{{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency , partof = the

Kurdish–Turkish conflict Kurdish nationalist uprisings have periodically occurred in Turkey, beginning with the Turkish War of Independence and the consequent transition from the Ottoman Empire to the modern Turkish state and continuing to the present day with the curr ...

, image = PKK-Conflict-de.png , image_size = 440px , caption = Overview of the PKK–Turkish conflict (2010) , date = {{Tooltip, c., circa 27 November 1978 – present
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=11, day1=11, year1=1978) , place =

Eastern Eastern may refer to: Transportation *China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai *Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways *Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 1926 to 1991 *Eastern Air Li ...

and

Southeastern The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each se ...

Turkey, spillovers in Northern

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and K ...

and Northern Syria , territory = , result = , status = Ongoing: * Peace process attempt during 2012–15{{cite web, url=http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2013/03/21/Turkey-PKK-leader-calls-halt-armed-struggle_8438170.html, title=Turkey: PKK leader calls halt to armed struggle, publisher=Ansamed, date=21 March 2013, access-date=21 March 2013, archive-date=20 June 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232124/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2013/03/21/Turkey-PKK-leader-calls-halt-armed-struggle_8438170.html, url-status=dead{{cite web, url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/cautious-turkish-pm-welcomes-ocalans-call-for-end-to-armed-struggle-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=43389&NewsCatID=338, title=Cautious Turkish PM welcomes Öcalan's call for end to armed struggle, work=Hürriyet Daily News, date=21 March 2013, access-date=21 March 2013{{cite web, url=http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2131738.html, title=Kurdish separatist group leader Öcalan calls to stop armed struggle, publisher=Trend AZ, date=21 March 2013, access-date=21 March 2013, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520232227/http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2131738.html, archive-date=20 May 2013, url-status=dead{{cite web, url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/03/21/ocalan-s-farewell-to-arms-brings-kurds-hope-for-peace/, title=Ocalan's farewell to arms brings Kurds hope for peace, publisher=Euronews, date=21 March 2013, access-date=21 March 2013, archive-date=5 November 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105221827/https://www.euronews.com/2013/03/21/ocalan-s-farewell-to-arms-brings-kurds-hope-for-peace, url-status=dead * Escalation since September 2014 due to

Siege of Kobani A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition warfare, attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity con ...

* Renewed warfare since July 2015 * Turkish claim: less than 160 PKK members left in Turkey , combatants_header = , combatant1 = {{flagicon, Turkey

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...

*{{flagicon image, MSB-Logo.png

Ministry of National Defense {{unsourced, date=February 2021 A ministry of defence or defense (see spelling differences), also known as a department of defence or defense, is an often-used name for the part of a government responsible for matters of defence, found in states ...

** {{flagicon image, Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg General Staff *** {{flagicon image, Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı Brövesi.png Special Forces Command ***{{flagicon image}

Turkish Armed Forces The Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; tr, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK) are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey. Turkish Armed Forces consist of the General Staff, the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Forces. The current Chi ...

**** {{flagicon image, Flag_of_Turkish_Air_Force_Command.svg

Turkish Air Force The Turkish Air Force ( tr, ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Air Force can trace its origins back to June 1911 when it was founded by the Ottoman Empire, however, the air force as it is known to ...

**** {{flagicon image}

Turkish Land Forces The Turkish Land Forces ( tr, Türk Kara Kuvvetleri), or Turkish Army (Turkish: ), is the main branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The army was formed on November 8, 1920, after the collapse of the ...

**** {{flagicon image, Seal of the Turkish Navy.svg

Turkish Naval Forces The Turkish Naval Forces ( tr, ), or Turkish Navy ( tr, ) is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The modern naval traditions and customs of the Turkish Navy can be traced back to 10 July 1920, when it was establis ...

* {{flagicon image, Logo of General Directorate of Security (Turkey).svg Turkish National Police ** {{flagicon image} Police Special Operations Department * {{flagicon image}

Gendarmerie General Command The Gendarmerie General Command ( tr, Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı) is the national Gendarmerie force of the Republic of Turkey. It is a service branch of the Turkish Ministry of Interior responsible for the maintenance of the public order in a ...

** Gendarmerie Intelligence and Counter Terrorism (until early 1990s) ** Gendarmerie Special Operations Group Command ** Village Guards * {{flagicon image} National Intelligence Organization Other forces: *

Counter-Guerrilla Counter-Guerrilla ( tr, Kontrgerilla) is the Turkish branch of Operation Gladio, a clandestine stay-behind anti-communist initiative backed by the United States as an expression of the Truman Doctrine. The founding goal of the operation was to ere ...

(Until 1992) *

Grey Wolves The wolf (''Canis lupus''; : wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty subspecies of ''Canis lupus'' have been recognized, and gray wolves, as popularly un ...

(Not militarily involved) *

Turkish Revenge Brigade The Turkish Revenge Brigade ( tr, Türk İntikam Tugayı, TİT), also referred as the Turkish Vengeance Brigade, is a militant Turkish nationalist organisation that has used violence against those they perceive as insulting Turkey. In the polit ...

(Not militarily involved) * Some Kurdish tribes (until 1985; became Village Guards) ---- Supported by: *{{flagicon image, Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg Syrian National Army (in Syria) *{{flagicon image, Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg{{flagicon image, Al-Liwaa.svg Other rebel factions (in Syria){{cite web , url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/01/turkey-syria-does-erdogan-want-to-settle-in-afrin.html , title=Erdogan's plans for Afrin might not sit well with Syria , author=Fehim Tastekin , work= al-Monitor , date=26 January 2018 , access-date=29 January 2018 , url-status=dead , archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20180129073451/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/01/turkey-syria-does-erdogan-want-to-settle-in-afrin.html , archive-date=29 January 2018

In Iraqi Kurdistan:

{{flagicon, Kurdistan

Kurdistan Region Kurdistan Region ( ku, هەرێمی کوردستان, translit=Herêmî Kurdistan; ar, إقليم كردستان), abbr. KRI, is an autonomous region in Iraq comprising the four Kurdish-majority governorates of Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok ...

, combatant2 = {{flagicon image, Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK) * {{flagicon image, Flag of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).svg

PKK The Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK is a Kurdish militant political organization and armed guerrilla movement, which historically operated throughout Kurdistan, but is now primarily based in the mountainous Kurdish-majority regions of sout ...

** {{flagicon image, HPG Flag.svg, border= HPG ** {{flagicon image, Flag of YJA-Star.svg, border= YJA-STAR **{{flagicon image, Infobox_YDGH_Flag.png

YDG-H The Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement ( ku, Tevgera Ciwanen Welatparêzên Şoreşger, tr, Yurtsever Devrimci Gençlik Hareket, YDG-H) was the urban, militant youth wing of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) from 2006-2015. Trained by mor ...

: *** {{flagicon image, Flag_of_the_YPS_-_Horizontal.svg, border= YPS *** {{flagicon image, Flag of the YPS - Horizontal.png, border=

YPS-Jin The Civil Protection Units ( ku, Yekîneyên Parastina Sivîl, ; YPS), also known as Civil Defense Units, is a primarily Kurdish rebel group and main armed force in Turkish Kurdistan. The YPS was formed by the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) to be ...

* {{flagicon image, Flag_of_the_Democratic_Union_Party.svg, border= PYD ** {{flagicon image, People's Protection Units Flag.svg, border= YPG *** {{flagicon image, YPG_International.svg, border=

YPG International The YPG International or People's Protection Units International ( Kurdish: ''YPG Enternasyonel'') is a military unit made up of foreign fighters in the Syrian Democratic Forces. It was created in December 2016 as the Antifascist International Tab� ...

** {{flagicon image, YPJ Flag.svg, border=

YPJ (YPJ) ar, وحدات حماية المرأة , image = File:YPJ Flag.svg , caption = Flag of the YPJ , dates = April 2013–present , commander1 = Nesrin ...

Anti-Terror Units , image=YAT emblem.png , caption= , country= Democratic Federation of Northern Syria , type=Special forces , branch= People's Protection Units (YPG) Women's Protection Units (YPJ) , dates=2014–present , specialization=Counter-insurgencyCounter-t ...

* {{flagicon image, Flag of PJAK.svg PJAK ** YRK ** HPJ *

Sinjar Alliance The Ezidkhan Command for Liberating Sinjar ( ku, Fermandariya Êzîdxana Ji Bo Rizgariya Şengalê), known as the Sinjar Alliance ( ku, Fermandariya Hevbeş a Şengalê, i.e. ''Sinjar Joint Command''), is a joint command of two - initially three - ...

** {{flagicon image, Flag of Sinjar Womens Units.svg, border= Êzîdxan Women's Units ** {{flagicon image, Flag of YBŞ.svg, border=

Sinjar Resistance Units Sinjar ( ar, سنجار, Sinjār; ku, شنگال, translit=Şingal, syr, ܫܝܓܪ, Shingar) is a town in the Sinjar District of the Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq. It is located about five kilometers south of the Sinjar Mountains. Its p ...

{{flagicon image, Infobox HBDH.png HBDH * {{flagicon image, DKP Flag.svg DKP * {{flagicon image, MKP-FLAG.svg MKP-HKO-PHG * {{flagicon image, MLKP Banner.svg MLKP * {{flagicon image, Flag of MLSPB-Devrim Cephesi.svg THKP-C/MLSPB-DC * {{flagicon image, TKEP-L Flag.svg TKEP/L * {{flagicon image, Flag of Devrimci Karargâh.svg DK (until 2017){{refn, group=note, Merged with the Revolutionary Communard Party (DKP) in 2017. {{flagicon image, International_Freedom_Battalion_original_banner.svg

International Freedom Battalion The International Freedom Battalion ( tr, Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu; ku, Tabûra Azadî ya Înternasyonal; ar, تابور الحرية العالمي), commonly abbreviated as IFB or EÖT, is a revolutionary socialist armed group co ...

---- {{Flagicon image, InfoboxTAK.png TAK ---- Supported By:
{{flag, United States
{{Flag, Syria (until October 1998; from 2012){{cite book, last=Mannes, first=Aaron, title=Profiles In Terror: The Guide To Middle East Terrorist Organizations, year=2004, publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, location=Lanham, Maryland, isbn=9780742535251, page=185, quote=PKK has had substantial operations in northern Iraq, with the support of Iran and Syria.
{{flag, Soviet Union ( until 1991)
{{flag, Armenia
{{flag, Cyprus{{cite book, last=Faucompret, first=Erik, title=Turkish Accession to the EU: Satisfying the Copenhagen Criteria, year=2008, publisher=Taylor & Francis , location=Hoboken , isbn=9780203928967, page=168, author2=Konings, Jozef , quote=The Turkish establishment considered the Kurds' demand for the recognition of their identity a threat to the territorial integrity of the state, the more so because the PKK was supported by countries hostile to Turkey: Soviet Union, Greece, Cyprus, Iran and especially Syria. Syria hosted the organization and its leader for twenty years, and it provided training facilities in the Beka'a Valley of Syrian-controlled northern Lebanon.
{{flag, Greece
{{Flag, Russia
{{Flag, Iran{{cite news, title=Syria and Iran 'backing Kurdish terrorist group', says Turkey, url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/9518194/Syria-and-Iran-backing-Kurdish-terrorist-group-says-Turkey.html, access-date=17 October 2012, newspaper=The Telegraph, date=3 September 2012
{{flagicon image, Flag_of_Iraq_(1991-2004).svg

( until 2003)
{{flagicon image, Flag_of_Libya_(1977-2011).svg

Libya Libya (; ar, ليبيا, Lībiyā), officially the State of Libya ( ar, دولة ليبيا, Dawlat Lībiyā), is a country in the Maghreb region in North Africa. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Suda ...

(until 2006)
{{flag, Egypt (allegedly since 2016)
{{flag, UAE (allegedly since 2017)
{{flag, Sweden (alleged by Turkey){{cite news , url=https://www.reuters.com/world/erdogan-says-turkey-not-positive-finland-sweden-joining-nato-2022-05-13/ , title=Erdogan says Turkey not supportive of Finland, Sweden joining NATO , newspaper=Reuters , date=13 May 2022 , last1=Toksabay , first1=Ece , last2=Lehto , first2=Essi {{flag, Finland (alleged by Turkey) , commander1 = Current commanders
{{nowrap, {{flagicon image, Emblem of the Presidency of Turkey.svg Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
{{flagicon image, InteriorMinistryTR.png

Ali Yerlikaya ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar, عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600 – 661 CE) was the last of four Rightly Guided Caliphs to rule Islam (r. 656 – 661) immediately after the death of Muhammad, and he was the first Shia Imam ...

{{flagicon image, MSB-Logo.png

Yaşar Güler Yaşar Güler (born September 18, 1954) is a Turkish general who currently serves as the 30th Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces, serving in the position since he succeeded Hulusi Akar in July 2018. Career He enlisted in the ...

{{flagicon image, Standard of President of Turkey as Supreme Chief of Armed Forces.svg Metin Gürak ---- {{Collapsible list , framestyle=border:none; padding:0; , title=Past commanders: , {{flagicon, Turkey Osman Pamukoğlu , {{flagicon, Turkey

Fahri Korutürk Fahri Sabit Korutürk (3 August 1903 – 12 October 1987) was a Turkish admiral, diplomat and politician who was the 6th president of Turkey from 1973 to 1980. Before his presidency, he served as the 3rd commander of the Turkish Naval Forces fr ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey Kenan Evren , {{flagicon, Turkey

Turgut Özal Halil Turgut Özal (; 13 October 192717 April 1993) was a Turkish politician, who served as the 8th President of Turkey from 1989 to 1993. He previously served as the 26th Prime Minister of Turkey from 1983 to 1989 as the leader of the Mothe ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey Süleyman Demirel , {{flagicon, Turkey

Ahmet Necdet Sezer Ahmet Necdet Sezer (; born 13 September 1941) is a Turkish statesman and judge who served as the tenth president of Turkey from 2000 to 2007. Previously he was president of the Constitutional Court of Turkey from 1998 to 2002. The Grand Nationa ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey

Abdullah Gül Abdullah Gül (; ; born 29 October 1950) is a Turkish politician who served as the 11th President of Turkey, in office from 2007 to 2014. He previously served for four months as Prime Minister from 2002 to 2003, and concurrently served as bo ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey Bülent Ecevit , {{flagicon, Turkey

Mesut Yılmaz Ahmet Mesut Yılmaz () (6 November 1947 – 30 October 2020) was a Turkish politician. He was the leader of the Motherland Party ( tr, Anavatan Partisi, ANAP) from 1991 to 2002, and served three times as Prime Minister of Turkey. His first two p ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey

Necmettin Erbakan Necmettin Erbakan (29 October 1926 – 27 February 2011) was a Turkish politician, engineer, and academic who was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1996 to 1997. He was pressured by the military to step down as prime minister and was later ban ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey

Tansu Çiller Tansu Çiller (; born 24 May 1946) is a Turkish academic, economist and politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Turkey from 1993 to 1996. She is Turkey's first and only female prime minister to date. As the leader of the True Path ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey

