Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam better known as A. P. J. Abdul
Kalam (/ˈæbdʊl kəˈlɑːm/ ( listen); 15 October 1931
– 27 July 2015), was the 11th
President of India

President of India from 2002 to 2007.
A career scientist turned statesman, Kalam was born and raised in
Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, and studied physics and aerospace engineering.
He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science
administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) and
Indian Space Research Organisation

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and
was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and
military missile development efforts.[1] He thus came to be known as
the Missile Man of
India

India for his work on the development of ballistic
missile and launch vehicle technology.[2][3][4] He also played a
pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's
Pokhran-II

Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear
test by
India

India in 1974.[5]
Kalam was elected as the 11th
President of India

President of India in 2002 with the
support of both the ruling
Bharatiya Janata Party

Bharatiya Janata Party and the
then-opposition Indian National Congress. Widely referred to as the
"People's President,"[6] he returned to his civilian life of
education, writing and public service after a single term. He was a
recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna,
India's highest civilian honour.
While delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management
Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on
27 July 2015, aged 83.[7] Thousands including national-level
dignitaries attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of
Rameshwaram, where he was buried with full state honours.[8]
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Career as a scientist
3 Presidency
4 Post-presidency
5 Death
5.1 Reactions
5.2 Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial
6 Personal life
7 Religious and spiritual views
7.1 Islam
7.2 Syncretism
7.3
Pramukh Swami

Pramukh Swami as Guru
8 Writings
9 Awards and honours
9.1 Educational and scientific institutions
9.2 Island
9.3 Road
9.4 Plant species
9.5 Other awards and honours
10 Books and documentaries
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Early life and education
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a
Tamil Muslim

Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of
Rameswaram

Rameswaram on Pamban
Island, then in the
Madras Presidency

Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil
Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and imam of a local
mosque;[9] his mother Ashiamma was a housewife.[10][11][12][13] His
father owned a ferry that took
Hindu

Hindu pilgrims back and forth between
Rameswaram

Rameswaram and the now uninhabited Dhanushkodi.[14][15] Kalam was the
youngest of four brothers and one sister in his family.[16][17][18]
His ancestors had been wealthy traders and landowners, with numerous
properties and large tracts of land. Their business had involved
trading groceries between the mainland and the island and to and from
Sri Lanka, as well as ferrying pilgrims between the mainland and
Pamban. As a result, the family acquired the title of "Mara Kalam
Iyakkivar" (wooden boat steerers), which over the years became
shortened to "Marakier." With the opening of the
Pamban Bridge

Pamban Bridge to the
mainland in 1914, however, the businesses failed and the family
fortune and properties were lost over time, apart from the ancestral
home.[19] By his early childhood, Kalam's family had become poor; at
an early age, he sold newspapers to supplement his family's
income.[20][20][21]
In his school years, Kalam had average grades but was described as a
bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn. He
spent hours on his studies, especially mathematics.[21] After
completing his education at the Schwartz Higher Secondary School,
Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph's College,
Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the University of Madras, from
where he graduated in physics in 1954.[22] He moved to Madras in 1955
to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology.[13]
While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was
dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his
scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three
days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to
him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a
difficult deadline".[23] He narrowly missed achieving his dream of
becoming a fighter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only
eight positions were available in the IAF.[24]
Career as a scientist
This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great
teachers—Dr Vikram Sarabhai, Prof
Satish Dhawan

Satish Dhawan and Dr Brahm
Prakash. This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge
for me.
“
”
A P J Abdul Kalam[25]
After graduating from the
Madras Institute of Technology

Madras Institute of Technology in 1960,
Kalam joined the
Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence
Research and Development Organisation (by Press Information Bureau,
Government of India) as a scientist after becoming a member of the
Defence Research & Development Service (DRDS). He started his
career by designing a small hovercraft, but remained unconvinced by
his choice of a job at DRDO.[26] Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR
committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space
scientist.[13] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of
India's first
Satellite Launch Vehicle

Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully
deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980; Kalam
had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently
at DRDO in 1965.[1] In 1969, Kalam received the government's approval
and expanded the programme to include more engineers.[25]
Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati
In 1963 to 1964, he visited NASA's
Langley Research Center

Langley Research Center in Hampton,
Virginia;
Goddard Space Flight Center

Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; and
Wallops Flight Facility.[11][27] Between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam
made an effort to develop the Polar
Satellite Launch Vehicle

Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
and SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be successful.
Kalam was invited by
Raja Ramanna to witness the country's first
nuclear test
Smiling Buddha

Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though
he had not participated in its development. In the 1970s, Kalam also
directed two projects,
Project Devil and Project Valiant, which sought
to develop ballistic missiles from the technology of the successful
SLV programme.[28] Despite the disapproval of the Union Cabinet, Prime
Minister
Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace
projects through her discretionary powers under Kalam's
directorship.[28] Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union
Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified aerospace
projects.[28] His research and educational leadership brought him
great laurels and prestige in the 1980s, which prompted the government
to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.[28]
Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientific adviser to
the Defence Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defence
Minister,
R. Venkataraman
.jpg)
R. Venkataraman on a proposal for simultaneous development
of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after
another.[29] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet
approval for allocating ₹388 crores for the mission, named
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
.jpeg/600px-Agni-II_missile_(Republic_Day_Parade_2004).jpeg)
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) and appointed
Kalam as the chief executive.[29] Kalam played a major part in
developing many missiles under the mission including Agni, an
intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical
surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have been criticised
for mismanagement and cost and time overruns.[29][30]
Kalam served as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister and
Secretary of the
Defence Research and Development Organisation

