A republic of five races

Five Races Under One Union was one of the major principles upon which the Republic of China was founded in 1911 at the time of the Xinhai Revolution. Its central tenet was the harmonious existence under one nation of what were considered the five major ethnic groups in China: the Han, the Manchu, the Mongols, the Hui, and the Tibetans.

)
, Use = 110000
, Symbol =
, Proportion = 5:8
, Adoption = 10 January 1912
, Design = Five horizontal bands of red, yellow, blue, white and black.

Description

This principle emphasized harmony between what were considered the five major ethnic groups in China, as represented by the colored stripes of the Five-Colored Flag of the Republic: the Han (red); the Manchus (yellow); the Mongols (blue); the Hui (white); and the Tibetans (black).Fitzgerald, John. 998(1998). Awakening China: Politics, Culture, and Class in the Nationalist Revolution. Stanford University Press publishing. , . pg 180.

The term , , primarily referred in this context to Muslims, as a whole, and as such for a certain period of time (before the Xinhai Revolution) the term also referred to the Uyghurs in Western China, since the term "Muslim Territory" (; ) was an older name for Xinjiang during the Qing dynasty. The meaning of the term "Hui people" gradually shifted to its current sense—a group distinguished from Han Chinese by their Muslim faith and distant foreign ancestry—around 1911–49 in the Republic of China.

History

Historical records from the Sui dynasty show a system of military banners using the five colors to represent the Five Elements: red for fire, yellow for earth, blue for wood/wind, white for metal, and black for water. The Tang dynasty inherited this system, and has arranged the colors in a united flag according to the above order of the elements, for military use.
In the Liao and Song periods, the Khitan people used the same flag design, as depicted in Chinese painting. During the reign of the Mongol Yuan dynasty the five colors started to symbolize ethnicities () in a multiethnic state.
In later historical periods, this "flag of the five united elements" was altered and readapted for military and official uses. A Qing dynasty painting depicting the Banners victory over the Muslim Du Wenxiu rebellion in Yunnan, includes a Qing military flag with the five elements arranged in the order of yellow, white, black, green and red.

After the Wuchang uprising, the Qing dynasty regime was replaced by the Republic of China. Prior to the adoption of the five colors flag by the Republic, a number of different flags were promoted by revolutionaries. For example, the military units of Wuchang wanted a 9-star flag featuring a Taijitu symbol, while Sun Yat-sen preferred the Blue Sky and White Sun flag to honor Lu Haodong.

Despite the uprisings targeting a Manchu-dominated regime, Sun Yat-sen, Song Jiaoren and Huang Xing unanimously advocated racial integration, which was symbolized by the five-color flag. They promoted a view of the non-Han ethnicities as also being Chinese, despite them being a relatively small percentage of the population.Chow, Peter C. Y. 008(2008). The "one China" dilemma. Macmillan publishing. , . pg 31.

The "five ethnic groups under one union" flag was no longer used after the Northern Expedition ended in 1928.

A variation of this flag was adopted by Yuan Shikai's empire and the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (see Flag of Manchukuo). In Manchukuo, a similar slogan (五族協和) was used, but the five races it represented were the Yamato (red), Han Chinese (blue), Mongols (white), Koreans (black) and Manchus (yellow). Some of its own variations also made the yellow more prominent, rather than display each color equally.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the flag was used by several Japanese puppet governments, including the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in the northern part of the country and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China in central China.

Gallery

China

Image:Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg, National flag, 1912–1928 (used again by the Provisional Government, 1937–1940 and Reformed Government, 1938–1940)
Image:Beiyang star.svg, Beiyang Army insignia, 1912–1928
Image:YuanFlag1.svg, National flag of the Empire of China, 1915–1916
Image:Chinese_Air_Force_Roundel_1920-1921.svg, Air force roundel, 1920–1921
Image:Commander-in-Chief Flag of the Republic of China (Beiyang Government).svg, Commander-in-chief flag of the Republic of China (Beiyang Government), 1927–1928
Image:Reformed Government of China Cap Badge.png, Reformed Government Army insignia, 1938–1940
Image:Proposed PRC national flags 037.svg, One of the proposed national flags of the People's Republic of China, August 1949

Inner Manchuria

Image:Manchukuo Air Transport Company Roundel.svg, Manchuria Aviation Company roundel, 1931–1945
Image:Flag of Manchukuo.svg, National flag of Manchukuo, 1932–1945
Image:War Ensign of Manchukuo.svg, War ensign of Manchukuo, 1932–1945
Image:Manchukuo star.svg, Manchukuo Army insignia, 1932–1945
Image:Manchukuo Air Force Roundel.svg, Manchukuo Air Force roundel, 1937–1945

Inner Mongolia ("four races")

Image:Flag of Mongol Military Government (1936-1937).svg, Mongol Military Government banner, 1936–1939
Image:Flag of Chanan.svg, South Chahar Autonomous Government banner, 1937–1939
Image:Flag of Jinbei.svg, North Shanxi Autonomous Government banner, 1937–1939
Image:Flag of the Mengjiang.svg, Flag of Mengjiang, 1939–1945

See also

*Buddhist flag
*Five Races Under One Union (Manchukuo)
*''Zhonghua minzu''

Notes

References

{{Chinese Nationalist Party

Chinese nationalism
Flags of China
Politics of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Ideology of the Kuomintang
1911 Revolution
Flags displaying animals
Rainbow flags