Yıldırım Akbulut Yıldırım Akbulut (; 2 September 1935 – 14 April 2021) was a Turkish politician, who was a leader of the Motherland Party (ANAP), the Prime Minister of Turkey, and twice the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. A lawyer by pro ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey

Bülend Ulusu Saim Bülend Ulusu (1923 – 23 December 2015) was a Turkish admiral who was Prime Minister of Turkey from the time of the 1980 military coup to the time that elections were allowed in 1983. Biography Ulusu graduated from the Turkish Naval ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey Işık Koşaner , {{flagicon, Turkey

İlker Başbuğ Mehmet İlker Başbuğ (; born 29 April 1943) was the 26th Chief of the General Staff of Turkey. He was charged with contravention of Articles 309, 310, and 311 of the Turkish Penal Code. In August 2013, he was convicted on charges of "establish ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey

Yaşar Büyükanıt General Mehmet Yaşar Büyükanıt (1 September 1940 – 21 November 2019) was the 25th Chief of the Turkish General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces, from 28 August 2006 to 28 August 2008. Biography General Yaşar Büyükanıt was born in Ist ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey Hilmi Özkök , {{flagicon, Turkey

Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu (born Hüseyin Kıvrık, 1934) is a retired Turkish general who was the commander of the Turkish Armed Forces and on August 30, 1998, became Chief of the Turkish General Staff for a four-year term. Biography Born in Bo ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey

İsmail Hakkı Karadayı İsmail Hakkı Karadayı (25 April 1932 – 26 May 2020) was a Turkish general, who became the 20th Commander of the Turkish Armed Forces on 30 August 1993. He served between 1994 and 1998 as the 22nd Chief of the Turkish General Staff for a fou ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey

Doğan Güreş Doğan Güreş (15 February 1926 – 14 October 2014) was a Turkish general and True Path Party politician. Education After he graduated from Kuleli Military High School in 1945, Güreş kept on studying at the Turkish Military Academy and acc ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey Necip Torumtay , {{flagicon, Turkey Necdet Üruğ , {{flagicon, Turkey Nurettin Ersin , {{flagicon, Turkey Binali Yıldırım , {{flagicon, Turkey

Ahmet Davutoğlu Ahmet Davutoğlu (; born 26 February 1959) is a Turkish academic, politician and former diplomat who served as the 26th Prime Minister of Turkey and Leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) from 2014 to 2016. He previously served as ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey Ümit Dündar , {{flagicon, Turkey

Süleyman Soylu Süleyman Soylu (; born 21 November 1969) is a Turkish politician. He is a deputy chairman of the Justice and Development Party who currently serves as the Minister of the Interior since 31 August 2016. He previously served as the Minister of L ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey

Hulusi Akar Hulusi Akar (born 12 March 1952) is the current Turkish minister of defense and a former four-star Turkish Armed Forces general who served as the 29th chief of the Turkish General Staff. Akar also served as a brigade commander in various NATO e ...

, {{flagicon, Turkey

Musa Avsever Musa Avsever (born 7 November 1957) is a Turkish Army general who is the 52nd and current commander of the Turkish Land Forces. Prior to his appointment as a commander of the Land Forces on 5 August 2021, he served as the 57th commander of the ...

, commander2 = Current commanders
{{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg

Murat Karayılan Murat Karayılan ( ku, Mirad Qarayîlan) (born 1954),Murat Karayılan yakalandı mı?< ...

{{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg Mustafa Karasu
{{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg

Duran Kalkan Duran Kalkan (born Güzelim, Tufanbeyli, Adana Province, Turkey, 1954), also known as Selahattin Abbas,

{{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg

Bahoz Erdal Bahoz Erdal, also known as Fahman Husain ( ku, Fehman Hûseyn , also spelled Fehman Hüseyin) (born 3 August 1969), in Kurdistan in Syria is a top commander in the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). He is originally from Dêrik in Syrian Kurdistan. ...

{{flagicon image, Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg

Cemil Bayık Cemil is a Turkish given name and is derived from Arabic Jamil with other Arabic variants Gamil (mainly in Egypt), Djemil (mainly in North African countries) and Djamil. The feminine equivalent is Cemile (derived from Arabic Jamila and its Arabic v ...

{{Collapsible list , framestyle=border:none; padding:0; , title=Past commanders: , 1={{flagicon image, Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers'_Party_(1995-2002).svg Abdullah Öcalan{{POW
, 2={{flagicon image, Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers'_Party_(1995-2002).svg Şemdin Sakık{{POW
, 3={{flagicon image, Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers'_Party_(1995-2002).svg

Osman Öcalan Osman Öcalan (14 August 1958 - 15 November 2021) was a Turkish- Kurdish militant, politician, and ex-commander of the Kurdistan Workers' Party. Biography The younger brother of Abdullah Öcalan, Osman studied at teachers' training college bef ...

, 4={{flagicon image, Flag_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers'_Party_(1995-2002).svg Nizamettin Taş
, 5={{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_1978.svg

Mahsum Korkmaz Mahsum Korkmaz, also known as Agit (Kurmanji: Egîd) (1956 – 28 March 1986), was the first commander of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)'s military forces. Korkmaz moved to Lebanon in 1979 and alongside Kemal Pir was responsible for the recr ...

{{KIA
, 6={{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_1978.svg Kani Yılmaz{{KIA
, 7={{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_1978.svg

Haki Karer Haki Karer (1950, Ulubey – 1977, Gaziantep) was a Turkish leftist activist and is a central figure in the memory of the PKK. Education After finishing high school he went to Ankara to study physics at the University of Ankara but left the unive ...

{{KIA , 8={{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_1978.svg

Mazlum Doğan Mazlum Doğan (born 1956, Seydan, Mazgirt, Dersim – died 21 March 1982, Diyarbakır, Turkey) was a journalist and a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party. He was a Kurdish Alevi. He was the first chief editor of the party's newspaper ...

{{POW
, 9={{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_1978.svg Halil Atac
, 10={{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_1978.svg Hüseyin Yıldırım
, 11={{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg Celal Başkale{{KIA
, 12={{flagicon image, Flag of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK).svg Hülya Eroğlu{{KIA
, 13={{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg

Ali Haydar Kaytan Ali Haydar Kaytan (Born 26 March 1952, Nazımiye, Tunceli, Turkey) also known as FuadCigerli, Sabri; Saout, Didier Le (2005), pp.68–69 is a co-founder of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and a member of the executive council of the Kurdistan C ...

{{KIA , 14={{flagicon image, Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg Ayfer Kordu{{KIA
, 15={{flagicon image, Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg

Zübeyir Aydar Zübeyir Aydar (born 1961, in Eruh) is a Kurdish politician, lawyer and president of the Kongra-Gel (People's Congress of Kurdistan), which is the parliament of the Koma Civakên Kurdistan (KCK), making him the de jure political leader of the ou ...

{{POW
, 16={{flagicon image, Flag of PJAK.svg Haji Ahmadi
, units1 = , units2 = , strength1 =

: 639,551 (2016):{{cite web, title=NEWS FROM TURKISH ARMED FORCES, url=http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin_yayin_faaliyetleri/3_4_tskdan_haberler/2015/tsk_haberler_77.html#haber13, publisher=Turkish Armed Forces, access-date=15 January 2016, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105231107/http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin_yayin_faaliyetleri/3_4_tskdan_haberler/2015/tsk_haberler_77.html#haber13, archive-date=5 November 2015, df=dmy-all
Gendarmerie: 148,700 (2009)

Police The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their lawful powers include arrest and th ...

: 225,000
Village Guards: 65,000 (2010)
Total Force: 1,000,000+
Units engaged with PKK:
6th Corps: 40,000~
7th Corps: 40,000~
8th Corps: 40,000~
9th Corps: 40,000~
OHAL District Gendarmerie Commands: 33,000-55,000 (Mainly active between 1984 and 2000, after PKK limited their fighting to Northern Iraq region in 2016)
{{flagicon, Turkey Total Fighting Force: 190,000-215,000 , strength2 = YPG: 60,000-75,000

: 32,800{{cite web , url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/pkk.htm , title=Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) , publisher= Federation of American Scientists , access-date=23 July 2008 , date=21 May 2004 , first=John , last=Pike{{cite news , agency=Sabah News Agency , url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/iste-pkkli-hainlerin-il-il-dagilimi/85 , title=The PKK in Numbers , date=28 December 2015
PJAK: 1,000–3,000
TAK: A few dozen
Currently: 116,000+
{{flagicon image, Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg Total Served: 250,000+ , casualties1 = ''Before 2015'':
6,885 security forces and personnel killed, 95 captured (none are currently held)14 taken (May 1993

8 taken (Oct. 2007),{{citation needed, date=November 2019 23 taken (2011–12

{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120213619/http://www.sondevir.com/rakamlarla-turkiye-dunya/87813/pkk-1-yilda-kac-kisiyi-kacirdi , date=20 January 2016 8 released (Feb. 2015

20 taken/released (June–Sep. 2015

20 held (Dec. 2015

2 taken (Jan. 2016

total of 95 reported taken20 as of Dec. 201

2 taken Jan. 201

total of 22 reported currently held
'' Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present), 2015–present'':
2,164 killed
Total: 9,064 killed
{{cite news, title=How many martyrs did Turkey lost?, url=http://www.internethaber.com/turkiye-30-yilda-ne-kadar-sehit-verdi-642497h.htm, access-date=7 December 2015, agency=Internethaber{{citation , author=International Crisis Group , title=Turkey's PKK Conflict Kills almost 3,000 in Two Years , url=https://www.crisisgroup.be/interactives/turkey/#pre2015 , year=2018. Data : her

{{cite web, url=https://www.21yyte.org/assets/uploads/files/Ter%C3%B6rle%20M%C3%BCcadelede%20Verdi%C4%9Fimiz%20%C5%9Eehitler%20Tarihe%20G%C3%B6re%20S%C4%B1ral%C4%B1%281%29.pdf, title=Terörle Mücadelede Verdiğimiz Şehitler (1984–2013), website=21. Yüzyıl Türkiye Enstitüsü, language=tr, access-date=18 May 2023{{cite web , title=İşte yıllara göre etkisiz hale getirilen PKK'lı , website=Memurlar.Net , date=1 January 1999 , url=https://www.memurlar.net/album/10845/iste-yillara-gore-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-pkk-li.html , language=tr , access-date=18 May 2023{{Cite web , url=https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12154/1853/huseyin_a.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y , title=Archived copy , access-date=22 November 2023 , archive-date=22 November 2023 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122160805/https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12154/1853/huseyin_a.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y , url-status=dead {{Cite web, url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/2019-yilinda-1668-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/1688732, title=2019 yılında 1668 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi, website=www.aa.com.tr{{cite web , url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/gundem/2020de-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisini-acikladi-6189345/ , title=2020'de etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısını açıkladı , date=30 December 2020 {{Cite web, url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-yilbasindan-itibaren-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisi-2-bin-360-oldu/2408609, title=MSB: Yılbaşından itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 2 bin 360 oldu, website=www.aa.com.tr{{cite web , url=https://medyabar.com/haber/9021289/2021in-en-aci-tablosu-138-sehit-verdik#:~:text=i%C3%A7in%20resme%20t%C4%B1klay%C4%B1n-,www.terorsehitleri.com%20adl%C4%B1%20internet%20sitesinin%20derledi%C4%9Fi%20bilgilere%20g%C3%B6re%2C,%C3%BCzere%20toplam%20138%20%C5%9Fehit%20verdik , title=2021'in en acı tablosu! 138 şehit verdik , date=4 January 2022 {{cite web , url=https://medyabar.com/haber/13595169/2022-yilinin-en-aci-tablosu-162-sehit-verdik-116-cocuk-yetim-kaldi#:~:text=2022%20%2D%2021%3A00-,2022%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20en%20ac%C4%B1%20tablosu%3A%20162,verdik%2C%20116%20%C3%A7ocuk%20yetim%20kald%C4%B1&text=2022%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1%20i%C3%A7erisinde%20asker%2C%20polis,olmak%20%C3%BCzere%20162%20%C5%9Fehit%20verdik , title=2022 yılının en acı tablosu: 162 şehit verdik, 116 çocuk yetim kaldı , date=31 December 2022 {{Cite web , url=https://www.terorsehitleri.com/sehitler?s=5 , title=Şehitler , access-date=22 November 2023 , archive-date=22 November 2023 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122160807/https://www.terorsehitleri.com/sehitler?s=5 , url-status=dead {{Cite web, url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-irakin-ve-suriyenin-kuzeyi-dahil-son-bir-haftada-53-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirilmistir/2965021, title=MSB: Irak'ın ve Suriye'nin kuzeyi dahil son bir haftada 53 terörist etkisiz hale getirilmiştir, website=www.aa.com.tr{{cite web, url=https://www.memurlar.net/album/10845/iste-yillara-gore-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-pkk-li.html, title=İşte Yıllara Göre Etkisiz Hale Getirilen PKK'lı, website=Memurlar, language=tr, access-date=17 May 2023{{cite web, title=Köy korucuları: Kürtleri PKK'dan koruyoruz , website=Ensonhaber , date=3 January 2016 , url=https://www.ensonhaber.com/ic-haber/koy-koruculari-kurtleri-pkkdan-koruyoruz-2016-01-03 , language=tr , access-date=18 May 2023
{{cite web , url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu-1254711 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029222122/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu-1254711 , archive-date=29 October 2019 , title=26 yılın kanlı bilançosu , date=24 June 2010 {{Cite web, url=https://www.yirmidort.tv/gundem/pence-kilit-harekati-bolgesinde-2-asker-sehit-oldu-2-asker-yaralandi-136576, title=Pençe Kilit Harekatı bölgesinde 3 asker şehit oldu, 1 asker yaralandı - Gündem Haberi | Yirmidort, date=27 November 2023, website=www.yirmidort.tv/ , casualties2 = ''Before 2015'':
70,000+ PKK members killed or captured{{cite web , title=Nedim Şener, PKK'nın kanlı bilançosu , url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/nedim-sener/pkknin-kanli-bilancosu-41602798 , publisher=Hürriyet , date=September 4, 2020
'' Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present), 2015–present'':
39,000+ PKK and YPG members killed or captured (AA claim)
Total: 70,000-109,000+ killed or captured , casualties3 = Civilian casualties:
6,500+ killed, 14,250+ wounded
2,400–4,000 villages destroyed{{cite web, url=https://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7%2c000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134440/https://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7%2c000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092, url-status=dead, archive-date=2018-08-28, title=Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years, first=Yeni, last=Şafak, website=Yenisafak.com , notes = {{flagicon image, Green Shahada.png

Turkish Hezbollah Kurdish Hezbollah ( ku, Hizbullahî Kurdî)
, turkishweekly.net known in

also known as Kurdish Hezbollah or just Hizbullah in Turkey, is a mainly Sunni Islamist militant organization, active against the

Kurdistan Workers' Party The Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK is a Kurdish militant political organization and armed guerrilla movement, which historically operated throughout Kurdistan, but is now primarily based in the mountainous Kurdish-majority regions of sout ...

(PKK) and the

Government of Turkey The Government of Turkey ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti) is the national government of Turkey. It is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative democracy and a constitutional republic within a pluriform multi-party ...