Defence Research and Development Organisation from
July 1992 to December 1999. The
Pokhran-II

Pokhran-II nuclear tests were
conducted during this period in which he played an intensive political
and technological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator,
along with Rajagopala Chidambaram, during the testing phase.[11][31]
Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best
known nuclear scientist.[32] However, the director of the site test, K
Santhanam, said that the thermonuclear bomb had been a "fizzle" and
criticisied Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[33] Both Kalam and
Chidambaram dismissed the claims.[34]
In 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost
coronary stent, named the "Kalam-Raju Stent".[35][36] In 2012, the duo
designed a rugged tablet computer for health care in rural areas,
which was named the "Kalam-Raju Tablet".[37]
Presidency
Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding K. R.
Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral
vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal.
His term lasted from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.[38]
On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which was in
power at the time, expressed that they would nominate Kalam for the
post of President,[39][40] and both the
Samajwadi Party

Samajwadi Party and the
Nationalist Congress Party

Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[41][42] After the
Samajwadi Party

Samajwadi Party announced its support for Kalam, Narayanan chose not
to seek a second term in office, leaving the field clear.[43] Kalam
said of the announcement of his candidature:
I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other
media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I
can give to the people of the country at this juncture.[44]
On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the Indian
Parliament, accompanied by Vajpayee and his senior Cabinet
colleagues.[45]
Kalam along with
Vladimir Putin
_(cropped).jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_(2017-07-08)_(cropped).jpg)
Vladimir Putin and
Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh during his
presidency
The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002 in
Parliament and the state assemblies, with the media claiming that the
election was a one-sided affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone
conclusion; the count was held on 18 July.[46] Kalam became the 11th
president of the Republic of
India

India in an easy victory,[47] and moved
into the
Rashtrapati Bhavan

Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.[48]
Kalam was the third
President of India

President of India to have been honoured with a
Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, before becoming the
President. Dr
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr Zakir Hussain
(1963) were the earlier recipients of
Bharat Ratna

Bharat Ratna who later became
the President of India.[49] He was also the first scientist and the
first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[50]
During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the
People's President,[51][52][53] saying that signing the Office of
Profit Bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his
tenure.[54][55][56] Kalam was criticised for his inaction in deciding
the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him during
his tenure.[57] Article 72 of the Constitution of
India

India empowers the
President of India

President of India to grant pardons, and suspend or commute the death
sentence of convicts on death row.[57][58] Kalam acted on only one
mercy plea in his five-year tenure as president, rejecting the plea of
rapist Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was later hanged.[57] Perhaps the
most notable plea was from Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was
convicted of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian
Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of
India

India in
2004.[58] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20
October 2006, the pending action on his mercy plea resulted in him
remaining on death row.[58] He also took the controversial decision to
impose President's Rule in Bihar in 2005.[59]
In September 2003, in an interactive session in PGI Chandigarh, Kalam
supported the need of
Uniform Civil Code

Uniform Civil Code in India, keeping in view the
population of the country.[60][61][62][63]
At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his
willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was
certainty about his victory in the 2007 presidential election.[64]
However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential
election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati
Bhavan from any political processes.[65] He did not have the support
of the left parties,
Shiv Sena

Shiv Sena and UPA constituents, to receive a
renewed mandate.[66][67]
Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President
Pratibha Patil

Pratibha Patil on
24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to
be nominated for his second term.[68][69][70] After the reports,
social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his
candidature.[71][72] The BJP potentially backed his nomination, saying
that the party would lend their support if the Trinamool Congress,
Samajwadi Party

Samajwadi Party and
Indian National Congress

Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012
presidential election.[73][74] A month ahead of the election, Mulayam
Singh Yadav and
Mamata Banerjee

Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for
Kalam.[75] Days afterwards,
Mulayam Singh Yadav
.jpg)
Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving
Mamata Banerjee

Mamata Banerjee as the solitary supporter.[76] On 18 June 2012, Kalam
declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll. He said of his
decision not to do so:
Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only
reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the
people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their
wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in
me.[77]
Post-presidency
After leaving office, Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian
Institute of Management Shillong, the Indian Institute of Management
Ahmedabad, and the Indian Institute of Management Indore; an honorary
fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore;[78] chancellor of
the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
Thiruvananthapuram; professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna
University; and an adjunct at many other academic and research
institutions across India. He taught information technology at the
International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, and
technology at Banaras
Hindu

Hindu University and Anna University.[79]
In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme for the youth of
India

India called
the What Can I Give Movement, with a central theme of defeating
corruption.[80][81]
In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the
Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant; he supported the establishment of the
nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local
people.[82] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they saw him
as a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurances he
provided regarding the safety features of the plant.[83]
Death
Kalam at
Bijnor

Bijnor a week before his death
Wikinews has related news: Former Indian president APJ Abdul Kalam
dies at age 83
On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to
Shillong

Shillong to deliver a lecture on
"Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at the Indian Institute of
Management Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced
some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief
rest.[84] At around 6:35 p.m. IST, only five minutes into his
lecture, he collapsed.[85][86] He was rushed to the nearby Bethany
Hospital in a critical condition; upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or
any other signs of life.[85] Despite being placed in the intensive
care unit, Kalam was confirmed dead of a sudden cardiac arrest at 7:45
p.m IST.[85][87][88] His last words, to his aide Srijan Pal Singh,
were reportedly: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"[89]
Following his death, Kalam's body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force
helicopter from
Shillong

