''A Guide to Grand-Jury Men'' — in full, A Guide to Grand Jury Men, Divided in two books. In the first, is the Author's best advice to them what to do, before they bring in a Billa vera in cases of

Witchcraft Witchcraft traditionally means the use of magic or supernatural powers to harm others. A practitioner is a witch. In medieval and early modern Europe, where the term originated, accused witches were usually women who were believed to have ...

, with a Christian Direction to such as are too much given upon every cross to think themselves bewitched. In the Second, is a Treatise touching Witches good and bad, how they may be known, evicted, condemned, with many particulars tending thereunto was first published in 1627 and written by a

puritan The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant. ...

clergyman named

Richard Bernard Richard Bernard (1568–1641) was an English Puritan clergyman and writer. Life Bernard was born in Epworth and received his education at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he matriculated in 1592, obtained his BA in 1595, and an MA in 1598. ...

. The work is a collection of two dissertations on the legal aspects of

witchcraft Witchcraft traditionally means the use of magic or supernatural powers to harm others. A practitioner is a witch. In medieval and early modern Europe, where the term originated, accused witches were usually women who were believed to have ...

and how those participating in the trials may be deceived by deceit and counterfeited accounts. It further elaborates on how many natural ills can be taken as bewitchment. Bernard gives advice on how to determine an actual account of witchcraft from that of a false accusation and even more, the signs one should seek to determine if a man is truly bewitched or suffering from a natural sickness. The dissertation was written to help reform the laws on witchcraft, to educate the men commissioned to seek out, investigate and prosecute instances of witchcraft, and as a guide to witchfinding with a combination of scientific analysis and theological understanding that was not previously used. Previously, the Justices of Peace did not always expect direct evidence, and seeing that the works of witches were works of darkness, there were often no witnesses present with them to accuse them.

Book One

The first book covers a wide range of topics but focuses on some key points. The first is the scientific aspect to witchcraft. That strange diseases can happen to both men and animals that are neither inflicted by devils or witches.p. 7. There were many who were falsely accused of witchcraft based on their natural ailments, but it was Richard Bernard's belief that men were also able to counterfeit various claims of bewitchment for their own financial, social or political purposep. 19. and that if the devil were involved, he could work without the consent or association of a witch. p. 34.

Book Two

The second book delves into the study of

demonology Demonology is the study of demons within religious belief and myth. Depending on context, it can refer to studies within theology, religious doctrine, or pseudoscience. In many faiths, it concerns the study of a hierarchy of demons. Demons may ...

and the theology of witchcraft, and works to prove through theological study what witches are real p. 55. and how a witch is said to enlist a spirit to conduct mischief and bewitch others.p. 115. Bernard explains the behavioral characteristics of an individual most likely to become a witchp. 58. and how the Devil solicits an individual and prepares them to partake in the practices of witchcraft and deceit. p. 65. Bernard felt that a person who goes to a witch, wizard, or blesser for assistance is just as guilty of witchcraft in the biblical perspective.p. 92. There are also elaborations on the following topics: * The sealing and confirmation of a

contract with the devil A deal with the Devil (also called a Faustian bargain or Mephistophelian bargain) is a cultural motif exemplified by the legend of Faust and the figure of Mephistopheles, as well as being elemental to many Christian traditions. According to t ...

and the various kinds of individuals that may establish such a pact * The shapes and appearances which Satan may take * How a Christian may be overtaken and yielded by witchcraft * The differences between a good witch and a bad witch * The various occupations a witch may take * That many rituals and preparations must be made before anything can be bewitched * The manner and methods of examining a witch * The difficulties in discovering a witch and the causes of those difficulties * The political reasons for executing witches * How trials of bad witches should be conducted and rules for the persecution, conviction and condemnation of witches in the course of justice.

Book One

Book Two

See also

References

Further reading