
* Alfred Schnittke
* Giovanni Sgambati (1901)
* Valentin Silvestrov
* Fredrik Sixten
* Robert Steadman
* Igor Stravinsky
* Toru Takemitsu
* John Tavener
* Mikis Theodorakis
* Virgil Thomson
* Erkki-Sven Tüür
* Malcolm Williamson
* Bernd Alois Zimmermann: ' (1969)

21st century

* John Starr Alexander "Requiem" (2001)
* Kim André Arnesen "Requiem" (2013-2014)
* Lera Auerbach "Russian Requiem"
* Leonardo Balada "No-res (Nothing) - An Agnostic Requiem"
* Troy Banarzi "Requiem for the Missing" (2009)
* Virgin Black "Requiem Trilogy"
* Jamie Brown (composer), Jamie Brown "A Cornish Requiem / Requiem Kernewek"
* Gavin Bryars "Cadman Requiem"
* Paul Carr (composer), Paul Carr "Requiem for an Angel"
* Bob Chilcott
* Richard Danielpour, Richard Danielpour "An American Requiem" (2001)
* Stephen DeCesare "Missa De Profunctis"
* Bradley Ellingboe
* Mohammed Fairouz "Requiem Mass"
* Dan Forrest: Requiem for the Living (2013)
* Eliza Gilkyson, arr. by Craig Hella Johnson "Requiem"
* Howard Goodall "Eternal Light: A Requiem" (2008)
* Steve Gray (musician), Steve Gray "Requiem For Choir and Big Band"

Roman Grygoriv and Illia Razumeiko
IYOV, opera-requiem for prepared piano, cello, drums and voices (2015)
* John Harbison: Requiem (Harbison), Requiem (2002)
* Patrick Hawes "Lazarus Requiem"
* Tyzen Hsiao "Ilha Formosa: Requiem for Formosa's Martyrs"
* Karl Jenkins "Requiem (Jenkins), Requiem" (2004)
* Rami Khalifé "Requiem for Beirut" (2013)
* Iver Kleive
* Fan-Long Ko "2-28 Requiem" (2008)
* Thierry Lancino
* György Ligeti "Requiem (Ligeti), Requiem" (2006)
* Christopher Rouse (composer), Christopher Rouse
* Carl Rütti "Requiem" (2007)
* Kentaro Sato (composer), Kentaro Sato
* Mattias Sköld "Requiem" (2007)
* Somtow Sucharitkul
* John Tavener "A Celtic Requiem" (1969) / "Requiem" (2008)
* Chris Williams (composer), Chris Williams "Tsunami Requiem"
* Mack Wilberg
* David Crowder Band "Give Us Rest"
* António Pinho Vargas
* Ehsan Saboohi "Phonemes Requiem" (2014-2015)
* Gabriela Lena Frank "Conquest Requiem" (2017)
* Ashley Bryan: "A Tender Bridge"
* Anlun Huang"Requiem" (2004)
* Xia Guan"Earth Requiem" (2009)
* Marc L. Vogler "Requiem Covid-19" (2020)

Requiem by language (other than Latin)

English with Latin
* Benjamin Britten: ''War Requiem''
* Richard Danielpour: An American Requiem
* Howard Goodall: "Eternal Light"
* Patrick Hawes "Lazarus Requiem"
* Paul Hindemith: ''When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd (Hindemith), When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd: A Requiem for those we love''
* Herbert Howells
* John Rutter: ''Requiem (Rutter), Requiem''
* Fredrik Sixten
* Walford Davies, Sir Henry Walford Davies "A Short Requiem" (1915) 'In Sacred Memory of all those who have fallen in the war'
* Somtow Sucharitkul
* Mack Wilberg
* Aaron Robinson (composer), Aaron Robinson: "A Tender Bridge - An African American Requiem" (2018)

Cornish
* Jamie Brown (composer), Jamie Brown: ''A Cornish Requiem / Requiem Kernewek''

Estonian
* Cyrillus Kreek: ''Estonian Requiem''

German
* Johannes Brahms: ''A German Requiem (Brahms), Ein deutsches Requiem''
* Michael Praetorius
* Max Reger, ''Requiem (Reger), Hebbel Requiem''
* Franz Schubert
* Heinrich Schütz

French, Greek, with Latin
*Thierry Lancino

French, English, German with Latin
* Edison Denisov
* Jacques Hiver

Latin and Japanese
* Karl Jenkins: ''Requiem (Jenkins), Requiem''
* Hina Sakamoto: ''REQUIEM For the spirits of the victims of the Pacific War

Latin and German and others
* Bernd Alois Zimmermann: Requiem für einen jungen Dichter

Latin and Polish
* Krzysztof Penderecki: ''Polish Requiem''
* Zbigniew Preisner: ''Requiem for my friend (Preisner), Requiem for my friend''

Latin and 7th Century Northumbrian
* Gavin Bryars ''Cadman Requiem''
Russian
* Lera Auerbach – ''Russian Requiem'', on Russian Orthodox sacred text and poetry
* Vladimir Dashkevich – ''Requiem'' (Text by Anna Akhmatova)
* Elena Firsova – ''Requiem'', Op.100 (Text by Anna Akhmatova)
* Dmitri Kabalevsky – ''War Requiem'' (Text by Robert Rozhdestvensky)
* Sergei Taneyev – Cantata ''John of Damascus'', Op.1 (Text by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Alexey Tolstoy)