Shillong to Guwahati, from where it was flown to New
Delhi on the morning of 28 July in an air force C-130J Hercules. The
flight landed at Palam Air Base that afternoon and was received by the
President, the Prime Minister, Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind
Kejriwal, and the three service chiefs of the Indian Armed Forces, who
laid wreaths on Kalam's body.[90] His body was then placed on a gun
carriage draped with the Indian flag and taken to his Delhi residence
at 10 Rajaji Marg; there, the public and numerous dignitaries paid
homage, including former prime minister Manmohan Singh, Congress
President
Sonia Gandhi
.jpg/440px-Sonia_Gandhi_(cropped).jpg)
Sonia Gandhi and Vice-President Rahul Gandhi, and Uttar
Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav.[91]
On the morning of 29 July, Kalam's body, wrapped in the Indian flag,
was taken to Palam Air Base and flown to
Madurai

Madurai in an air force
C-130J aircraft, arriving at
Madurai

Madurai Airport that afternoon. His body
was received at the airport by the three service chiefs and national
and state dignitaries, including cabinet ministers Manohar Parrikar,
Venkaiah Naidu,
Pon Radhakrishnan

Pon Radhakrishnan and the governors of
Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu and
Meghalaya,
K Rosaiah

K Rosaiah and V. Shanmuganathan. After a brief ceremony,
Kalam's body was flown by air force helicopter to the town of
Mandapam, from where it was taken in an army truck to his hometown of
Rameswaram. Upon arriving at Rameswaram, his body was displayed in an
open area in front of the local bus station to allow the public to pay
their final respects until 8 p.m. that evening.[92][93]
On 30 July 2015, the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram's
Pei Karumbu Ground with full state honours. Over 350,000 people
attended the last rites, including the Prime Minister, the governor of
Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu and the chief ministers of Karnataka,
Kerala

Kerala and Andhra
Pradesh.[94][95]
Reactions
India

India reacted to Kalam's death with an outpouring of grief; numerous
tributes were paid to the former president across the nation and on
social media.[96] The Government of
India

India declared a seven-day state
mourning period as a mark of respect.[97] President Pranab Mukherjee,
Vice-President Hamid Ansari, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, and other
leaders condoled the former President's demise.[87] Prime Minister
Narendra Modi

Narendra Modi said "[Dr. Kalam's] death is a great loss to the
scientific community. He took
India

India to great heights. He showed the
way."[98] Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who had served as
prime minister under Kalam, said, "our country has lost a great human
being who made phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self
reliance in defence technologies. I worked very closely with Dr. Kalam
as prime minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president
of our country. His life and work will be remembered for generations
to come."[99]
ISRO

ISRO chairman
A. S. Kiran Kumar

A. S. Kiran Kumar called his former
colleague "a great personality and a gentleman", while former chairman
G. Madhavan Nair

G. Madhavan Nair described Kalam as "a global leader" for whom "the
downtrodden and poor people were his priority. He always had a passion
to convey what is in his mind to the young generation", adding that
his death left a vacuum which none could fill.[100][101]
South Asian leaders expressed condolences and lauded the late
statesman. The Bhutanese government ordered the country's flags to fly
at half-staff to mourn Kalam's death, and lit 1000 butter lamps in
homage. Bhutanese Prime Minister
Tshering Tobgay

Tshering Tobgay expressed deep
sadness, saying Kalam "was a leader greatly admired by all people,
especially the youth of
India

India who have referred to him as the people's
President".[102]
Bangladesh

Bangladesh Prime Minister
Sheikh Hasina

Sheikh Hasina described
Kalam as "a rare combination of a great statesman, acclaimed
scientist, and a source of inspiration to the young generation of
South Asia" and termed his death an "irreparable loss to
India

India and
beyond".
Bangladesh

Bangladesh Nationalist Party chief
Khaleda Zia

Khaleda Zia said "as a
nuclear scientist, he engaged himself in the welfare of the people".
Ashraf Ghani, the President of Afghanistan, called Kalam "an
inspirational figure to millions of people," noting that "we have a
lot to learn from his life". Nepalese Prime Minister Sushil Koirala
recalled Kalam's scientific contributions to India: "Nepal has lost a
good friend and I have lost an honoured and ideal personality." The
President of Pakistan, Mamnoon Hussain, and Prime Minister of Pakistan
Nawaz Sharif

Nawaz Sharif also expressed their grief and condolences on his
death.[103][104][105] The President of Sri Lanka, Maithripala
Sirisena, also expressed his condolences. "Dr. Kalam was a man of firm
conviction and indomitable spirit, and I saw him as an outstanding
statesman of the world. His death is an irreparable loss not only to
India

India but to the entire world."[106] Maldivian President Abdulla
Yameen and Vice-President Ahmed Adheeb condoled Kalam's death, with
Yameen naming him as a close friend of the Maldives who would continue
to be an inspiration to Indians and generations of South Asians.
Former president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who had made an official visit
to
India

India during Kalam's presidency, termed his demise as a great loss
to all of humankind.[107] The Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Armed
Forces, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, expressed condolences on
behalf of the Myanmar government.[108] The
Dalai Lama

Dalai Lama expressed his
sadness and offered condolences and prayers, calling Kalam's death "an
irreparable loss".[109]
Kathleen Wynne, the Premier of Ontario, which Kalam had visited on
numerous occasions, expressed "deepest condolences ... as a respected
scientist, he played a critical role in the development of the Indian
space programme. As a committed educator, he inspired millions of
young people to achieve their very best. And as a devoted leader, he
gained support both at home and abroad, becoming known as 'the
people's President'. I join our Indo–Canadian families, friends, and
neighbours in mourning the passing of this respected leader."[110]
United States President
Barack Obama