. , campaignbox = {{Campaignbox PKK–Turkey conflict{{Campaignbox Kurdish Rebellions in Turkey The Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency{{refn, group=note, The Turkey–PKK conflict is also known as the Kurdish conflict, the Kurdish question, the Kurdish insurgency, the Kurdish rebellion, the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, or PKK-terrorism as well as the latest Kurdish uprisingMcDowall, David. ''A Modern History of the Kurds''. London 2005, pp 439 ff is an armed conflict between the Republic of

and the

, as well as its allied insurgent groups, both Kurdish and non-Kurdish, who have either demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent

Kurdistan Kurdistan ( ku, کوردستان ,Kurdistan ; lit. "land of the Kurds") or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages ...

,{{cite news, last=Brandon, first=James, title=The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK, url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=936, access-date=15 April 2011, website=

Jamestown Foundation The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington, D.C.-based conservative defense policy think tank. Founded in 1984 as a platform to support Soviet defectors, its stated mission today is to inform and educate policy makers about events and trends, which ...

, publisher=Jamestown.org or attempted to secure autonomy, and/or greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey. The main rebel group is the

(PKK) (

Kurdish Kurdish may refer to: *Kurds or Kurdish people *Kurdish languages *Kurdish alphabets *Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes: **Southern Kurdistan **Eastern Kurdistan **Northern Kurdistan **Western Kurdistan See also * Kurd (dis ...

: ''Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê''). Although the Kurdish-Turkish conflict has spread to many regions, most of the conflict has taken place in

Northern Kurdistan Turkish Kurdistan or Northern Kurdistan () refers to the southeastern part of Turkey, where Kurds form the predominant ethnic group. The Kurdish Institute of Paris estimates that there are 20 million Kurds living in Turkey, the majority of t ...

, which corresponds with southeastern Turkey.{{cite web, author=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council , url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F583DF6E49225B7F802570B8005AA873?OpenDocument , title=The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006) , publisher=Internal-displacement.org , access-date=15 April 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131234615/http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/%28httpEnvelopes%29/F583DF6E49225B7F802570B8005AA873?OpenDocument , archive-date=31 January 2011 The PKK's presence in

Iraqi Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan or Southern Kurdistan ( ku, باشووری کوردستان, Başûrê Kurdistanê) refers to the Kurdish-populated part of northern Iraq. It is considered one of the four parts of "Kurdistan" in Western Asia, which also inc ...

has resulted in the

carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region, and its influence in Syrian Kurdistan has led to similar activity there. The conflict has cost the

economy of Turkey Turkey has an emerging market economy, as defined by the International Monetary Fund. The country is a founding member of the OECD (1961) and the G-20 major economies (1999). Since 1995, Turkey is a party to the European Union–Turkey Custom ...

an estimated $300 to 450 billion, mostly in military costs. It has also affected

tourism in Turkey Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. The World Tourism Organization defines tourism mo ...

.{{cite web, author=Mutlu, Servet, year=2008, url=http://www.21yuzyildergisi.com/assets/uploads/files/87.pdf, title=Türkiye'nin güvenliği: Ayrılıkçı PKK Terörünün Ekonomik Maliyeti, language=tr, trans-title=The security of Turkey: Economic cost of separatist PKK terrorism, access-date=24 October 2015, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035852/http://www.21yuzyildergisi.com/assets/uploads/files/87.pdf, archive-date=5 March 2016, url-status=dead"Turkey: The PKK and a Kurdish settlement"
{{webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915092937/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/turkey/219-turkey-the-pkk-and-a-kurdish-settlement , date=15 September 2012 , International Crisis Group, 11 September 2012 A revolutionary group, the PKK was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis, Lice by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan. The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey. At the time, the use of

Kurdish language Kurdish (, ) is a language or a group of languages spoken by Kurds in the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan and the Kurdish diaspora. Kurdish constitutes a dialect continuum, belonging to Western Iranian languages in the Indo-European languag ...

, dress,

folklore Folklore is shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. This includes oral traditions such as tales, legends, proverbs and jokes. They include material culture, ranging ...

, and names were banned in Kurdish-inhabited areas.{{cite book, last1=Hannum, first1=Hurst, title=Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights, date=1996, publisher=Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, location=Philadelphia, isbn=978-0-8122-1572-4, pages=187–9, edition=Rev., url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28PEGfCDiZEC In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized

Kurds ug:كۇردلار Kurds ( ku, کورد ,Kurd, italic=yes, rtl=yes) or Kurdish people are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Ira ...

as "Mountain Turks" during the 1930s and 1940s. The words "Kurds", "

", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government. Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life until 1991.Toumani, Meline
Minority Rules
''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid d ...

'', 17 February 2008 Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned. The PKK was formed in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's Kurdish minority. However, the full-scale

insurgency An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion against authority waged by small, lightly armed bands who practice guerrilla warfare from primarily rural base areas. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its asymmetric nature: small irr ...

did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 have died, the vast majority of whom were Kurdish civilians. Both sides were accused of numerous

human rights Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyHuman Rights Retrieved 14 August 2014 for certain standards of hu ...

abuses Abuse is the improper usage or treatment of a thing, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, assault, violation, rape, unjust practices, crimes, or other t ...

during the conflict. The

European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that ...

has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses.{{cite news, title=European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011, work=

Bianet Bianet (acronym for tr, Bağımsız İletişim Ağı, lit="Independent Communication Network") is a Turkish press agency based in Beyoğlu, Istanbul. Its focus is on human rights and it is mainly funded by a Swedish organization. It was establish ...

, url=http://bianet.org/english/human-rights/138337-turkey-ranks-first-in-violations-in-between-1959-2011, access-date=29 December 2015{{cite report, title=Annual report, date=2014, issue=The European Court of Human Rights, url=http://echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_Report_2014_ENG.pdf, access-date=29 December 2015 Many judgments are related to the systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,{{cite report, publisher=The European Court of Human Rights, title=Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey, date=24 March 2014, page=57, url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-128036&filename=001-128036.pdf, access-date=29 December 2015 torture,{{cite web, last=Reidy, first=Aisling, title=The prohibition of torture, url=http://www.echr.coe.int/LibraryDocs/HR%20handbooks/handbook06_en.pdf, access-date=27 July 2020, publisher= Council of Europe, pages=11, 13 forced displacements, destroyed villages,{{cite book, last1=McKiernan, first1=Kevin, title=The Kurds: a people in search of their homeland , date=2006 , publisher=St. Martin's Press , location=New York, isbn=978-0312325466, pag
130
edition=1st, url=https://archive.org/details/kurdspeopleinsea00mcki, url-access=registration{{cite book, last1=Neuberger, first1=Benyamin, editor1-last=Bengio, editor1-first=Ofra, title=Kurdish awakening : nation building in a fragmented homeland, date=2014, publisher=Univ Of Texas Press, location= .l.isbn=978-0292758131, page=27, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caCDBAAAQBAJ{{cite book, last1=Gunes, first1=Cengiz, last2=Zeydanlioğlu, first2=Welat, title=The Kurdish question in Turkey: new perspectives on violence, representation, and reconciliation, date=2014, publisher=Taylor and Francis, location=Hoboken, isbn=978-1135140632, page=98, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVn7AAAAQBAJ

arbitrary arrest Arbitrary arrest and arbitrary detention are the arrest or detention of an individual in a case in which there is no likelihood or evidence that they committed a crime against legal statute, or in which there has been no proper due process of ...

s,{{Cite web, url=http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Police_arrest_ENG.pdf, title=Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer and the

forced disappearance An enforced disappearance (or forced disappearance) is the secret abduction or imprisonment of a person by a State (polity), state or political organization, or by a third party with the authorization, support, or acquiescence of a state or po ...

or murder of Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians.{{cite news, title=Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist, url=http://www.khrp.org/khrp-news/news-archive/2000-news/189-justice-comes-from-european-court-for-a-murdered-kurdish-journalist.html, access-date=1 January 2016 Teachers who provided and students who demanded education in Kurdish language were prosecuted and sentenced for supporting terrorism of the PKK. On the other hand, the PKK has faced international condemnation, mainly by Turkish allies, for using terrorist tactics, which include civilian

massacre A massacre is the killing of a large number of people or animals, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves. A massacre is generally considered to be morally unacceptable, especially when per ...

s, summary executions,

suicide bomber A suicide attack is any violent attack, usually entailing the attacker detonating an explosive, where the attacker has accepted their own death as a direct result of the attacking method used. Suicide attacks have occurred throughout histor ...

s, and child soldiers, and involvement in drug trafficking. The organization is historically to blame for the burning of schools and killing of teachers who they accused of "destroying Kurdish identity", attacks on hospitals which resulted in the death of doctors and nurses, and allegedly the kidnapping of foreign tourists for ransom.{{citation needed, date=July 2022 In February 1999, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was arrested in

Nairobi Nairobi ( ) is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The name is derived from the Maasai phrase ''Enkare Nairobi'', which translates to "place of cool waters", a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city proper h ...

Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi ...

by a group of special forces personnel and taken to Turkey, where he remains in prison on an island in the

Sea of Marmara The Sea of Marmara,; grc, Προποντίς, Προποντίδα, Propontís, Propontída also known as the Marmara Sea, is an inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey. It connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea via t ...

. The first insurgency lasted until March 1993, when the PKK declared a unilateral ceasefire.{{cite web, url=http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true , title=PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years , publisher=Aknews.com , date=6 November 2010 , access-date=15 April 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212230637/http://aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true , archive-date=12 December 2010 Fighting resumed the same year. In 2013, the Turkish government started talks with Öcalan. Following mainly secret negotiations, a largely successful ceasefire was put in place by both the Turkish state and the PKK. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the "end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace talks. The conflict resumed following the

Ceylanpınar incidents Ceylanpınar ( ku, Serêkaniyê, ar, رأس العين Ra's al 'Ayn, ota, رأس العين ''Resülayn'') is a district of Şanlıurfa Province in southeastern Turkey. On the border with Syria, it is reached by a long straight road across th ...

, in which the PKK killed two Turkish policemen in the Suruç bombing.{{Cite web , title=PKK claims killing of Turkish policemen in revenge for Syria border attack – Türkiye News , url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pkk-claims-killing-of-turkish-policemen-in-revenge-for-syria-border-attack-85756 , access-date=2022-09-26 , website=Hürriyet Daily News , date=22 July 2015 , language=en{{cite web, date=21 March 2013, title=PKK leader calls for ceasefire in Turkey, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/2013321112138974573.html, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321170659/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/2013321112138974573.html, archive-date=21 March 2013, access-date=21 March 2013, publisher=

Al Jazeera Al Jazeera ( ar, الجزيرة, translit-std=DIN, translit=al-jazīrah, , "The Island") is a state-owned Arabic-language international radio and TV broadcaster of Qatar. It is based in Doha and operated by the media conglomerate Al Jazeera ...

, df=dmy-all With the resumption of violence, hundreds of Kurdish civilians have been killed by both sides and numerous human rights violations have occurred, including torture and widespread destruction of property.{{cite book, title=Turkey: Events of 2016, date=12 January 2017, url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/turkey, publisher=Human Rights Watch Substantial parts of many Kurdish-majority cities including

Diyarbakır Diyarbakır (; ; ; ) is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey. It is the administrative center of Diyarbakır Province. Situated around a high plateau by the banks of the Tigris river on which stands the historic Diyarbakır Fortress, ...

Şırnak Şırnak ( ku, شرنەخ, Şirnex) is a town in southeastern Turkey. It is the capital of Şırnak Province, a new province that split from the Mardin and Siirt provinces. The Habur border gate with Iraq which is one of Turkey's main links to Arab ...

, Mardin,

Cizre Cizre (; ar, جَزِيْرَة ٱبْن عُمَر, Jazīrat Ibn ʿUmar, or ''Madinat al-Jazira'', he, גזירא, Gzira, ku, Cizîr, ''Cizîra Botan'', or ''Cizîre'', syr, ܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܒܪ ܥܘܡܪ, Gāzartā,) is a city in the Cizre Di ...

Nusaybin Nusaybin (; '; ar, نُصَيْبِيْن, translit=Nuṣaybīn; syr, ܢܨܝܒܝܢ, translit=Nṣībīn), historically known as Nisibis () or Nesbin, is a city in Mardin Province, Turkey. The population of the city is 83,832 as of 2009 and is ...

, and Yüksekova were destroyed in the clashes.

History

Beginnings

In 1977, a small group under Öcalan's leadership released a declaration on Kurdish identity in Turkey. The group, which called itself the ''Revolutionaries of Kurdistan'' also included

Cemil Bayik Cemil is a Turkish given name and is derived from Arabic Jamil with other Arabic variants Gamil (mainly in Egypt), Djemil (mainly in North African countries) and Djamil. The feminine equivalent is Cemile (derived from Arabic Jamila and its Arabic v ...

and

Kemal Pir Kemal Pir, also known as Laz Kemal (1952 in Güzeloluk, Gümüşhane Province – 7 September 1982 in Diyarbakır, Turkey) was a Turkish Marxist–Leninist revolutionary and one of the ethnically Turkish founders of the Kurdistan Workers' Party. ...

.{{cite web, url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/kurdistan/2_99/ocalan.html , title=Abdullah Öcalan and the development of the PKK , publisher=Xs4all.nl , access-date=15 April 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215175054/http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/kurdistan/2_99/ocalan.html , archive-date=15 December 2010 The group decided in 1974{{cite web, title=Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan KKurl=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/pkk.htm, access-date=23 July 2013, publisher=GlobalSecurity.org to start a campaign for Kurdish rights. Cemil Bayik was sent to

Urfa Urfa, officially known as Şanlıurfa () and in ancient times as Edessa, is a city in southeastern Turkey and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province. Urfa is situated on a plain about 80 km east of the Euphrates River. Its climate features ex ...

, Kemal Pir to Mus, Haki Karer to Batman, and Ali Haydar Kaytan to

Tunceli Tunceli ( ku, Dêrsim) is a city and municipality in eastern Turkey. It is the capital of Tunceli Province, located in the middle of the Eastern Anatolia Region. The city has a Kurdish-majority population and was a site of the Dersim rebellion. ...

. They then started student organisations that contacted local workers and farmers to raise awareness about Kurdish rights. In 1977, an assembly was held to evaluate these political activities. The assembly included 100 people from different backgrounds and several representatives of other leftist organisations. In spring 1977, Öcalan travelled to

Mount Ararat Mount Ararat or , ''Ararat''; or is a snow-capped and dormant compound volcano in the extreme east of Turkey. It consists of two major volcanic cones: Greater Ararat and Little Ararat. Greater Ararat is the highest peak in Turkey and th ...

Erzurum Erzurum (; ) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. It is the largest city and capital of Erzurum Province and is 1,900 meters (6,233 feet) above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 367,250 in 2010. The city uses the double-headed eagle as ...

, Tunceli, Elazig,

Antep Gaziantep (), previously and still informally called Aintab or Antep (), is a major city and capital of the Gaziantep Province, in the westernmost part of Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Region and partially in the Mediterranean Region, approximat ...

