9Spitch is a gravitationally lensed system of two galaxies. The nearer galaxy is approximately from Earth and is designated , while the lensed galaxy is distant and is designated ASW0009io9 (shortened to 9io9). It was discovered in January 2014 by Zbigniew "Zbish" Chetnik, an

amateur astronomer Amateur astronomy is a hobby where participants enjoy observing or imaging celestial objects in the sky using the unaided eye, binoculars, or telescopes. Even though scientific research may not be their primary goal, some amateur astronomers ...

from

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, England, while classifying images on the website Spacewarps.org. The discovery was announced on the

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Observations

Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope The Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) is located near the summit of Mauna Kea mountain on Hawaii's Big Island at an altitude of 4,204 meters (13,793 feet), part of the Mauna Kea Observatory. Operational since 1979, the telescope is a Pri ...

a cross-match with ''Herschel''-SPIRE and ''Planck'' images at 350 μm to identify strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) and follow up with

Large Millimeter Telescope The Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) ( es, Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, or GTM) -officially Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano ( es, Gran Telescopio Milimétrico Alfonso Serrano)- is the world's largest single-aperture telescope in its f ...

, a detection with ''Herschel''-SPIRE 500 μm images to identify strongly lensed DSFGs, and identification of 9Spitch as the strongest lensed DSFG in the 278 GHz maps from the

Atacama Cosmology Telescope The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is a cosmological millimeter-wave telescope located on Cerro Toco in the Atacama Desert in the north of Chile. ACT makes high-sensitivity, arcminute resolution, microwave-wavelength surveys of the sky in or ...

(ACT) and follow-up with the

Green Bank Telescope The Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in Green Bank, West Virginia, US is the world's largest fully steerable radio telescope, surpassing the Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope in Germany. The Green Bank site was part of the National Radi ...

. The galaxy was studied with the Large Millimetre Telescope, which detected

carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a colorless, poisonous, odorless, tasteless, flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. It is the simple ...

in the lensed galaxy, and the Subaru Telescope, which detected different

spectroscopic lines A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to iden ...

associated with star formation in the lensed galaxy. This study suggests a high star forming rate of about 2500 '' M_ʘ yr ⁻¹'' or a thousand times the star forming rate of the

Milky Way The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes our Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. ...

. In the paper the name 9io9 is used instead of 9Spitch. The source reconstruction supports a compact core and an extended region, maybe indicative of a jet or lobe coming from an

active galactic nucleus An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the center of a galaxy that has a much-higher-than-normal luminosity over at least some portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with characteristics indicating that the luminosity is not prod ...

(AGN). The galaxy might be in the center of a large

galaxy group A galaxy group or group of galaxies (GrG) is an aggregation of galaxies comprising about 50 or fewer gravitationally bound members, each at least as luminous as the Milky Way (about 1010 times the luminosity of the Sun); collections of galaxie ...

cluster may refer to: Science and technology Astronomy * Cluster (spacecraft), constellation of four European Space Agency spacecraft * Asteroid cluster, a small asteroid family * Cluster II (spacecraft), a European Space Agency mission to study t ...

and it will likely evolve into a massive

elliptical galaxy An elliptical galaxy is a type of galaxy with an approximately ellipsoidal shape and a smooth, nearly featureless image. They are one of the four main classes of galaxy described by Edwin Hubble in his Hubble sequence and 1936 work ''The Real ...

. Observations with the

Northern Extended Millimeter Array The Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) is one of the largest astronomical facilities on European ground and the most powerful radio telescope in the Northern Hemisphere operating at millimeter wavelengths. It consists of a large array of ...

(NOEMA) and detailed reconstruction of the lensed galaxy suggests an approximately diameter rotating disk of gas. 9Spitch was observed with the

Atacama Large Millimeter Array The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is an astronomical interferometer of 66 radio telescopes in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, which observe electromagnetic radiation at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The ...

(ALMA) 12-meter antennas in December 2017 as part of project 2017.1.00814.S. The data revealed the presence of

atomic carbon Atomic carbon, systematically named carbon and λ0-methane, also called monocarbon, is a colourless gaseous inorganic chemical with the chemical formula C (also written . It is kinetically unstable at ambient temperature and pressure, being remo ...

and

as a tracer of star formation. It was estimated that the total star formation rate of the molecular ring is about . ALMA also detected the cyanide radical travelling twice the velocity of the rotation of the molecular ring, with a radial velocity of . This is explained as a possible interaction between material outflowing from the AGN and interstellar material. Harrington ''et al.'' (2019) reports four independent detections of the Red Radio Ring, including the detection with Space Warps. In their paper they report new

Atacama Pathfinder Experiment The Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) is a radio telescope 5,064 meters above sea level, at the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory in the Atacama desert in northern Chile, 50 km east of San Pedro de Atacama built and operated by 3 European ...

(APEX) observations, presenting the detection of

nitrogen Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at se ...

II205 μm. The velocity structure of the nitrogen is similar to carbon monoxide and they concluded that both share the same volume. The ratio of the nitrogen luminosity and the infrared luminosity resembles more a normal star-forming galaxy and less a galaxy with star-formation influenced by a quasar.

References

External links

ASW0009io9 record
at Spacewarps.org * at

SIMBAD SIMBAD (the Set of Identifications, Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) is an astronomical database of objects beyond the Solar System. It is maintained by the Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS), France. SIMBA ...

* {{DEFAULTSORT:9Spitch Overlapping galaxies Gravitational lensing 20140116 Astronomy in the United Kingdom Cetus (constellation)