Barack Obama extended "deepest condolences to
the people of
India

India on the passing of former Indian President Dr. APJ
Abdul Kalam", and highlighted his achievements as a scientist and as a
statesman, notably his role in strengthening US–
India

India relations and
increasing space co-operation between the two nations. "Suitably named
'the People's President', Dr. Kalam's humility and dedication to
public service served as an inspiration to millions of Indians and
admirers around the world."[111] Russian President Vladimir Putin
expressed sincere condolences and conveyed his sympathy and support
"to the near and dear ones of the deceased leader, to the government,
and entire people of India". He remarked on Kalam's outstanding
"personal contribution to the social, economic, scientific, and
technical progress of
India

India and in ensuring its national security,"
adding that Dr Kalam would be remembered as a "consistent exponent of
closer friendly relations between our nations, who has done a lot for
cementing mutually beneficial Russian–Indian cooperation."[112]
Other international leaders—including former Indonesian president
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak,
Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, President of the United
Arab Emirates Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and Vice-President
and Prime Minister of the
United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai
Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum—also paid tribute to
Kalam.[113][114] In a special gesture, Secretary-General of the United
Nations
Ban Ki-moon

Ban Ki-moon visited the Permanent Mission of
India

India to the UN
and signed a condolence book. "The outpouring of grief around the
world is a testament of the respect and inspiration he has garnered
during and after his presidency. The UN joins the people of
India

India in
sending our deepest condolences for this great statesman. May he rest
in peace and eternity", Ban wrote in his message.[115]
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial[116] is a memorial in memory
of the late President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. The memorial is situated
at Pei Karumbu, in the island town of Rameswaram, in the state of
Tamil Nadu, India. This Memorial was inaugurated on the 27th July,
2017[117] by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi. The memorial
was built by Defence Research & Development Organisation
(DRDO).[118]
On display are the replicas of rockets and missiles with which Dr.
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam had worked with. Acrylic paintings about his life
are also displayed along with hundreds of portraits depicting the life
of the mass leader.
There is a statue of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in the entrance showing
him playing
Veena

Veena (musical instrument). There are two other smaller
statues of the leader in sitting and standing posture.
Personal life
Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a
sister, Asim Zohra (d. 1997), followed by three elder brothers:
Mohammed Muthu Meera Lebbai Maraikayar (born 4 November 1916),[119]
Mustafa Kalam (d. 1999) and Kasim Mohammed (d. 1995).[120] He was
extremely close to his elder siblings and their extended families
throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to
his older relations, himself remaining a lifelong bachelor.[120][121]
Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.[121] He
never owned a television, and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7
a.m and sleeping by 2 a.m.[122] His few personal possessions included
his books, his veena, some articles of clothing, a CD player and a
laptop; at his death, he left no will, and his possessions went to his
eldest brother, who survived him.[123][124]
In the 2011 Hindi film I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed as a positive
influence on a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named Chhotu, who
renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.[125]
Religious and spiritual views
Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his
life.[126] In fact, he made his own spiritual journey the subject of
his final book, Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh
Swamiji.[127][128]
Islam
A proud and practising Muslim, daily namāz and fasting during Ramadan
were integral to Kalam's life.[9][129][130] His father, the imam of a
mosque in his hometown of Rameswaram, had strictly instilled these
Islamic customs in his children.[9] His father had also impressed upon
the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam
recalled: "Every evening, my father A.P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi
Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy
Hindu

Hindu temple,
and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues
concerning the island."[127][131] Such early exposure convinced Kalam
that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and
cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political
leaders.[129] Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other
faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, he was fond of
saying: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small
people make religion a fighting tool."[132]
Syncretism
One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in
India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the syncretism he
embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and
cultural traditions of India.[129][130][133][134] In addition to his
faith in the Koran and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in
Hindu

Hindu traditions; he learnt Sanskrit,[135][136] read the Bhagavad
Gita[137][138] and he was a vegetarian.[139] Kalam also enjoyed
writing Tamil poetry, playing the veena (a South Indian string
instrument),[140] and listening to Carnatic devotional music every
day.[130] In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after
becoming President, he reiterated his desire for a more united India,
stating that "[d]uring the last one year I met a number of spiritual
leaders of all religions ... [and] I would like to endeavour to work
for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of
our country".[133] Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse
traditions, Congress leader
Shashi Tharoor

Shashi Tharoor stated, "Kalam was a
complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage
of diversity".[130] BJP leader
L. K. Advani

L. K. Advani concurred that Kalam was
"the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of
all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity
in immense diversity. This was most strikingly evident in the
second-to-last book he published, presciently titled Transcendence: My
Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swami.[134]
Pramukh Swami

Pramukh Swami as Guru
Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders to help create a more
prosperous, spiritual, and unified
India

India was what initially led him to
meet Pramukh Swami, the
Hindu

Hindu guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan
Sampradaya, who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual
teacher and guru.[127][129] The first of eight meetings between Kalam
and
Pramukh Swami

Pramukh Swami over a fourteen-year period took place on 30 June
2001 in New Delhi, during which Kalam described being immediately
drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity.[141] Kalam
stated that he was inspired by
Pramukh Swami

Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous
interactions. One such incident occurred the day following the
terrorist attack on BAPS' Akshardham, Gandhinagar complex in September
2002;
Pramukh Swami