, and other cities to make the public aware of the group's activities. This was followed by a Turkish government crackdown against the organisation. On 18 May 1977, Haki Karer was assassinated in Antep. During this period, the group was also targeted by the Turkish ultranationalist organization, the

Nationalist Movement Party The Nationalist Movement Party (alternatively translated as Nationalist Action Party; tr, Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi, MHP) is a Turkish far-right and ultranationalist political party. The group is often described as neo-fascist, and has bee ...

. Some wealthy Kurdish landowners targeted the group as well, killing Halil Çavgun on 18 May 1978, which resulted in large protest meetings in Erzurum,

Dersim Tunceli ( ku, Dêrsim) is a city and municipality in eastern Turkey. It is the capital of Tunceli Province, located in the middle of the Eastern Anatolia Region. The city has a Kurdish-majority population and was a site of the Dersim rebellion. ...

, Elazig, and Antep. The founding Congress of the PKK was held on 27 November 1978 in Fis, a village near the city of Lice. During this congress, the 25 people present decided to found the Kurdistan Workers' Party. The Turkish state, Turkish rightist groups, and some Kurdish landowners continued their attacks on the group. In response, the PKK organised and armed members to protect itself, thus becoming more involved in the fighting between leftist and rightist groups in Turkey (1978–1980). During this time, the right-wing

militia killed 109 and injured 176

Alevi Alevism or Anatolian Alevism (; tr, Alevilik, ''Anadolu Aleviliği'' or ''Kızılbaşlık''; ; az, Ələvilik) is a local Islamic tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical Alevi Islamic ( ''bāṭenī'') teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, w ...

Kurds in the town of Kahramanmaraş on 25 December 1978 in what would become known as the

Maraş Massacre Maras or Maraş (pronounced Marash) may refer to: Places *Maraş, Turkey, previous name until 1973 of Kahramanmaraş, a city in the Mediterranean Region, Turkey and the administrative center of Kahramanmaraş Province * Maras, Iran (disambiguation ...

.A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, a
Google Books
accessed on 1 May 2011 In Summer 1979, Öcalan travelled to Syria and

Lebanon Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to Lebanon–Syria border, the north and east and Israel to Blue ...

where he made contacts with Syrian and

Palestinian Palestinians ( ar, الفلسطينيون, ; he, פָלַסְטִינִים, ) or Palestinian people ( ar, الشعب الفلسطيني, label=none, ), also referred to as Palestinian Arabs ( ar, الفلسطينيين العرب, label=non ...

leaders. After the Turkish coup d'état on 12 September 1980 and a crackdown which was launched on all political organisations,Gil, Ata. "La Turquie à marche forcée," '' Le Monde diplomatique'', February 1981. during which at least 191 people were killed and half a million were imprisoned,{{refn, group=note, According to official figures, in the period during and after the coup, military agencies collected files on over 2 million people, 650,000 of which were detained, 230,000 of which were put on trial under martial law. Prosecutors demanded the death penalty against over 7 thousand of them, of which 517 were sentenced to death and fifty were actually hanged. Some 400,000 people were denied passports and 30,000 lost their jobs after the new regime classified them as dangerous. 14,000 people were stripped of their Turkish citizenship and 30,000 fled the country as asylum seekers after the coup. Aside from the fifty people that were hanged, some 366 people died under suspicious circumstances (classified as accidents at the time), 171 were tortured to death in prison, 43 were claimed to have committed suicide in prison and 16 were shot for attempting to escape. most of the PKK withdrew into Syria and Lebanon. Öcalan went to Syria in September 1980 with Kemal Pir,

, and Delil Dogan being sent to set up an organisation in Lebanon. Some PKK fighters took part in the 1982 Lebanon War on the Syrian side. The Second PKK Party Congress was then held in

Daraa Daraa ( ar, دَرْعَا, Darʿā, Levantine Arabic: , also Darʿā, Dara’a, Deraa, Dera'a, Dera, Derʿā and Edrei; means "''fortress''", compare Dura-Europos) is a city in southwestern Syria, located about north of the border with Jord ...

, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to

Turkish Kurdistan Turkish Kurdistan or Northern Kurdistan () refers to the southeastern part of Turkey, where Kurds form the predominant ethnic group. The Kurdish Institute of Paris estimates that there are 20 million Kurds living in Turkey, the majority of th ...

to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state. Meanwhile, they prepared guerrilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war. However, many PKK leaders were arrested in Turkey and sent to Diyarbakır Prison. Because of the treatment of the prisoners, the prison became the site of much political protest. (See also Torture in Turkey#Deaths in custody.) In Diyarbakır Prison, PKK member

burned himself to death on March 21, 1982, in protest at the treatment in prison. Ferhat Kurtay, Necmi Önen, Mahmut Zengin and Eşref Anyık followed his example on May 17. On July 14, PKK members Kemal Pir, M. Hayri Durmuş, Ali Çiçek and Akif Yılmaz started a

hunger strike A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke a feeling of guilt in others, usually with the objective to achieve a specific goal, such as a policy change. Most ...

in Diyarbakır Prison. In 1983, the conflict reached

as the Kurdistan Region–PKK conflict. Kemal Pir died on September 7, M. Hayri Durmuş on the 12th, Akif Yılmaz on the 15th, and Ali Çiçek on the 17th. On April 13, 1984, a 75-day hunger strike started in Istanbul. As a result, four prisoners—Abdullah Meral, Haydar Başbağ, Fatih Ökütülmüş, and Hasan Telci—died. On 25 October 1986, the third Congress was held in Beqaa Valley,

. Issues raised included lack of discipline, growing internal criticism, and splinter groups within the organization. This had led the organisation to execute some internal critics, especially ex-members who had joined Tekosin, a rival Marxist–Leninist organization. Öcalan strongly criticized the leaders responsible for the guerrilla forces during the early 1980s and threatened others with the death penalty, if they joined rival groups or refused to obey orders. The PKK's military defeats meant they were no closer to their primary goal of an independent

. Cooperation with criminals and

dictator A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power. A dictatorship is a state ruled by one dictator or by a small clique. The word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to rule the republic in tim ...

s had tarnished the organization's image. During the Congress, the leaders decided to advance the armed struggle, increase the number of fighters, and dissolve the HRK, which was replaced by the Kurdistan Popular Liberation Army (ARGK). A newly established Mahsum Korkmaz Academy, a politico-military academy, replaced the Helve Camp, and a new military conscription policy was approved, which obliged every family to send someone to the guerrilla forces.{{Cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSwrDwAAQBAJ&q=pkk+third+congress+1986&pg=PA55, title=The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East, last=Phillips, first=David L., date=2017-07-05, publisher=Routledge, isbn=9781351480376, language=en{{Cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vYtCgAAQBAJ&q=third+congress+pkk+criticism+1986&pg=PA137, title=Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue, last1=Casier, first1=Marlies, last2=Jongerden, first2=Joost, date=2010-09-13, publisher=Routledge, isbn=9781136938672, language=en The decisions that were taken during the third Congress transformed the PKK from a Leninist organization into one in which power was more concentrated, as Öcalan accrued more Önderlik (leadership). Some of the reasons why Öcalan took power from the other leaders, such as

Murat Karayilan Murat may refer to: Places Australia * Murat Bay, a bay in South Australia * Murat Marine Park, a marine protected area France * Murat, Allier, a commune in the department of Allier * Murat, Cantal, a commune in the department of Cantal Els ...

and

Duran Kalkan Duran Kalkan (born Güzelim, Tufanbeyli, Adana Province, Turkey, 1954), also known as Selahattin Abbas,

, were growing internal conflict and the organization's inability to stop it. According to Michael Gunter, Öcalan, even before this time, had already carried out a purge of many rival PKK members, who were tortured and forced to confess they were traitors before being executed. Ibrahim Halik, Mehmet Ali Cetiner, Mehmet Result Altinok, Saime Askin, Ayten Yildirim and

Sabahattin Ali Sabahattin Ali (25 February 1907 – 2 April 1948) was a Turkish novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist. Early life He was born in 1907 in Eğridere township (now Ardino in southern Bulgaria) of the Sanjak of Gümülcine (n ...

were some of the victims. Later in 2006, Öcalan denied these accusations and stated in his book that both

, the first supreme military commander of the PKK, and Engin Sincer, a high-ranking commander, likely died as a result of internal conflicts and described the perpetrators as "gangs". Leaked reports, however, revealed the authoritarian personality of Öcalan, who had brutally suppressed dissent and purged opponents since the early 1980s. According to David L. Philips, up to sixty PKK members were executed in 1986, including Mahsum Korkmaz, who he believes was murdered on 28 March 1986. Between the 1980 and 1990, the organization targeted defectors, assassinating two of them in Sweden, two in the Netherlands, three in Germany and one in Denmark. In 1990, during the fourth Congress, the PKK ended its unpopular conscription policy. The organization's attempts to take into the account the demands and criticism of its support base had helped it to increase its popularity. According to Stanton, the PKK's improved relationship with its civilian base likely created incentives for the government to engage in

state terrorism State terrorism refers to acts of terrorism which a state conducts against another state or against its own citizens.Martin, 2006: p. 111. Definition There is neither an academic nor an international legal consensus regarding the proper def ...

against some of its Kurdish citizens. The PKK was rarely able to prevent this.{{Cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIgwDQAAQBAJ&q=PKK+fourth+congress&pg=PA196, title=Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law, last=Stanton, first=Jessica A., date=2016-09-26, publisher=Cambridge University Press, isbn=9781316720592, language=en

First insurgency

1984–1993

The PKK launched its insurgency against the Turkish state on 15 August 1984Turkey: Government Under Growing Pressure To Meet Kurdish Demands
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 17 August 2005 with armed attacks on Eruh and Semdinli. During these attacks, one

Turkish Gendarmerie The Gendarmerie General Command ( tr, Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı) is the national Gendarmerie force of the Republic of Turkey. It is a service branch of the Turkish Ministry of Interior responsible for the maintenance of the public order in a ...

soldier was killed and seven soldiers, two policemen and three civilians injured. It was followed by a PKK raid on a police station in

Siirt Siirt ( ar, سِعِرْد, Siʿird; hy, Սղերդ, S'gherd; syr, ܣܥܪܬ, Siirt; ku, Sêrt) is a city in southeastern Turkey and the seat of Siirt Province. The population of the city according to the 2009 census was 129,188. History P ...

, two days later.{{cite web, url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html , title=Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006) , work=Turkish Weekly , access-date=15 April 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006073753/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html , archive-date=6 October 2010 In the early 1990s, President

agreed to negotiations with the PKK, after the 1991

Gulf War The Gulf War was a 1990–1991 armed campaign waged by a Coalition of the Gulf War, 35-country military coalition in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Spearheaded by the United States, the coalition's efforts against Ba'athist Iraq, ...

changed the geopolitical dynamics in the region. Apart from Özal, himself half-Kurdish, few Turkish politicians were interested in a peace process, nor was more than a part of the PKK itself. In February 1991, during the presidency of Özal, the prohibition of Kurdish music was ended. DVKT2TB

In 1992, Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade launched a cross-border operation into Northern Iraq, as a counter-attack to the numerous station ambushes and to rescue 2 Turkish soldiers who had been captured by the PKK, between 9 October and 1 November against the PKK. 2,512 commandos and 36 Special Forces personnel, with the support of helicopters, assaulted the PKK's heavily defended Hakurk Region, which had well over 10,000 experienced PKK fighters, including the surrounding areas. Despite lacking resources and manpower and being heavily outnumbered, outgunned, and encircled, the result of the operation was a decisive victory for Turkey, as the Hakurk Camp was completely destroyed and occupied by Turkish forces, and the 2 captured soldiers were rescued. During this operation, PKK had lost 1,551 of their experienced PKK fighters killed and another 2,600 experienced PKK fighters getting captured, all whom had been trained for multiple years for such attacks. Despite such odds, only 14 Turkish personnel were killed during the operation, boasting a whopping 1:300 casualty rate. In 1993, Özal returned to working on a peace plan with the former finance minister

Adnan Kahveci Adnan Kahveci (20 February 1949 – 5 February 1993) was a noted Turkish politician who served as a key advisor to Prime Minister Turgut Özal throughout the 1980s. He was one of the founders in 1983 of the Motherland Party (ANAP) led by Tu ...

and the General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie, Eşref Bitlis.

Unilateral cease-fire (1993)

Negotiations led to a unilateral cease-fire by the PKK on 17 March 1993. Accompanied by

Jalal Talabani Jalal Talabani ( ku, مام جەلال تاڵەبانی, translit=Celal Talebanî; ar, جلال طالباني ; 1933 – 3 October 2017) was an Iraqi Kurdish politician who served as the sixth president of Iraq from 2006 to 2014, as well as ...

at a press conference in

Barelias Bar Elias (Arabic: ; also transliterated Barelias, Barr Elias or Bar Ilyas) is a town located in the Zahlé District, Bekaa Governorate, Lebanon. With around 40,000 inhabitants, mostly Sunni Muslims, it is the second largest town, after Zahlé, in ...

, Lebanon, Öcalan stated that the PKK no longer sought a separate state, but peace,{{Cite book, last=Özcan, first=Ali Kemal, title=Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan, date=2012-10-12, publisher=Routledge, isbn=978-1-134-21130-2, page=205, language=en dialogue, and free political action for Kurds in Turkey within the framework of a democratic state. Süleyman Demirel, the prime minister of Turkey at the time, refused to negotiate with the PKK, but also stated that forced

Turkification Turkification, Turkization, or Turkicization ( tr, Türkleştirme) describes a shift whereby populations or places received or adopted Turkic attributes such as culture, language, history, or ethnicity. However, often this term is more narrowly ...

was the wrong approach towards the Kurds. Several Kurdish politicians supported the ceasefire, and

Kemal Burkay Kemal Burkay (1937, Kizilkale, Mazgirt, Tunceli) is a writer and politician. Biography He attended his primary education in Tunceli and graduated from Ankara University, Law School in 1960. Political career In 1965 he joined the ''Türki ...

and

Ahmet Türk Ahmet Türk (born 2 July 1942, Derik, Turkey) is a Turkish politician of Kurdish origin from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP). He has been a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for several terms and was elected twice as the Ma ...

of the

People's Labor Party The People's Labour Party ( tr, Halkın Emek Partisi, HEP), sometimes translated as the People's Work Party, was a pro- Kurdish political party in Turkey. It was founded on 7 June 1990 by seven members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly expel ...

(HEP) were also present at the press conference. With the PKK's ceasefire declaration in hand, Özal was planning to propose a major pro-Kurdish reform package at the next meeting of the National Security Council. The president's death on 17 April led to the postponement of that meeting, and the plans were never presented. A Turkish army attack on the PKK on 19 May 1993 in Kulp{{Cite book, last=Gunes, first=Cengiz, title=The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance, date=2013-01-11, publisher=Routledge, isbn=978-1-136-58798-6, page=133, language=en brought the ceasefire to an end. Five days later, the PKK carried out the

Çewlik massacre The 24 May 1993 PKK attack, sometimes referred to as the Bingöl massacre was a Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) attack on unarmed Turkish military soldiers on the Elazığ-Bingöl highway, west of Bingöl. 33 Turkish soldiers and varying conflict ...