Chinese
* Tyzen Hsiao – ''Ilha Formosa: Requiem for Formosa's Martyrs'', 2001 (Text by Min-yung Lee, 1994)
* Fan-Long Ko – ''2-28 Requiem'', 2008. (Text by Li Kuei-Hsien)
* Anlun Huang – ''Requiem'', 2004. (Text by Youzhi Tang)
* Xia Guan – ''Earth Requiem'', 2009. (Text by Lin Liu, Xiaoming Song)

Persian
* Ehsan Saboohi – ''Phonemes Requiem'' (For four Soloists, mixed Chorus, Didgeridoo, prepared Tombak, Electronics, Computer)

Nonlinguistic
* Luciano Berio's ''Requies: in memoriam''
* Benjamin Britten's ''Sinfonia da Requiem'' and Arthur Honegger's ''Symphonie Liturgique'' use titles from the traditional Requiem as subtitles of movements.
* Carlo Forlivesi – Requiem, for 8-channel tapeALM Records ALCD-76 Silenziosa Luna
* Hans Werner Henze – Requiem (instrumental)
* Wojciech Kilar, Wojciech Kilar ''Requiem Father Kolbe''
* Lansing McLoskey – ''Requiem, v.2.001'' (versions for chamber sextet and orchestra)
* John Zorn – ''Missa Sine Voces'' (instrumental)

Modern treatments

In the 20th century the requiem evolved in several new directions. One offshoot consists of compositions dedicated to the memory of people killed in wartime. These often include extra-liturgical poems of a pacifist or non-liturgical nature; for example, the ''War Requiem'' of Benjamin Britten juxtaposes the Latin text with the poetry of Wilfred Owen, Krzysztof Penderecki's ''Polish Requiem'' includes a traditional Polish hymn within the sequence, and Robert Steadman's ''Mass in Black'' intersperses natural environment, environmental poetry and prophecies of Nostradamus. the Holocaust, Holocaust Requiem may be regarded as a specific subset of this type. The ''World Requiem'' of John Foulds was written in the aftermath of the First World War and initiated the Royal British Legion's annual festival of remembrance. Recent requiem works by Taiwanese composers Tyzen Hsiao and Fan-Long Ko follow in this tradition, honouring victims of the February 28 Incident and subsequent White Terror (Taiwan), White Terror.

Lastly, the 20th century saw the development of the secular Requiem, written for public performance without specific religious observance, such as Frederick Delius's ''Requiem (Delius), Requiem'', completed in 1916 and dedicated to "the memory of all young Artists fallen in the war",Corleonis, Adrian
Requiem, for soprano, baritone, double chorus & orchestra, RT ii/8
''All Music Guide'', Retrieved 2011-02-20 and Dmitry Kabalevsky's ''List of compositions by Dmitry Kabalevsky#Vocal Orchestral, Requiem'' (Op. 72 – 1962), a setting of a poem written by Robert Rozhdestvensky especially for the composition.Flaxman, Fred.
Controversial Comrade Kabalevsky
''Compact Discoveries with Fred Flaxman'', 2007, Retrieved 2011-02-20; Herbert Howells's unaccompanied Requiem (Howells) , ''Requiem'' uses Psalm 23 ("The Lord is my shepherd"), Psalm 121 ("I will lift up mine eyes"), "Salvator mundi" ("O Saviour of the world," in English), "Requiem aeternam" (two different settings), and "I heard a voice from heaven." Some composers have written purely instrumental works bearing the title of ''requiem'', as famously exemplified by Britten's ''Sinfonia da Requiem''. Hans Werner Henze's ''Das Floß der Medusa'', written in 1968 as a requiem for Che Guevara, is properly speaking an oratorio; Henze's Requiem (Henze), Requiem is instrumental but retains the traditional Latin titles for the movements. Igor Stravinsky's ''Requiem Canticles'' mixes instrumental movements with segments of the "Introit," "Dies irae," "Pie Jesu," and "Libera me."

See also

* Church music
* Mass (music)
* Oratorio
* Vocal music

References

External links

Mozart's "Requiem".
Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Carlos Kalmar, conductor. Live concert with the completion of its well-known unfinished musical score of the musicologist Robert Levin.

Fauré's "Requiem".
Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Petri Sakari, conductor. Live concert.

Dvořák's "Requiem".
Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Carlos Kalmar, conductor. Live concert
Los conciertos de La 2 - Concierto RTVE A-5 - RTVE.es
* http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/los-conciertos-de-la-2/conciertos-2-concierto-rtve-5/2258548/ Dvořák's "Requiem".] Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Carlos Kalmar, conductor. Live concert
Los conciertos de La 2 - Concierto RTVE A-5 - RTVE.es

Lansing McLoskey's "Requiem, v.2.001".
Stony Brook Contemporary Chamber Players. Eduardo Leandro, conductor. (Albany Records, 2013).

Lansing McLoskey's "Requiem, v.2.001".
What Is Noise ensemble. (Centaur Records, 2018).

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Requiem Masses,