Pramukh Swami prayed for, and sprinkled holy water upon, the
sites of all of the deceased, including the terrorists, demonstrating
the view that all human life is sacred. Kalam recalled being moved by
Pramukh Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one
of his motivations for writing Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences
with Pramukh Swamiji.[142] Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami
had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed
me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ...
Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres
are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in
eternity."[129][143] Following Kalam's death a month after his final
book was released, co-author Arun Tiwari pointed to this passage as
potentially prophetic and premonitory of Kalam's death.[144]
Writings
A P J Abdul Kalam delivering a speech
In his book
India

India 2020, Kalam strongly advocated an action plan to
develop
India

India into a "knowledge superpower" and a developed nation by
the year 2020. He regarded his work on India's nuclear weapons
programme as a way to assert India's place as a future
superpower.[145]
I have identified five areas where
India

India has a core competence for
integrated action: (1) agriculture and food processing; (2) education
and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4)
infrastructure, reliable and quality electric power, surface transport
and infrastructure for all parts of the country; and (5) self-reliance
in critical technologies. These five areas are closely inter-related
and if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to food, economic and
national security.
Kalam describes a "transformative moment" in his life when he asked
Pramukh Swami, the guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sampradaya, how India
might realise this five-pronged vision of development. Pramukh
Swami's answer—to add a sixth area developing faith in God and
spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and
corruption—became the spiritual vision for the next 15 years Kalam's
life, which he describes in his final book, Transcendence: My
Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji, published just a month
before his death.[141]
It was reported that there was considerable demand in South Korea for
translated versions of books authored by him.[146]
Kalam took an active interest in other developments in the field of
science and technology, including a research programme for developing
biomedical implants. He also supported open source technology over
proprietary software, predicting that the use of free software on a
large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more
people.[147]
Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two
years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in
1999.[21] He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young
people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to
share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination
and preparing them to work for a developed
India

India for which the road
map is already available." His dream is to let every student to light
up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart. [21]
Awards and honours
Kalam received 7 honorary doctorates from 40 universities.[148][149]
The Government of
India

India honoured him with the
Padma Bhushan

Padma Bhushan in 1981
and the
Padma Vibhushan

Padma Vibhushan in 1990 for his work with
ISRO

ISRO and DRDO and
his role as a scientific advisor to the Government.[150] In 1997,
Kalam received India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, for
his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of
defence technology in India.[151] In 2013, he was the recipient of the
Von Braun Award from the
National Space Society

National Space Society "to recognize
excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related
project".[152]
Following his death, Kalam received numerous tributes. The Tamil Nadu
state government announced that his birthday, 15 October, would be
observed across the state as "Youth Renaissance Day;" the state
government further instituted the "Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award,"
constituting an 8-gram gold medal, a certificate and ₹500,000
(US$7,700). The award will be awarded annually on Independence Day,
beginning in 2015, to residents of the state with achievements in
promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of
students.[153]
On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015 the CBSE set topics on his
name in the CBSE expression series.[154]
The Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, ceremonially released postage
stamps commemorating Kalam at DRDO Bhawan in
New Delhi

New Delhi on 15 October
2015, the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.
Researchers at the
NASA

NASA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), had
discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the International Space
Station (ISS) and named it Solibacillus kalamii to honour the late
president Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.[155]
Educational and scientific institutions
Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations
were renamed or named in honour of Kalam following his death.
An agricultural college at Kishanganj, Bihar, was renamed the "Dr.
Kalam Agricultural College, Kishanganj" by the Bihar state government
on the day of Kalam's funeral. The state government also announced it
would name a proposed science city after Kalam.[156]
Uttar Pradesh Technical University

Uttar Pradesh Technical University (UPTU) was renamed "A.P.J. Abdul
Kalam Technical University" by the Uttar Pradesh state
government.[157]
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial Travancore Institute of Digestive
Diseases, a new research institute in
Kollam

Kollam city,
Kerala

Kerala attached to
the Travancore Medical College Hospital.[158]
A new academic complex at Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala.[159]
A new science centre and planetarium in Lawspet, Puducherry.[160]
India

India and the US have launched the Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship
In September 2014. The first call for applicants was announced on
Friday 12 March 2016, for the fellowship which will enable up to 6
Indian PhD students and post-doctoral researchers to work with US host
institutions for a period of 6–12 months. The fellowship will be
operated by the binational US-
India

India Educational Foundation (USIEF)
under the Fulbright programme.[161]
Kerala

Kerala Technological University, headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram
where Kalam lived for years, was renamed to A P J Abdul Kalam
Technological University after his death.
Island
Wheeler Island, a national missile test site in Odisha, was renamed
Abdul Kalam Island

Abdul Kalam Island in September 2015.[162]
Road
A prominent road in
New Delhi

New Delhi was renamed from
Aurangzeb

Aurangzeb Road to Dr
APJ Abdul Kalam Road[163][164] in August 2015.[165]
Plant species
In February 2018, scientists from the Botanical Survey of
India

India named
a newly found plant species as Drypetes kalamii, in his honour.[166]
Other awards and honours
Year of award or honour
Name of award or honour
Awarding organisation
2014
Doctor of Science
Edinburgh University, UK[167]
2013
Von Braun Award
National Space Society
2012
Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa)
Simon Fraser University[168]
2011
IEEE