. Former PKK commander turned whistleblower Şemdin Sakık has said that the massacre had been allowed to go ahead by the Turkish military, and was part of the Doğu Çalışma Grubu's coup plans.{{cite web, work= Today's Zaman, date=6 November 2012, url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-297273-secret-witness-reveals-identity-shady-ties-between-pkk-and-ergenekon.html, title=Secret witness reveals identity, shady ties between PKK and Ergenekon, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106220050/http://todayszaman.com/news-297273-secret-witness-reveals-identity-shady-ties-between-pkk-and-ergenekon.html, archive-date=6 November 2012 On the 8 June 1993, Öcalan announced the end of the PKK ceasefire.Özcan, Ali Kemal (2012),p.206

Insurgency (1993–1995)

Under the new Presidency of Süleyman Demirel and Premiership of

, the Castle Plan (to use any and all violent means to solve the Kurdish question), which Özal had opposed, was enacted, and the peace process abandoned.{{Cite report, title=1998 Turkey Human Rights Report, year=2000, isbn=975-7217-25-5, url=http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205022400/http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf, archive-date=5 February 2009, location=Ankara , publisher=

Human Rights Foundation of Turkey The Human Rights Foundation of Turkey (HRFT) ( tr, Türkiye İnsan Hakları Vakfı, TİHV) is headquartered in Ankara. The organization is committed to treating torture survivors and documenting human rights violations in daily bulletins, monthly an ...

, ref=CITEREFHRFT1998 Some journalists and politicians maintain that Özal's death (allegedly by poison), along with the assassination of a number of political and military figures supporting his peace efforts, was part of a covert military coup in 1993 aimed at stopping the peace plans. To counter the PKK, the Turkish military started new counter-insurgency strategies between 1992 and 1995. To deprive the rebels of a logistical base of operations and punish local people supporting the PKK, the military carried out

deforestation Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated ...

of the countryside and destroyed over 3,000 Kurdish villages, causing at least 2 million refugees. Most of these villages were evacuated, but other villages were burned, bombed, or shelled by government forces, and several villages were obliterated from the air. While some were destroyed or evacuated, other villages agreed to join the side of the government. The state offered salaries to local farmers and shepherds to join the Village Guards, to prevent the PKK from operating in these villages. Villages which refused to cooperate were evacuated by the military. These tactics managed to drive the rebels from the cities and villages into the mountains, although they still often launched reprisals on pro-government villages, which included attacks on civilians. Turkish armed forces reported that on 26 May 1994, the Turkish Air Force targeted the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militants by bombing North Iraq, and killing 79 militants. During

Newroz Newroz or Nawroz ( ku, نەورۆز, Newroz) is the Kurdish celebration of Nowruz; the arrival of spring and new year in Kurdish culture. The lighting of the fires at the beginning of the evening of March 21 is the main symbol of Newroz among t ...

(the Kurdish New Year) on 20 March 1995, the Turkish military launched another cross-border operation against the PKK in Iraq to prevent further border station ambushes conducted by the PKK. A force of 35,000 personnel (in which most were there for pulling security, a very small portion took part in the actual fighting) went into

, assisted by planes, helicopters, tanks and APCs. The operation ended in a Turkish victory as the Zap Camp was captured and destroyed by Turkish forces. 555 PKK members were killed and another were 13 captured.

Unilateral ceasefire (1995–1996)

In December 1995, the PKK announced a second unilateral ceasefire, ahead of the general elections on 24 December 1995. This was aimed at giving the new Turkish government time to articulate a way of resolving the conflict. During the ceasefire,

civil society Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere.Damascus, and in June of the same year the Turkish military began to pursue the PKK into

.Gunes, Cengiz (2013), p.134 The PKK announced the end of the unilateral ceasefire on 16 August 1996, stating that it was still ready for peace negotiations as a political solution.

Insurgency (1996–1999)

One of the turning points in the conflict was when Turkey did the largest cross-border mission in its history. Operation Hammer was done in May 1997 and over fifty thousand Turkish soldiers and ten thousand village guards took part in the operation. The operation was successful as the Turkish military killed over 3,000 insurgents and captured more than 400 in just two months and destroyed almost all of the Kurdish camps in Northern Iraq with just 114 casualties. Another turning point in the conflict'' Hürriyet Daily News'
History of PKK in Turkey
14 September 2009 came in 1998, when, after political pressure and military threats{{cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA4227 , title=Europa World Year Book 2004 (page 4227) , access-date=15 April 2011, isbn=9781857432558 , last1=Group , first1=Taylor Francis , year=2004 , publisher=Taylor & Francis from the Turkish government against Syria, the PKK's leader, Abdullah Öcalan, was forced to leave Syria, where he had been in exile since September 1980. He first went to

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

, then to

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

and

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...

. He was eventually brought to the Greek embassy in

Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi ...

. After leaving the embassy on 15 February 1999 for the airport, he was kidnapped in a joint MİT-

CIA The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...

operation and brought to Turkey,{{cite news, url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E3D8143DF933A15751C0A96F958260, title=U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel, work=

New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

, author=Weiner, Tim , date=20 February 1999, access-date=15 December 2007 which resulted in major protests by Kurds worldwide. Three Kurdish protestors were shot dead when trying to enter the Israeli consulate in Berlin to protest alleged Israeli involvement in his capture. Although the capture of Öcalan ended a third cease-fire which Öcalan had declared on 1 August 1998, on 1 September 1999 the PKK declared a unilateral cease-fire which would last until 2004.

Unilateral cease-fire (1999–2003)

Flag of Kongreya Azadî û Demokrasiya Kurdistanê

After the unilateral cease-fire the PKK declared in September 1999, their forces fully withdrew from Turkish Kurdistan, set up new bases in the Qandil Mountains of

, and in February 2000 they declared the formal end of the war. After this, the PKK said it would switch its strategy to using peaceful methods to achieve their objectives. In April 2002, the PKK changed its name to ''KADEK'' (

Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress Kurdistan ( ku, کوردستان ,Kurdistan ; lit. "land of the Kurds") or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages ...

), claiming the PKK had fulfilled its mission and would now move on as purely political organisation.{{cite web, title=PKK/KONGRA-GEL and Terrorism, url=http://www.ataa.org/reference/pkk/pkk.html, access-date=15 April 2011, publisher=Ataa.org In October 2003 the KADEK announced its dissolution and declared the creation of a new organisation: ''KONGRA-GEL'' ( Kurdistan Peoples Congress).
June 2007 {{webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323022258/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/pjcis/pkk_1/Statement%20of%20Reasons%20PKK.pdf, date=23 March 2011 Offers by the PKK for negotiations were ignored by the Turkish government, which claimed that the KONGRA-GEL continued to carry out armed attacks in the 1999–2004 period, although not on the same scale as before September 1999. They also blame the KONGRA-GEL for Kurdish riots which happened during the period. The PKK argues that all of its military activity during this period was defensive, as the Turkish military launched some 700 raids against their bases, including in Northern Iraq. Despite the KONGRA-GEL cease-fire, other groups continued their armed activities. For example, the

Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan The Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan ( ku, Partiya Şoreşa Kurdistan (''PŞK''), tr, Kürdistan Devrim Partisi) is an illegal political party active in Turkey. The aim of the party is to create an independent state for Kurdish people bas ...

(PŞK) tried to use the cease-fire to attract PKK fighters to join their organisation. The

Kurdistan Freedom Hawks The Kurdistan Freedom Hawks or TAK ( ku, Teyrêbazên Azadiya Kurdistan), is a Kurdish nationalist militant group in Turkey seeking an independent Kurdish state in Turkish Kurdistan (eastern and southeastern Turkey). The group also opposes the Tu ...

(TAK) were formed during this period by radical KONGRA-GEL commanders dissatisfied with the cease-fire. The period after the capture of Öcalan was used by the Turkish government to launch major crackdown operations against the

Turkish Hezbollah Kurdish Hezbollah ( ku, Hizbullahî Kurdî)
, turkishweekly.net known in

(Kurdish Hezbollah), arresting 3,300 Hizbullah members in 2000, compared to 130 in 1998, and killing the group's leader Hüseyin Velioğlu on 13 January 2000.{{cite web, url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html , title=Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah , work=Turkish Weekly , access-date=13 April 2015 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102143843/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html , archive-date=2 January 2015 During this phase of the war at least 145 people were killed during fighting between the PKK and security forces. After the

AK Party The Justice and Development Party ( tr, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, ; AKP), abbreviated officially AK Party in English, is a political party in Turkey self-describing as conservative-democrat. It is one of the two major parties of contempora ...

came to power in 2002, the Turkish state started to ease restrictions on the Kurdish language and culture. From 2003 to 2004 there was a power struggle inside the KONGRA-GEL between a reformist wing which wanted the organisation to disarm completely and a traditionalist wing which wanted the organisation to resume its armed insurgency once again.Leading PKK Commander Cemil Bayik Crosses into Iran
20 May 2008 The conservative wing of the organisation won this power struggle forcing reformist leaders such as

Kani Yilmaz KANI (1500 AM broadcasting, AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Gospel music, Gospel format. Licensed to Wharton, Texas, United States, it serves the Houston, Houston, Texas area. The station is currently owned by Martin Broadcasting. History ...

Nizamettin Tas Nizamettin is the Turkish version of the Muslim name Nizam al-Din. It may refer to: * Nizamettin Arıç (born 1956), Kurdish singer * Nizamettin Çalışkan (born 1987), Turkish footballer * Nizamettin Erkmen (1919 - 1990), Turkish politician * Ni ...

and Abdullah Öcalan's younger brother

to leave the organisation. The three major traditionalist leaders,

and

formed the new leadership committee of the organisation. The new administration decided to restart the insurgency, because they claimed that without guerillas the PKK's political activities would remain unsuccessful. This came as the pro-Kurdish

People's Democracy Party People's Democracy Party ( tr, Halkın Demokrasi Partisi, HADEP) was a Kurdish population, Kurdish political party in Turkey. Murat Bozlak founded the party on 11 May 1994. The party disbanded in 2003. History Bozlak's first chairmanship P ...

(HADEP) was banned by the Turkish Supreme Court on 13 March 2003 and its leader

Murat Bozlak Murat Bozlak, (30 December 1952, Şereflikoçhisar–4 January 2015) was a Kurdish politician active in several political parties. He was the president of the People's Democracy Party (HADEP) and a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ...

was imprisoned. In April 2005, KONGRA-GEL changed its name back to PKK. Because not all of the KONGRA-GEL's elements accepted this, the organisation has also been referred to as the New PKK. The KONGRA-GEL has since become the Legislative Assembly of the

Kurdistan Communities Union The Kurdistan Communities Union ( ku, Koma Civakên Kurdistanê, italic=yes, KCK) is a Kurdish political organization committed to implementing Abdullah Öcalan's ideology of democratic confederalism. Öcalan, Abdullahbr>Declaration of Democratic ...

, a pan-Kurdish umbrella organisation which includes the PKK. Ex- DEP member

is the President of the KONGRA-GEL. Through the cease-fire years 2000–2003, some 711 people were killed, according to the Turkish government.{{cite news , url=http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu/guncel/gundemdetay/24.06.2010/1254711/default.htm , title=26 yılın kanlı bilançosu , author=Nedim Şener , date=24 June 2011 , language=tr , newspaper=Milliyet , access-date=24 September 2011 , archive-date=25 January 2014 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125123454/http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu/guncel/gundemdetay/24.06.2010/1254711/default.htm , url-status=dead The Uppsala Conflict Data Program put casualties during these years at 368 to 467 killed.

Insurgency (2004–2012)

2003–2005

In September 2003, the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire, but waited until mid-2004 before going on the offensive again. In June 2004, the PKK resumed its armed activities because they claimed the Turkish government was ignoring their calls for negotiations and was still attacking their forces. The government claimed that in that same month, some 2,000 Kurdish guerrillas entered Turkey via Iraqi Kurdistan. The PKK, now lacking Syrian government support and the manpower they had in the 1990s, took up new tactics. It reduced the size of its field units from 15 to 20 fighters to teams of 6–8, and avoided direct confrontations, relying more on the use of

landmine A land mine is an explosive weapon, explosive device concealed under or on the ground and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it. Such a device is typically d ...

s, snipers and small

ambush An ambush is a long-established military tactic in which a combatant uses an advantage of concealment or the element of surprise to attack unsuspecting enemy combatants from concealed positions, such as among dense underbrush or behind mo ...

es, using hit and run tactics.Jamestow
PKK Changes Battlefield Tactics to Force Turkey into Negotiations
24 October 2007 Another change in PKK tactics was that the organisation no longer attempted to control any territory, not even after dark. Violence increased throughout 2004 and 2005 during which the PKK was blamed for dozens of bombings in Western Turkey throughout 2005, including the 2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing (which killed five), although the PKK denied responsibility.

2006

In March 2006 heavy fighting broke out around Diyarbakir between the PKK and Turkish security forces, as well as large riots because of "local anger over high unemployment, poverty and Ankara's reluctance to grant more autonomy to the mainly Kurdish region". The army closed the roads to

Diyarbakır Airport Diyarbakır Airport is a military airbase and public airport located in Diyarbakır, Turkey. Overview Diyarbakır Airport is home to the 8th Air Wing (''Ana Jet Üs'' or ''AJÜ'') of the 2nd Air Force Command (''Hava Kuvvet Komutanligi'') of th ...

and shut down many schools and businesses. In August, the

(TAK), which vowed to "turn Turkey into hell", launched a major bombing campaign. On 25 August two coordinated low-level blasts targeted a bank in

Adana Adana (; ; ) is a major city in southern Turkey. It is situated on the Seyhan River, inland from the Mediterranean Sea. The administrative seat of Adana province, it has a population of 2.26 million. Adana lies in the heart of Cilicia, wh ...

, on 27 August a school in Istanbul was targeted by a bombing, on 28 August there were three coordinated attacks in

Marmaris Marmaris () is a port city and tourist resort on the Mediterranean coast, located in Muğla Province, southwest Turkey, along the shoreline of the Turkish Riviera. Although Marmaris is known for its honey, its main source of income is internationa ...

and one in

Antalya la, Attalensis grc, Ἀτταλειώτης , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = 07xxx , area_code = (+90) 242 , registration_plate = 07 , blank_name = Licence plate ...

targeting the tourist industry and on 30 August there was a TAK bombing in Mersin. These bombings were condemned by the PKK, which declared its fifth cease-fire on 1 October 2006, which lessened the intensity of the conflict. Minor clashes continued due to Turkish military operations. In total, the conflict claimed over 500 lives in 2006. 2006 also saw the PKK assassinate one of their former commanders,

, in February, in Iraq.