IEEE Honorary Membership
IEEE[169]
2010
Doctor of Engineering
University of Waterloo[170]
2009
Honorary Doctorate
Oakland University[171]
2009
Hoover Medal
ASME Foundation, USA[172]
2009
International von Kármán Wings Award
California Institute of Technology, USA[173]
2008
Doctor of Engineering (Honoris Causa)
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore[174]
2008
Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa)
Aligarh
Muslim

Muslim University, Aligarh[175][176]
2007
Honorary Doctorate
.JPG/440px-Jimmy_Wales_receives_honorary_doctorate_from_Maastricht_University_(5).JPG)
Honorary Doctorate of Science and Technology
Carnegie Mellon University[177]
2007
King Charles II Medal
Royal Society, UK[178][179][180]
2007
Honorary Doctorate
.JPG/440px-Jimmy_Wales_receives_honorary_doctorate_from_Maastricht_University_(5).JPG)
Honorary Doctorate of Science
University of Wolverhampton, UK[181]
2000
Ramanujan Award
Alwars Research Centre, Chennai[182]
1998
Veer Savarkar Award
Government of India[13]
1997
Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration
Indian National Congress[13][182]
1997
Bharat Ratna
Government of India[182][183]
1995
Honorary Fellow
National Academy of Medical Sciences,[184]
1994
Distinguished Fellow
Institute of Directors (India)[185]
1990
Padma Vibhushan
Government of India[182][186]
1981
Padma Bhushan
Government of India[182][186]
Books and documentaries
Kalam's writings
[proposed to be deleted: this "book" is a commemorative collection of
papers with Kalam and Narasimha as editors. Given URL clearly mentions
this]Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A P J
Abdul Kalam and Roddam Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences,
1988[187]
India

India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A P J Abdul Kalam, Y.
S. Rajan; New York, 1998.[188]
Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A P J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari;
Universities Press, 1999.[11]
Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within
India

India by A P J Abdul Kalam;
Viking, 2002.[189]
The Luminous Sparks by A P J Abdul Kalam, by; Punya Publishing Pvt
Ltd., 2004.[190]
Mission
India

India by A P J Abdul Kalam, Paintings by Manav Gupta; Penguin
Books, 2005[191]
Inspiring Thoughts by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal & Sons, 2007[192]
Indomitable Spirit by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal and Sons
Publishing[193]
Envisioning an Empowered Nation by A P J Abdul Kalam with A Sivathanu
Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond by A P J Abdul Kalam
and Arun Tiwari; Ocean Books, 2011.[194]
Turning Points: A journey through challenges by A P J Abdul Kalam;
Harper Collins

Harper Collins India, 2012.[195]
Target 3 Billion

Target 3 Billion by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; December
2011 Publisher Penguin Books.
My Journey: (titled எனது பயணம் - Tamil) Transforming
Dreams into Actions by A P J Abdul Kalam; August 2013 by the Rupa
Publication.
A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to
India

India 2020 by A P J Abdul Kalam
and V Ponraj; July 2014 by Harper Collins.[196]
Forge your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring by A P J Abdul Kalam;
by Rajpal and Sons, 29 October 2014.[197]
Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future by A P J Abdul
Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; by Penguin India, 14 May 2015.[198]
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji by A P J
Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari; HarperCollins Publishers, June 2015[199]
Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity by A P J Abdul Kalam
and Srijan Pal Singh; HarperCollins Publishers,15 Oct 2015.[200]
Biographies
Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam by S Chandra; Pentagon
Publishers, 2002.[201]
President A P J Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi; Anmol Publications,
2002.[202]
A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of
India

India by K Bhushan, G Katyal; A P
H Pub Corp, 2002.[203]
A Little Dream (documentary film) by P. Dhanapal; Minveli Media Works
Private Limited, 2008.[204]
The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President by P M Nair; Harper
Collins, 2008.[205]
My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A K George; Novel Corporation,
2009.[206]
See also
List of Presidents of India
The Greatest Indian
Indian presidential election, 2002
Pokhran-II
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Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences
with Pramukh Swamiji to release on June 15.
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Harper Collins India
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.
Official website
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
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Nelson Mandela
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Nelson Mandela (1990)
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Morarji Desai
.png)
Morarji Desai (1991)
Abul Kalam Azad, J. R. D. Tata, and
Satyajit Ray