2007

In May 2007, there was a bombing in Ankara that killed 6{{cite web, url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6634397.asp?gid=180, title=Bombalı saldırıda sürpriz tanık, work= Hürriyet Daily News, date=2 June 2007 , language=tr, access-date=2 June 2007{{cite web, url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6664347.asp?f=1, title=Anafartalar saldırısında ölü sayısı 7'ye yükseldi, work= Hürriyet Daily News, date=7 June 2007 , language=tr, access-date=8 June 2007{{cite web, url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6735399.asp?gid=180, title=8'inci kurban, work= Hürriyet Daily News, date=19 June 2007 , language=tr, access-date=19 June 2007{{cite web, url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6830669.asp?gid=180, title=Anafartalar'da ölü sayısı 9'a çıktı, work= Hürriyet Daily News, date=4 July 2007 , language=tr, access-date=4 July 2007 and injured 121 people. The Turkish government alleged the PKK was responsible for the bombing. On 4 June, a PKK suicide bombing in

killed seven soldiers and wounded six at a military base. Tensions across the Iraqi border also started playing up as Turkish forces entered Iraq several times in pursuit of PKK fighting and In June, as 4 soldiers were killed by landmines, large areas of Iraqi Kurdistan were shelled which damaged 9 villages and forced residents to flee. On 7 October 2007, 40–50 PKK fighters ambushed an 18-man Turkish commando unit in the Gabar mountains, killing 15 commandos and injuring three,Jamestow
TURKEY PREPARES FOR CROSS-BORDER MILITARY OPERATION
/ref> which made it the deadliest PKK attack since the 1990s. In response a law was passed allowing the Turkish military to take action inside Iraqi territory. Then on 21 October 2007, 150–200 militants attacked an outpost, in Dağlıca, Yüksekova, manned by a 50-man infantry unit. The outpost was almost overrun and the PKK killed 12, wounded 17 and captured 6 Turkish soldiers which were released later. They then withdrew into Iraqi Kurdistan. The Turkish military killed 32 PKK fighters in hot pursuit operations, after the attack, however this was denied by the PKK. The Turkish military responded by bombing PKK bases on 24 October, which resulted in many camps and caves being destroyed, along with 200 PKK insurgents dying in the process. and started preparing for a major cross-border military operation.

2008

This major cross-border offensive, dubbed

Operation Sun The 2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq, code-named Operation Sun ( tr, Güneş Harekatı) by the Turkish Armed Forces, began on February 21, 2008, when the Turkish Army sent troops into northern Iraq to target the Kurdistan Workers' Part ...

, started on 21 February 2008{{cite news , first=Paul de , last=Bendern , title=Turkey army launches land offensive into Iraq , url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSANK00037420080222 , work=Reuters , date=22 February 2008 , access-date=22 February 2008 and was preceded by an aerial offensive against PKK camps in northern Iraq, which began on 16 December 2007.{{cite news, title=Turkish jets bomb Kurdish rebel hideouts in northern Iraq , url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1200308092560&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull , work= Jerusalem Post , date=15 January 2008 , access-date=22 February 2008 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916093607/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1200308092560&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull , archive-date=16 September 2011 Between 3,000 and 10,000 Turkish forces took part in the offensive. Around 230 PKK fighters were killed in the ground offensive, while 27 Turkish forces were killed. According to the PKK however, this was completely false and that over 125 Turkish forces were killed, while PKK casualties were in the tens.{{better source needed, date=August 2018 Smaller scale Turkish operations against PKK bases in Iraqi Kurdistan continued afterwards. On 27 July 2008, Turkey blamed the PKK for an Istanbul double-bombing which killed 17 and injured 154 people. The PKK denied any involvement. On 4 October, the most violent clashes since the

October 2007 clashes in Hakkari October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the sixth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus , October retained its name (from Latin and Greek ''ôct ...

erupted as the PKK attacked the 2008 Aktütün attack post in

Şemdinli Şemdinli ( ku, Şemzînan, script=Latn, syr, ܫܲܡܙܕܝܼܢ, Šamzdīn) is a town and district located in the Hakkari Province of southeastern Turkey. It was previously in the Ottoman Vilayet of Van and the district centre was called Nevşehi ...

in the

Hakkâri Province Hakkâri Province (, tr, Hakkâri ili, ku, Parêzgeha Colemêrgê), is a province in the southeast of Turkey. The administrative centre is the city of Hakkâri. The province covers an area of 7,121 km² and had a population of 286,470 in ...

, at night. 17 Turkish soldiers were killed and 20 were injured, meanwhile 123 PKK fighters were killed during the fighting.''

'
"15 Turkish Soldiers Dead in Fighting With Rebels"
4 October 2008 On 10 November, the Iranian Kurdish insurgent group PJAK declared it would be halting operations inside Iran to start fighting the Turkish military.{{cite web, url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/turkey-counts-cost-conflict-kurdish-militant-battle-rages, title=Turkey counts cost of conflict as Kurdish militant battle rages on, website=Todayonline.com, access-date=12 June 2016, archive-date=11 January 2021, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111191845/https://www.todayonline.com/world/turkey-counts-cost-conflict-kurdish-militant-battle-rages, url-status=dead

2009

At the start of 2009 Turkey opened its first Kurdish-language TV-channel, TRT 6, and on 19 March 2009

local elections In many parts of the world, local elections take place to select office-holders in local government, such as mayors and councillors. Elections to positions within a city or town are often known as "municipal elections". Their form and conduct vary ...

were held in Turkey in which the pro-Kurdish

Democratic Society Party The Democratic Society Party ( tr, Demokratik Toplum Partisi, DTP, Kurdish: ''Partiya Civaka Demokratîk'', PCD) was a Kurdish nationalist political party in Turkey. The party considered itself social-democratic and had observer status in the So ...

(DTP) won a majority of the vote in the South East. Soon after, on 13 April 2009, the PKK declared its sixth ceasefire, after Abdullah Öcalan called on them to end military operations and prepare for peace. The following day the Turkish authorities arrested 53 Kurdish politicians of the

(DTP). In September Turkey's Erdoğan-government launched the Kurdish initiative, which included plans to rename Kurdish villages that had been given Turkish names, expand the scope of the freedom of expression, restore Turkish citizenship to Kurdish refugees, strengthen local governments, and extend a partial amnesty for PKK fighters. But the plans for the Kurdish initiative where heavily hurt after the DTP was banned by the Turkish constitutional court{{cite web, url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/KL16Ag01.html , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052750/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/KL16Ag01.html , url-status=unfit , archive-date=18 December 2009 , title=Turkey's Kurd initiative goes up in smoke , work=Asia Times , date=16 December 2009 , access-date=15 April 2011 on 11 December 2009 and its leaders were subsequently put on trial for terrorism.{{cite news, url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8408903.stm , work=BBC News , title=Turkish court bans pro-Kurd party , date=11 December 2009 A total of 1,400 DTP members were arrested and 900 detained in the government crackdown against the party. This caused major riots by Kurds all over Turkey and resulted in violent clashes between pro-Kurdish and security forces as well as pro-Turkish demonstrators, which resulted in several injuries and fatalities. On 7 December the PKK launched an ambush in

Reşadiye Reşadiye is a district of Tokat located within the Cappadocia land within the Kızılırmak arc in the central part of the Black Sea. It is on the E E80 highway, on the edge of the Kelkit Stream. Reşadiye is surrounded by Ordu in the north, A ...

which killed seven and injured three Turkish soldiers, which became the deadliest PKK attack in that region since the 1990s.

2010

On 1 May 2010 the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire, launching an attack in Tunceli that killed four and injured seven soldiers. On 31 May, Abdullah Öcalan declared an end to his attempts at re-approachment and establishing dialogue with the Turkish government, leaving PKK top commanders in charge of the conflict. The PKK then stepped up its armed activities, starting with a missile attack on a navy base in

İskenderun İskenderun ( ar, الإسكندرونة, el, Αλεξανδρέττα "Little Alexandria"), historically known as Alexandretta and Scanderoon, is a city in Hatay Province on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Names The city was founded as Ale ...

, killing 7 and wounding 6 soldiers. On 18 and 19 June, heavy fighting broke out that resulted in the death of 12 PKK fighters, 12 Turkish soldiers and injury of 17 Turkish soldiers, as the PKK launched three separate attacks in Hakkari and Elazig provinces.{{cite web, url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=60178 , title=PKK attack kills 8 Turkish soldiers , publisher=World Bulletin , date=19 June 2010 , access-date=15 April 2011 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621002337/http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=60178, archive-date=21 June 2010 , url-status=dead Another major attack in Hakkari occurred on 20 July 2010, killing six and wounding seventeen Turkish soldiers, with one PKK fighter being killed.{{cite web, url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=six-soldiers-reported-killed-in-firefight-in--se-turkey.-2010-07-20 , title=Seven soldiers killed, seventeen wounded in clashes in SE Turkey , work=Hurriyet Daily News , access-date=15 April 2011 The next day, Murat Karayilan, the leader of the PKK, announced that the PKK would lay down its arms if the Kurdish issue would be resolved through dialogue and threatened to declare independence if this demand was not met.{{cite web, url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=61587 , title=PKK says offers Turkey disarmament "with conditions" , publisher=World Bulletin , date=21 July 2010 , access-date=15 April 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724134319/http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61587 , archive-date=24 July 2011 Turkish forces had killed 187 and captured 160 PKK members by 14 July, and killed another 227 by the end of the year.{{cite web, url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=61333 , title=Turkish army kills 46 PKK militants in last month , publisher=World Bulletin , date=14 July 2010 , access-date=15 April 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426181918/http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61333 , archive-date=26 April 2012 By 27 July, Turkish news sources reported the deaths of 72 security forces, which exceeded the 2009 toll. On 12 August, however, a ramadan cease-fire was declared by the PKK. In November the cease-fire was extended until the Turkish general election on 12 June 2011, despite alleging that Turkey had launched over 80 military operations against them during this period. Despite the truce, the PKK responded to these military operations by launching retaliatory attacks in Siirt and Hakkari provinces, killing 12 Turkish soldiers.

2011

Anti-PKK protest in Frankfurt, Germany on Zeil 05

The cease-fire was revoked early, on 28 February 2011.{{cite news, last=Champion , first=Marc , url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172122380315948 , title=PKK Revokes Cease-Fire in Turkey , work=

The Wall Street Journal ''The Wall Street Journal'' is an American business-focused, international daily newspaper based in New York City, with international editions also available in Chinese and Japanese. The ''Journal'', along with its Asian editions, is published ...

, date=3 February 2011 , access-date=15 April 2011 Soon afterwards three PKK fighters were killed while trying to get into Turkey through northern Iraq.{{cite web, url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=three-kurdish-rebels-killed-in-southeast-turkey-2011-03-15 , title=Three killed in clash in Southeast Turkey , work=Hurriyet Daily News , date=15 March 2011 , access-date=15 April 2011 In May, counter-insurgency operations left 12 PKK fighters and 5 soldiers dead. This then resulted in major Kurdish protests across Turkey as part of a civil disobedience campaign launched by the pro-Kurdish

Peace and Democracy Party The Peace and Democracy Party ( tr, Barış ve Demokrasi Partisi, ku, Partiya Aştî û Demokrasiyê, BDP) was a Kurdish political party in Turkey existing from 2008 to 2014. Development BDP succeeded the Democratic Society Party (DTP) in 20 ...

(BDP),{{cite web, url=http://www.bianet.org/english/minorities/130035-riots-in-south-eastern-turkey-after-military-operations, title=Riots in South-Eastern Turkey after Military Operations, work=Bianet — Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi, access-date=26 October 2014 during these protests 2 people were killed, 308 injured and 2,506 arrested by Turkish authorities. The 12 June elections saw a historical performance for the pro-Kurdish

(BDP) which won 36 seats in the South-East, which was more than the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), which won only 30 seats in Kurdish areas.{{cite web, url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-247755-ak-party-won-now-kurds-win-heres-why-by-abdulla-hawez-abdulla*.html , title=AK Party won, now Kurds win; here's why by Abdulla Hawez Abdulla , work=TodaysZaman , access-date=26 October 2014 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026121337/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-247755-ak-party-won-now-kurds-win-heres-why-by-abdulla-hawez-abdulla%2A.html , archive-date=26 October 2014 However, six of the 36 elected BDP deputies remain in Turkish jails as of June 2011.{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-election-kurds-idUSTRE75D4LV20110614 , work=Reuters , title=Kurds raise profile, gain seats in Turkish assembly , date=14 June 2011 One of the six jailed deputies, Hatip Dicle, was then stripped of his elected position by the constitutional court, after which the 30 free MPs declared a boycott of Turkish parliament.{{cite news, title=CHP deputy urges party to boycott Parliament in protest of deputy ban , url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-248367-chp-deputy-urges-party-to-boycott-parliament-in-protest-of-deputy-ban.html , access-date=23 July 2013 , newspaper= Today's Zaman , date=23 June 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125105324/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-248367-chp-deputy-urges-party-to-boycott-parliament-in-protest-of-deputy-ban.html , archive-date=25 January 2014 The PKK intensified its campaign again, in July killing 20 Turkish soldiers in two weeks, during which at least 10 PKK fighters were killed, the most of these occurring in a single ambush.{{cite news, url=http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article481345.ece, title=Kurdish rebels kill 3 Turkish soldiers, agency=Associated Press, date=1 August 2011, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901193421/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article481345.ece, archive-date=1 September 2011, url-status=dead On 17 August 2011, the Turkish Armed Forces launched multiple raids against Kurdish rebels, striking 132 targets.{{cite news, title=Turkey says 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in north Iraq raids, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-iraq-military-idUSTRE77M1SY20110823, access-date=23 July 2013, date=23 August 2011, work=

Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency was esta ...

Turkish military bombed PKK targets in northern Iraq in six days of air raids, according to General Staff, where 90–100 PKK Soldiers were killed, and at least 80 injured.{{cite web, url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Turkish-army-90-100-Kurd-rebels-killed-in-n-Iraq-raids, title=Turkish army: 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in n. Iraq raids – Breaking News – Jerusalem Post, website=Jpost.com, date=23 August 2011 , access-date=5 January 2019 From July to September Iran carried out an offensive against the PJAK in Northern Iraq, which resulted in a cease-fire on 29 September. After the cease-fire the PJAK withdrew its forces from Iran and joined with the PKK to fight Turkey. Turkish counter-terrorism operations reported a sharp increase of Iranian citizens among the insurgents killed in October and November, such as the six PJAK fighters killed in Çukurca on 28 October.{{cite news, url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39235&cHash=3ccc90aba609f654ddd5102286620319, title=How Kurdish PKK Militants Are Exploiting the Crisis in Syria to Achieve Regional Autonomy , newspaper=Jamestown , publisher=The Jamestown Foundation , date=6 April 2012 , access-date=13 April 2015 On 19 October, twenty-six Turkish soldiers were killed{{cite web, url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/26-turkish-soldiers-killed-in-kurdish-attacks_737457.html, title=26 Turkish soldiers killed in Kurdish attacks, work=Zee News, date=19 October 2011, access-date=26 October 2014 and 18 injured{{cite web, url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2197429&Language=en, title=42 Turkish soldiers killed, wounded in Kurdish rebels attack , publisher=kuna.net, access-date=26 October 2014 in 8 simultaneous PKK attacks in Cukurca and Yuksekova, in Hakkari provieen 10,000 and 15,000 full-time, which is the highest it has ever been.

2012

In summer 2012, the conflict with the PKK took a violent curve, in parallel with the Syrian civil war as President Bashar al-Assad ceded control of several Kurdish cities in Syria to the PYD, the Syrian affiliate of the PKK, and Turkey armed ISIS and other Islamic groups against Kurds. Turkish foreign minister Ahmet Davutoglu accused the Assad government of arming the group. In June and August there were June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes, heavy clashes in Hakkari province, described as the most violent in years.{{cite web, url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/139749/bloodiest-pkk-fight-in-years-kill-dozens.html , title=Bloodiest PKK Fight in Years Kill Dozens, 6 August 2012 , work=Turkish Weekly , access-date=13 April 2015 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026113630/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/139749/bloodiest-pkk-fight-in-years-kill-dozens.html , archive-date=26 October 2014 as the PKK attempted to seize control of

and engage the Turkish army in a "frontal battle" by blocking the roads leading to the town from Iran and Iraq and setting up DShK heavy machine guns and rocket launchers on high ground to ambush Turkish motorized units that would be sent to re-take the town. However the Turkish army avoided the trap by destroying the heavy weapons from the air and using long range artillery to root out the PKK. The Turkish military declared operation was ended successfully on 11 August, claiming to have killed 115 guerrillas and lost only six soldiers and two village guards. On 20 August, eight people were killed and 66 wounded by a 2012 Gaziantep bombing, deadly bombing in Gaziantep. According to the Koma Civakên Kurdistan, KCK 400 incidents of shelling, air bombardment and armed clashes occurred in August. On 24 September, Turkish General Necdet Özel claimed that 110 Turkish soldiers and 475 PKK militants had been killed since the start of 2012.{{citation needed, date=July 2021

Peace process 2012–2015

{{main, Kurdish–Turkish peace process On 28 December 2012, in a television interview upon a question of whether the government had a project to solve the issue, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Erdoğan said that the government was conducting negotiations with jailed rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan, Öcalan.{{cite web, url=http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25409952/, title=Yes, we negotiate with Öcalan., publisher=Ntvmsnbc, date=December 2012, access-date=21 March 2013, language=tr Negotiations were initially named as ''Solution Process'' (Çözüm Süreci) in public. While negotiations were going on, there were numerous events that were regarded as sabotage to derail the talks: The Triple murder of Kurdish activists in Paris, assassination of the PKK administrators Sakine Cansız, Fidan Doğan and Leyla Söylemez in Paris, revealing Öcalan's talks with the pro-Kurdish party Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey), Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) to the public via the ''Milliyet'' newspaper{{cite web, url=http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/iste-imrali-daki-gorusmenin-tutanaklari-basarisizlikta-ben-yokum-/siyaset/siyasetdetay/28.02.2013/1674358/default.htm, title=Here's what was talked in İmralı, work=Milliyet, date=5 March 2013, access-date=21 March 2013, language=tr, archive-date=17 December 2013, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221304/http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/iste-imrali-daki-gorusmenin-tutanaklari-basarisizlikta-ben-yokum-/siyaset/siyasetdetay/28.02.2013/1674358/default.htm, url-status=dead and finally, the bombings of the Justice Ministry of Turkey and Erdoğan's office at the Ak Party headquarters in Ankara.{{cite web, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21854215, title=Turkish capital Ankara hit by twin explosions, publisher=BBC, date=20 March 2013, access-date=21 March 2013 However, both parties vehemently condemned all three events as they occurred and stated that they were determined anyway. Finally on 21 March 2013, after months of negotiations with the Turkish Government, Abdullah Ocalan's letter to people was read both in Turkish and Kurdish during Nowruz celebrations in

. The letter called a cease-fire that included disarmament and withdrawal from Turkish soil and calling ''an end to armed struggle''.

announced that they would obey, stating that the year of 2013 is the year of solution either through war or through peace. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Erdoğan welcomed the letter stating that concrete steps will follow PKK's withdrawal. Kurdish PKK guerilla

On 25 April 2013, PKK announced that it would be withdrawing all its forces within

to northern

.{{cite web, url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324743704578444630691252760?mod=WSJEurope_hpp_LEFTTopStories, title=Kurdish Group to Pull Armed Units from Turkey, work=The Wall Street Journal, date=25 April 2013, access-date=25 April 2013 According to the Turkish government and the Kurds and most of the press, this move marks the end of 30-year-old conflict. Second phase which includes constitutional and legal changes towards the recognition of human rights of the Kurds starts simultaneously with withdrawal.

Escalation

{{main, 2014 Kobanî protests On 6 and 7 October 2014, riots erupted in various cities in Turkey for protesting the Siege of Kobane. The Kurds accused the Turkish government of supporting ISIS and not letting people send support for Kobane Kurds. Protesters were met with tear gas and water cannons. 37 people were killed in protests. During these protests, there were deadly clashes between PKK and Hizbullah sympathizers. 3 soldiers were killed by PKK in January 2015, as a sign of rising tensions in the country.

2015–present

{{main, Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present) {{see also, Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War, Operation Olive Branch In June 2015, the main Kurds in Syria, Syrian Kurdish militia, People's Protection Units, YPG, and the Turkey's main pro-Kurdish party, HDP, accused Turkey of allowing Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Islamic State (ISIL) soldiers to cross its border and attack the Kurdish city of Kobanî in Syria. The conflict between Turkey and PKK escalated following the 20 July 2015 Suruç bombing attack on progressive activists, which was claimed by ISIL. During the 24–25 July 2015 Operation Martyr Yalçın, Turkey bombed alleged PKK bases in Iraq and PYD bases in Syria's Kurdish region Rojava, purportedly retaliating the killing of two policeman in the town of Ceylanpınar (which the PKK denied carrying out) and effectively ending the cease-fire (after many months of increasing tensions). Turkish warplanes also bombed People's Protection Units, YPG bases in Syria. Violence soon spread throughout Turkey. Many Kurdish businesses were destroyed by mobs. The headquarters and branches of the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey), Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) were also attacked. There are reports of civilians being killed in several Kurdish-populated towns and villages. The Council of Europe raised their concerns over the attacks on civilians and the 4 September 2015 blockade of Cizre. But also the Kurdish rebel fighters did not sit still: a Turkish Governor claimed that Kurdish assailants had fired on a police vehicle in

in September 2015, killing two officers, and some unspecified "clash" with PKK rebels purportedly took place in

. President Erdogan claimed that between 23 July and late September, 150 Turkish officers and 2,000 Kurdish rebels had been killed. In December 2015, Turkish military operations in the Kurdish regions of southeastern Turkey had killed hundreds of civilians, displaced hundreds of thousands and caused massive destruction in residential areas. According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW) report, "Local human rights groups have recorded well over 100 civilian deaths and multiple injuries." The spring of 2016 saw the seasonal uptick in combat activity. In May, a Turkish Bell AH-1 SuperCobra helicopter was documented shot down by a PKK-fired Russian made MANPADS. On 6 May 2016, HBDH, an umbrella organization built around the Kurdish

, attacked a

base in Giresun Province in northeastern Turkey. According to news reports, a roadside bomb exploded, targeting a Gendarmerie vehicle.{{cite web, url=http://odatv.com/o-saldiri-ustlendiler-0805161200.html, title=PKK ve 9 örgütün oluşturduğu grup o saldırıyı üstlendi, date=May 8, 2016, website=Odatv.com, access-date=July 26, 2016 HDBH claimed responsibility for the attack on May 8, stating that three gendarmes died in the attack, as well as the Base Commander, who was the intended target.{{cite web, url=https://anfenglish.com/news/hbdh-claims-responsibility-for-the-action-in-giresun, title=HBDH claims responsibility for the action in Giresun, date=May 8, 2016, website=Firat News Agency, access-date=July 26, 2016 the Joint Command of the HBDH has claimed responsibility for several more attacks in the region, primarily targeting Turkish soldiers or gendarmes. The tactics employed by the alliance are very similar to those used by the PKK. The most notable attack came on 19 July 2016, just 4 days after the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt. HBDH reported that they had killed 11 Turkish riot police in Trabzon Province at 08:30 that morning.{{cite web, url=https://anfenglish.com/news/hbdh-11-riot-police-killed-in-trabzon, title=HBDH: 11 riot police killed in Trabzon, date=July 21, 2016, website=Firat News Agency, access-date=July 26, 2016 The HBDH report is consistent in time and location to an attack reported by Doğan News Agency, in which "unknown assailants" fired on a police checkpoint. This report states that 3 officers were killed and 5 were injured, along with a civilian.{{cite web, url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/three-police-officers-in-killed-in-attack-in-turkeys-north.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101788&NewsCatID=341, title=Three police officers killed in attack in Turkey's north, date=July 19, 2016, website=Doğan News Agency, access-date=July 26, 2016 In January 2018, the Turkish military and its Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army, Free Syrian Army and Sham Legion allies began a Turkish military operation in Afrin, cross-border operation in the Kurdish-majority Afrin Canton in Northern Syria, against the Kurdish-led Democratic Union Party (Syria), Democratic Union Party in Syria (PYD) and the U.S.-supported People's Protection Units, YPG Kurdish militia. In March 2018, Turkey launched Operation Tigris Shield, military operations to eliminate the Kurdish PKK fighters in northern

. This failed however, as the PKK has expanded its operations in Iraq. YPJ fighters (Afrin February 2018)

In October 2019, the Turkish force launched an operation against Syrian Kurds in the Northern Syria which has been termed Operation Peace Spring. On 14 February 2021, Turkish Minister of Defense

claimed that 13 soldiers and police officers, who had been held hostage by the PKK since 2015 and 2016, were executed during an attempted rescue operation. Erdoğan blamed the United States and Kurdish politicians for the failed operation,{{Cite news, last=Gall, first=Carlotta, date=2021-02-15, title=Deaths of Soldiers and Policemen Held by Kurdish Guerrillas Roil Turkish Politics, language=en-US, work=The New York Times, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/15/world/middleeast/turkey-soldiers-deaths-kurdish-guerrillas.html, access-date=2021-02-16, issn=0362-4331 while Republican People's Party (Turkey), CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, Kılıçdaroğlu accused Erdoğan of being responsible for the deaths. The PKK claimed the hostages were killed by Turkish airstrikes during the operation. The father of one deceased hostage Semih Özbey was summoned to identify his son, and according to the Human Rights Association (Turkey), Turkish Human Rights Association president, stated he saw a bullet wound in his son's head. In an interview with Sözcü, the father noted he believed the hostages were executed, but was only shown a picture of his son's face and was refused seeing his body. He added that during his sons imprisonment he spoke repeatedly to both HDP MPs and Erdoğan to no avail. The Turkish Human Rights Association, which had previously helped return hostages from the PKK, stated their offers to help negotiate were rejected by state officials. On 17 April 2022, Operation Claw-Lock began involving a cross border offensive operation into

allegedly (PKK claim) with the support of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, KDP and targeted areas including Metina, Zap and Avashin. The operation is currently ongoing. In May 2022, while calls for Finland and Sweden were made to join the NATO alliance, Turkey opposed their adhesion unless these countries crack down on local Kurdish and Gulenist networks. The move has been commented as a political card to distract from ongoing economic crisis in Turkey and better engage in upcoming elections, taking an aggressive posture against foreign powers and Kurds being favorable to AKP. On 28 June, the first day of the 2022 Madrid summit, 2022 NATO summit in Madrid, the Turkish delegation dropped their opposition to Finland and Sweden's NATO membership applications and signed a tripartite memorandum addressing Turkey's concerns regarding arms exports and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict. On 30 June 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that Sweden had made a "promise" to extradite "73 terrorists" wanted by Turkey. On 13 November 2022, a 2022 Istanbul bombing, bombing in Istanbul killed six people. Turkey says the bomb was planted by a Kurdish Syrian separatist whom they arrested. On 20 November, Turkey launched Operation Claw-Sword – airstrikes on PKK positions in Iraq and Syrian Democratic Forces positions in Syria.

Serhildan

{{main, Serhildan The Serhildan, or people's uprising,Aliza Marcu
''Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence''
2007 started on 14 March 1990, Nusaybin during the funeral of{{cite web, url=http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf , title=Kurds in Turkey – page 16 , access-date=15 April 2011 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081035/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf , archive-date=16 July 2011 20-year-old PKK fighter Kamuran Dundar, who along with 13 other fighters was killed by the Turkish military after crossing into Turkey via Syria several days earlier. Dundar came from a Kurdish nationalist family which claimed his body and held a funeral for him in Nusaybin in which he was brought to the city's main mosque and 5000 people which held a march. On the way back the march turned violent and protesters clashed with the police, during which both sides fired upon each other and many people were injured. A curfew was then placed in Nusaybin, tanks and special forces were brought in and some 700 people were arrested. Riots spread to nearby towns and in

over 15,000 people, constituting about half the town's population took part in riots in which five people were killed, 80 injured and 155 arrested. Widespread riots took place throughout the Southeast on Nowruz, the Kurdish new-year celebrations, which at the time were banned. Protests slowed down over the next two weeks as many started to stay home and Turkish forces were ordered not to intervene unless absolutely necessarily but factory sit-ins, go-slows, work boycotts and "unauthorized" strikes were still held although in protest of the state. Protests are often held on 21 March, or Nowruz.{{cite web, url=http://www.ifex.org/turkey/2010/11/01/protesting_as_a_terrorist_offense.pdf , title=Protesting as a Terrorist Offens , publisher=ifex.org, access-date=13 April 2015 Most notably in 1992, when thousands of protesters clashed with security forces all over the country and where the army allegedly disobeyed an order from President Suleyman Demirel not to attack the protest. In the heavy violence that ensued during that year's Nowroz protest some 55 people were killed, mainly in Şırnak (26 killed), Cizre (29 killed) and Nusaybin (14 killed) and it included a police officer and a soldier. Over 200 people were injured{{cite web, url=http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606923/index.pdf , title=MOBILIZING THE KURDS IN TURKEY: NEWROZ AS A MYTH , publisher=etd.lib.metu.edu.tr, access-date=13 April 2015 and another 200 were arrested. According to Governor of Şırnak, Mustafa Malay, the violence was caused by 500 to 1,500 armed rebels which he alleged, entered the town during the festival. However, he conceded that "the security forces did not establish their targets properly and caused great damage to civilian houses." Since Abdullah Öcalan's capture on 15 February 1999, protests are also held every year on that date.