Satyajit Ray (1992)
Gulzarilal Nanda, Aruna Asaf Ali, and
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997)
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Jayaprakash Narayan, Amartya Sen, Gopinath Bordoloi, and Ravi Shankar
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Bismillah Khan (2001)
Bhimsen Joshi
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Bhimsen Joshi (2008)
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Medicine
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B. K. Goyal
Purshotam Lal
A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar
S. I. Padmavati
Autar Singh Paintal
Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti
Balu Sankaran
V. Shanta
Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar
Prakash Narain Tandon
Brihaspati Dev Triguna
M. S. Valiathan
Other
Sunderlal Bahuguna
B. K. S. Iyengar
Rambhadracharya
Ravi Shankar
Jaggi Vasudev
Public Affairs
L. K. Advani
Montek Singh Ahluwalia
Aruna Asaf Ali
Fazal Ali
Adarsh Sein Anand
Madhav Shrihari Aney
Parkash Singh Badal
Sikander Bakht
Milon K. Banerji
Mirza Hameedullah Beg
P. N. Bhagwati
Raja Chelliah
Chandra Kisan Daphtary
Niren De
C. D. Deshmukh
Anthony Lancelot Dias
Uma Shankar Dikshit
Kazi Lhendup Dorjee
P. B. Gajendragadkar
Benjamin A. Gilman
Zakir Husain
V. R. Krishna Iyer
Jagmohan
Lakshmi Chand Jain
Aditya Nath Jha
Murli Manohar Joshi
Mehdi Nawaz Jung
Ali Yavar Jung
Vijay Kelkar
Hans Raj Khanna
V. N. Khare
Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher
Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai
Jivraj Narayan Mehta
V. K. Krishna Menon
Hirendranath Mukherjee
Ajoy Mukherjee
Pranab Mukherjee
Padmaja Naidu
Gulzarilal Nanda
Govind Narain
Fali Sam Nariman
Hosei Norota
Nanabhoy Palkhivala
K. Parasaran
Hari Vinayak Pataskar
Sunder Lal Patwa
Sharad Pawar
Naryana Raghvan Pillai
Sri Prakasa
N. G. Ranga
Ravi Narayana Reddy
Y. Venugopal Reddy
Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq
Lakshmi Sahgal
P. A. Sangma
M. C. Setalvad
Karan Singh
Nagendra Singh
Swaran Singh
Walter Sisulu
Soli Sorabjee
Kalyan Sundaram
Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
M. N. Venkatachaliah
Kottayan Katankot Venugopal
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
Science and Engineering
V. K. Aatre
Salim Ali
Norman Borlaug
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Rajagopala Chidambaram
Charles Correa
Satish Dhawan
Anil Kakodkar
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan
Har Gobind Khorana
Daulat Singh Kothari
Verghese Kurien
Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
G. Madhavan Nair
Roddam Narasimha
Jayant Narlikar
Rajendra K. Pachauri
Benjamin Peary Pal
Yash Pal
I. G. Patel
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
K. R. Ramanathan
Raja Ramanna
C. R. Rao
C. N. R. Rao
Palle Rama Rao
Udupi Ramachandra Rao
Vikram Sarabhai
Man Mohan Sharma
Obaid Siddiqi
E. Sreedharan
M. R. Srinivasan
George Sudarshan
M. S. Swaminathan
Social Work
Baba Amte
Pandurang Shastri Athavale
Janaki Devi Bajaj
Mirabehn
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
Durgabai Deshmukh
Nanaji Deshmukh
Nirmala Deshpande
Mohan Dharia
U. N. Dhebar
Valerian Gracias
Veerendra Heggade
Mary Clubwala Jadhav
Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta
Usha Mehta
Sister Nirmala
Nellie Sengupta
Sports
Viswanathan Anand
Edmund Hillary
Sachin Tendulkar
Trade and Industry
Dhirubhai Ambani
Ghanshyam Das Birla
Ashok Sekhar Ganguly
Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan
Lakshmi Mittal
N. R. Narayana Murthy
M. Narasimham
Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi
Azim Premji
Prathap C. Reddy
J. R. D. Tata
Ratan Tata
Portal
Category
WikiProject
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Padma Bhushan

Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–1989)
1980
Sunil Gavaskar
1981
Vainu Bappu
Prafulla Desai
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Gopinath Mohanty
Amritlal Nagar
Mrinal Sen
Avabai Bomanji Wadia
1982
Jasbir Singh Bajaj
Sundaram Balachander
Gottipati Brahmaiah
Rani Gaidinliu
Khadim Hussain Khan
Stella Kramrisch
Jal Minocher Mehta
Grace Morley
Syed Zahoor Qasim
Kamal Ranadive
P. N. Pattabhirama Sastri
Jhabarmal Sharma
Ajit Ram Verma
1983
Richard Attenborough
Doraiswamy Iyengar
V. G. Jog
K. Sankaran Nair
Prem Nazir
Swraj Paul, Baron Paul
Rajkumar
K. G. Ramanathan
Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala
Subodh Chandra Sengupta
Adi M. Sethna
Arun Kumar Sharma
Benudhar Sharma
Bhalindra Singh
Umrao Singh
1984
Horace Alexander
Michael Ferreira
Sivaji Ganesan
Jnan Prakash Ghosh
Kotha Satchidananda Murthy
Hosur Narasimhaiah
Sripada Pinakapani
Ishwari Prasad
B. C. Sanyal
Marie Seton
Archana Sharma
Obaid Siddiqi
Natwar Singh
Ganda Singh
Vijay Tendulkar
Baldev Upadhyaya
1985
Durga Das Basu
Shiba P. Chatterjee
Virender Lal Chopra
Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon
Santidev Ghosh
Bhimsen Joshi
Sadat Abul Masud
Kalanidhi Narayanan
Bernard Peters
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Gopala Ramanujam
S. Ramaseshan
Amarjit Singh
Tribhuvandas Luhar
Gurbachan Singh Talib
Bhalchandra Udgaonkar
Srinivasan Varadarajan
1986
Pushpa Mittra Bhargava
Ela Bhatt
Manohar Lal Chibber
Aminuddin Dagar
V. Krishnamurthy
Jean Riboud
Sidney Dillon Ripley
Rajeev Sethi
Martand Singh
Badri Nath Tandon
Gulshan Lal Tandon
R. K. Trivedi
1987
Balamani Amma
Kishori Amonkar
Nikhil Banerjee
Roddam Narasimha
R. D. Pradhan
Annada Shankar Ray
Julio Ribeiro
Man Mohan Sharma
Farokh Udwadia
Mohammad Yunus
1988
19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche
Ram Prakash Bambah
Kartar Singh Duggal
Ashok Sekhar Ganguly
Abid Hussain
Shreyans Prasad Jain
Kelucharan Mohapatra
Bal Ram Nanda
Akkineni Nageswara Rao
Pratury Trirumala Rao
Renuka Ray
B. V. Sreekantan
Satya Pal Wahi
1989
Fenner Brockway, Baron Brockway
Banoo Jehangir Coyaji
Girija Devi
Kattingeri Krishna Hebbar
Girilal Jain
Anna Rajam Malhotra
M. V. Mathur
Ashesh Prosad Mitra
Russi Mody
Suresh Shankar Nadkarni
Narinder Singh Randhawa
Yoshio Sakurauchi
Lakshman Singh
Prakash Narain Tandon
# Posthumous conferral
1954–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
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Defence Research and Development Organisation

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
Aeronautics
Avionics
Tejas
Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft
Other HAL programmes
HJT-36
HTT-40
Dhruv
Rudra
Light Combat Helicopter
Light Utility Helicopter
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Nishant
Rustom
Lakshya
Kapothaka
Ulka
Fluffy
AURA UAV
Imperial Eagle
Netra
Armaments
Small arms
INSAS
Vidhwansak
MSMC
MCIWS
Artillery systems and ammunition
Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher
M-46 Catapult
Bhim-T6
Dhanush Howitzer
Armoured fighting
vehicles
Tanks
Arjun
Arjun Mk-II
Tank EX
DRDO light tank
Infantry fighting vehicle
Abhay IFV
Other vehicles
Carrier Mortar Tracked
Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle
Light Armoured Vehicle
Kartik BLT
Daksh
Electronics and
Computer Sciences
Electronic warfare
Samyukta
Tarang
Radars
INDRA
Rajendra Radar
Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar
Multi-mode radar
3D Airborne Warning and Control
Super Vision-2000
BFSR-SR
3D-CAR
Swathi Weapon Locating Radar
Software
NETRA
Missile systems
Ballistic missiles
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Agni-II
Agni-III
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Agni-V
Agni-VI
Prithvi
I
II
III
Dhanush
SRBM
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Prahaar
SLBM
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K-4
K-5
Cruise missiles
Nirbhay
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II
HSTDV
Air-to-air missiles
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DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile
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Nag
DRDO Anti Tank Missile
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Trishul
Maitri missile
Barak 8
Air-to-surface
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BrahMos

BrahMos Air launched Variant
Anti-ballistic
Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)
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Varunastra Heavy Weight Torpedo
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Sudarshan
Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon
People
Scientists
Maj General Ranjit Lal Jetley
Ram Narain Agarwal
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
A. Sivathanu Pillai
W Selvamurthy
V. K. Saraswat
V. K. Aatre
Raja Ramanna
V. S. Mahalingam
Keshav Dattatreya Nayak
Engines
GTX 37-14U
GTX-35VS Kaveri
Kaveri Marine Gas Turbine
GATET engine
Important programmes
Project Indigo
Project Valiant
Project Devil
IGMDP
Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
Indian Missile Programme
Indian Armed Forces
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Indian space programme
Indian Space Research Organisation

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Organisations
Department of Space

Department of Space (DoS)
Antrix Corporation
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology

Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems

Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)
National Atmospheric Research Laboratory

National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)
Physical Research Laboratory

Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
Physical Research Laboratory

Physical Research Laboratory (DECU)
Programmes
Bhaskara
GAGAN
GSAT
INSAT
IRNSS
IRS
Cartosat
RISAT
Rohini
SROSS
Chandrayaan
Human spaceflight programme
Orbital Vehicle
Satellites
APPLE
Aditya-L1
Aryabhata
Astrosat
AstroSat-2
HAMSAT
IMS-1
Megha-Tropiques
NISAR
SARAL
South Asia
.svg/400px-South_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
South Asia Satellite
SRE
SRE II
Kalpana-1
CARE
Space probes
Chandrayaan-1
Moon Impact Probe
Chandrayaan-2
Mars Orbiter Mission
Mars Orbiter Mission

Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (proposed)
Venus orbiter mission (proposed)
Rockets
Engine
CE-7.5
CE-20
Orbital
SLV
ASLV
PSLV
GSLV
GSLV Mark III
Suborbital
Rohini
ATV
Concepts
ULV
Under development
RLV Technology Demonstration Programme
RLV-TD
Facilities
Indian Deep Space Network

Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)
ISRO

ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC)
ISRO

ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC)
Master Control Facility

Master Control Facility (MCF)
Satish Dhawan

Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)
Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station

Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS)
ISRO

ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment (ISITE)
Vikram Sarabhai

Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC)
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre

Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC)
ISRO

ISRO Propulsion Complex
See also
SAGA-220

SAGA-220 (supercomputer)
List of Indian satellites
List of
Satish Dhawan

Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
List of
ISRO

ISRO missions
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Smiling Buddha

Smiling Buddha (Pokhran-I)
Sites
Trombay
Pokhran
CIRUS reactor
Rajasthan
Thar Desert
Research Institutes
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory
High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Administrators
Indira Gandhi
Jagjivan Ram
Tapishwar Narain Raina
Swaran Singh
Scientists
Raja Ramanna
Homi Sethna
Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan
P. K. Iyengar
Rajagopala Chidambaram
Ravi Grover
Anil Kakodkar
M. P. Parameswaran
Related
articles
Indian nuclear programme
History of nuclear weapons
Pokhran-II

Pokhran-II (May 13, 1998)
Indo-American nuclear deal
Nuclear proliferation
See also: Nuclear power in India
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 49404258
LCCN: n98925888
ISNI: 0000 0000 8128 1158
GND: 124468047
SUDOC: 061027200
BNF: cb13756488m (data)
NLA: 4150