Casualties

According to figures released by the Anadolu Agency, citing a Turkish security source, from 1984 to 2016, there were 36,345 deaths in the conflict. This included 6,741 civilians, 6,833 security forces (5,347 soldiers, 1,466 village guards and 283 policemen) and over 40 thousand PKK fighters by 2016 in Turkey alone. Among the civilian casualties, till 2012, 157 were teachers. From August 1984 to June 2007, a total of 13,327 soldiers and 7,620 civilians were said to have been wounded.Turkey, US, and the PKK
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413175202/http://www.kurdishaspect.com/doc122107AD.html , date=13 April 2016 , 21 December 2007 About 2,500 people were said to have been killed between 1984 and 1991, while over 17,500 were killed between 1991 and 1995.{{cite web, url=https://fas.org/asmp/profiles/turkey_background_kurds.htm , access-date=12 December 2015 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626141413/http://fas.org/asmp/profiles/turkey_background_kurds.htm , archive-date=26 June 2015 , title=The Kurds in Turkey The number of murders committed by Village Guards from 1985 to 1996 is put at 296 by official estimates. Contrary to the newest estimate, earlier figures by the Turkish military put the number of PKK casualties much higher, with 26,128 PKK dead by June 2007, and 29,704 by March 2009. Between the start of the second insurgency in 2004, and March 2009, 2,462 PKK militants were claimed killed. However, later figures provided by the military for the 1984–2012 period, revised down the number of killed PKK members to 21,800. Both the

and Turkish military have accused each other of civilian deaths. Since the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for the thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people. The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians, torturing,{{cite journal, title=The prohibition of torture, date=2003, issue=Torturing, pages=11, 13, url=http://www.echr.coe.int/LibraryDocs/HR%20handbooks/handbook06_en.pdf, access-date=29 December 2015 forced displacements, thousands of destroyed villages, arbitrary arrests, murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, politicians and activists. Turkey has been also condemned for killing Kurdish civilians and blaming the PKK in the ECHR. According to the Los Angeles Times, 4,000 villages have been destroyed since the beginning of the uprising,Los Angeles Times]
TURKEY: Kurdish teenager convicted as terrorist for attending demonstration
/ref> in which U.S. Government, who supports the PKK, accused the Turkish Military for the forced evacuation of between 380,000 and 1,000,000 Kurdish villagers from their homes {{cite web , url=http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/hlpdoj120303opn.pdf , title=Humanitarian Law Project v. U.S. Dept. of Justice , access-date=15 April 2011 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316042427/http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/hlpdoj120303opn.pdf , archive-date=16 March 2012 , url-status=dead , df=dmy-all According to the Los Angeles Times some 5,000 Turkish Civillians and 35,000 Kurdish Civillians have been killed, 17,000 Kurdish Civillians have disappeared and 119,000 Kurdish Civillians have been imprisoned as a result of the conflict. According to the Humanitarian Law Project, 2,400 Kurdish villages were destroyed and 18,000 Kurds were executed.{{cite news, date=22 January 2004, title=Federal Judge Rules Part Of Patriot Act Unconstitutional, agency=Associated Press, url=http://www.sddt.com/News/article.cfm?SourceCode=20040126cg, access-date=25 December 2013, archive-date=11 September 2015, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911000425/http://www.sddt.com/News/article.cfm?SourceCode=20040126cg, url-status=dead In total up to 3,000,000 people (mainly Kurds) have been displaced by the conflict,{{cite web, url=http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/bin/get.cgi?directory=FALL98/articles/&filename=Gunter.htm , title=Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick , publisher=Lib.unb.ca , access-date=29 August 2010 an estimated 1,000,000 of which are still internally displaced as of 2009. The Assyrian Minority was heavily affected as well, as now most (50–60 thousand/70,000) of its population is in refuge in Europe. Sebahat Tuncel, an elected MP from the BDP, put the PKK's casualties at 18,000 as of July 2011.'' Hürriyet Daily News'
Sebahat Tuncel'den tartışılacak sözler
1 July 2011

Before 2012 ceasefire

The Uppsala Conflict Data Program recorded 25,825–30,639 casualties to date, 22,729–25,984 of which having died during the first insurgency, 368–467 during the cease-fire and 2,728–4,188 during the second insurgency. Casualties from 1989 to 2011, according to the UCDP are as following:{{cite web, url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=158®ionSelect=10-Middle_East#, title=Turkey: Kurdistan (entire conflict), website=Ucdp.uu.se, access-date=26 October 2014, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073547/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=158®ionSelect=10-Middle_East, archive-date=5 March 2016, url-status=dead {, class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" , - !Year !!Low estimate !!High estimate , - , 1989, , 227, , 234 , - , 1990, , 245, , 303 , - , 1991, , 304, , 310 , - , 1992, , 1,518, , 1,598 , - , 1993, , 2,099, , 2,394 , - , 1994, , 4,000, , 4,488 , - , 1995, , 3,076, , 3,951 , - , 1996, , 3,533, , 3,578 , - , 1997, , 4,247, , 5,483 , - , 1998, , 1,952, , 2,039 , - , 1999, , 1,403, , 1,481 , - , 2000, , 173, , 189 , - , 2001, , 81, , 96 , - , 2002, , 35, , 100 , - , 2003, , 79, , 82 , - , 2004, , 180, , 322 , - , 2005, , 324, , 611 , - , 2006, , 210, , 274 , - , 2007, , 458, , 509 , - , 2008, , 501, , 1,068 , - , 2009, , 128, , 149 , - , 2010, , 328, , 433 , - , 2011, , 599, , 822 , - !Total:, , 25,825, , 30,639 The conflict's casualties between 1984 and 2012 according to the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey, Turkish Gendarmerie, General Directorate of Security (Turkey), General Directorate of Security and since then until 2012 according to multiple analysis' of the data of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey and Turkish Gendarmerie were as following: {, class="wikitable sortable collapsible" , - !Year !! Security forces !! Civilians !! Insurgents !! Total , - , 1984, , 26, , 43, , 116, , 195 , - , 1985, , 58, , 141, , 386, , 605 , - , 1986, , 51, , 133, , 143, , 339 , - , 1987, , 71, , 237, , 113, , 427 , - , 1988, , 54, , 109, , 228, , 426 , - , 1989, , 153, , 178, , 327, , 681 , - , 1990, , 161, , 204, , 592, , 952 , - , 1991, , 244, , 233, , 799, , 1,319 , - , 1992, , 629, , 832, , 2,793, , 4,297 , - , 1993, , 715, , 1,479, , 5,083, , 7,262 , - , 1994, , 1,145, , 992, , 6,295, , 8,310 , - , 1995, , 772, , 313, , 6,285, , 7,362 , - , 1996, , 608, , 170, , 6,181, , 6,974 , - , 1997, , 518, , 158, , 9,451, , 10,138 , - , 1998, , 383, , 85, , 3,295, , 3,633 , - , 1999, , 236, , 83, , 1,811, , 1,907 , - , 2000, , 29, , 17, , 452, , 471 , - , 2001, , 20, , 8, , 226, , 236 , - , 2002, , 7, , 7, , 97, , 107 , - , 2003, , 31, , 63, , 443, , 509 , - , 2004, , 75, , 28, , 379, , 412 , - , 2005, , 105, , 30, , 408, , 445 , - , 2006, , 111, , 38, , 517, , 563 , - , 2007, , 146, , 37, , 653, , 712 , - , 2008, , 171, , 51, , 1,110, , 1,295 , - , 2009, , 62, , 18, , 534, , 607 , - , 2010, , 72, , -, , 414, , 502+ , - , 2011, , 96, , -, , 825, , 921+ , - , 2012, , 128, , -, , 1,495, , 1,623+ , - ! Total:, , 6,877, , 5,454+, , 50,169, , 62,500+

Since 2013: from ceasefire to new confrontations

The Belgium-based Crisis Group keeps track of casualties linked to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict. The data about PKK casualties are limited to proper Turkey, and does not include casualties from preemptive operations in Syria or Iraq.{{Cite web, url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-1-ocaktan-itibaren-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisi-1976ya-ulasti/3068997, title=MSB: 1 Ocak'tan itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 1976'ya ulaştı, website=www.aa.com.tr {, class="wikitable sortable collapsible" , - ! Year !! Security forces !! Civilians !! Unknown youth , , Insurgents !! Total , , Note , - , 2013 , , 2 , , 4 , , 0 , , 435 , , 441 , , rowspan="3", Ceasefire known as Solution process agreed by both Turkey (AKP) and PKK. , - , 2014* , , 4 , , 53 , , 0 , , 950 , , 1,007 , - , 2015, Jan. to June: ceasefire , , 2 , , 3 , , 0 , , 6 , , 11 , - style="background:#f99;" , colspan="7", ''War resumed here due to July 2015's 2 security forces killed in the Ceylanpınar incident. Attackers unidentified so far.'' , - , 2015, Jul. to Dec.: war , , 733 , , 43 , , 87 , , 3,764 , , 4,712 , , rowspan="9", Ceasefire and peace process broke down on 20 July 2015. Military confrontation resumed. , - , 2016 , , 645 , , 163 , , 136 , , 10,772 , , 11,822 , - , 2017 , , 157 , , 33 , , 0 , , 1,233 , , 1,423 , - , 2018 , , 121 , , 19 , , 0 , , 1,366 , , 1,506 , - , 2019 , , 86 , , 34 , , 0 , , 1,668, , 1,788 , - , 2020 , , 41 , , 35 , , 0 , , 3,646 , , 3,722 , - , 2021 , , 138 , , – , , 0 , , 2,360 , , 2,498+ , - , 2022 , , 162 , , – , , 0 , , 1,220 , , 1,382+ , - , 2023 , , 73 , , – , , 0 , , 2,000+ , , 2,066+ , - , Total: , , 2,161 , , 387+ , , 223 , , 28,420+ , , 31,004+ , , *: mainly due to the 2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey, 6–8 October 2014 Kurdish riots where 42 civilians were killed by State Forces during anti-government protests by Kurdish groups throughout Turkey. The protesters denouncing Ankara position during Islamic State's siege of Kobani. This is the main incident out of the ceasefire period.
The ceasefire agreement broke down in July 2015, dividing 2015 in two sharply different periods.

External operations

Turkey has led numerous airstrikes and ground operations in Syria, Iraq and Iran, in order to attack groups Turkey classifies as PKK-related. {, class="wikitable sortable collapsible" , - ! Date !! Place !Type, , Operation !! Turkish forces dead (wounded) !! Turkish allies dead (injured) !! Kurdish forces dead (captured) !! Result , - , 27 May 1983 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Hot pursuit , , May 1983 Cross-border Operation , , None , , — , , Unknown, all militants in the region neutralized , , Operation successful , - , 15 August 1986 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq, August 1986 Cross-border Operation , , None , , — , , 165 , , Operation successful , - , 4 March 1987 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq, March 1987 Cross-border Operation , , None , , — , , Unknown, 3 camps destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 5 – 13 August 1991 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , August 1991 Clean-up Operation , , 2 (13) , , — , , Unknown, multiple camps destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 30 August 1992, , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , August 1992 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq, August 1992 Cross-border operation , , None , , — , , 100+ , , Operation successful , - , 5 October – 15 November 1992 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , October 1992 Cross-border operation , , 28 (125) , , — , , 1,452 (1,232) , , Operation successful , - , 12 October – 5 November 1992 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Rescue Operation , , October 1992 Turkish attack on Hakurk Camp , , 14 , , — , , 1,551 (2,600), Hakurk Camp destroyed , , Decisive Turkish Victory , - , 13 – 19 August 1993 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq and Hakkâri (city), Hakkâri , Land and Air , , Operation Kirpi , , None , , — , , 350+, İki Yaka Camp destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 23 – 26 September 1993 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq and Hakkâri (city), Hakkâri , Land and Air , , Operation Govent , , None , , — , , 400+, Balkaya Camp destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 5 November 1993 – 28 January 1994 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , November 1993 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq, December 1993 Cross-border operation , , None , , — , , 167, 10 camps destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 6 – 13 November 1993 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and Air , , Operation Mezi-Karyaderi , , None , , — , , 201 (21), Avaşin Camp destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 27 January – 2 February 1994 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq and Hakkâri (city), Hakkâri , Land and Air , , Operation Alandüz , , None , , — , , 64, Camp in Buzul Mountain destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 19 March – 26 April 1994 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and Air , , Operation Ejder , , 19 , , — , , 459 (23), Berçela, Zap and Metina Camp destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 26 July – 3 August 1994 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , July 1994 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq, July 1994 Cross-border operation , , None , , — , , 190, Haftanin Camp heavily damaged , , Operation successful , - , 20 March – 4 May 1995 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , Operation Steel , , 64 (185) , , — , , 555 (13), Zap Camp destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 23 March 1995 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , March 1995 Turkish attack on Haftanin Camp , , None , , — , , 89, Haftanin Camp destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 20 – 21 May 1995 , , Azerbaijan (Iran), Northwestern Iran , Land and air , , Operation Jerma-Betkar , , None , , — , , 358, Betkar Camp destroyed , , Operation successful , - , 14 June 1996 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , Operation Tokat , , 6 , , — , , 90 , , Operation successful , - , 12 May – 7 July 1997 , ,

, Erbil-Mosul , Land and air , , Operation Hammer , , 114 (338) , , — , , 2,730 (415) , , Operation successful , - , 25 September – 15 October 1997 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , Operation Dawn (1997), Operation Dawn , , 31 (91) , , — , , 865 (37) , , Operation successful , - , 21–29 February 2008 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , ,

, , 27 , , — , , 240 , , Operation successful , - , 24–25 July 2015 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Airstrikes, , Operation Martyr Yalçın , , None , , – , , 160 , , Airstrikes successful , - , 24 August 2016 – 29 March 2017 , , Syria , Land and air, , Operation Euphrates Shield* , , 71 , , 614 , , 131 (37) , , Operation successful , - , 25 April 2017 , , Syria and Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Airstrikes, , April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq, 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq , , 0 , , — , , 70 , , Airstrikes successful , - , , 20 January – 24 March 2018 , , Syria , Land and air, , Operation Olive Branch , , 45 , , 616 , , 4,500-7,100+{{Cite web, url=https://www.dunya.com/gundem/afrinde-4-bin-448-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi-haberi-415307, title=Afrin'de 4 bin 448 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi, first=Dünya, last=Gazetesi, date=5 November 2018, website=www.dunya.com , , Operation successful , - , , 19 March 2018 – 27 May 2019 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air, , Operation Tigris Shield , , None , , — , , 234 or 379 , , Operation successful , - , , 15 August 2018 , ,

, Sinjar , Airstrikes, , Turkish strikes on Sinjar (2018) , , — , , — , , 5 , , Airstrikes successful , - , , 27 May - 12 June 2019 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and Air, , Operation Claw-1 , , None , , — , , 143 , , Operation successful , - , , 13 June - 23 August 2019 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and Air, , Operation Claw-2 , , None , , — , , 102 , , Operation successful , - , , 24 August 2019 - 4 May 2020 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and Air, , Operation Claw-3 , , 2 , , — , , 102 , , Operation successful , - , , 9 October - 25 November 2019 , , Syria , Land and air, , 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, Operation Peace Spring , , 16 , , 251 , , 508 (73) , , Operation successful , - , , 15 June 2020 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Airstrikes, , Operations Claw-Eagle and Tiger, Operation Claw-Eagle , , None , , — , , 81 , , Airstrikes successful , - , , 16 June 2020 – 5 September 2020 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Airstrikes, , Operations Claw-Eagle and Tiger, Operation Claw-Tiger , , None , , — , , 228 , , Operation successful , - , 10 – 14 February 2021 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Rescue operation, , Operation Claw-Eagle 2 , , 3 , , — , , 65 , , Ground and clearing operations successful. Rescue operation failed; 13 civilian hostages killed by PKK , - , 23 April 2021 – present , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , Operations Claw-Lightning and Thunderbolt , , 11 , , — , , 387 , , Operation successful , - , 17 April 2022 – 4 May 2022 , , Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Land and air , , Operation Claw-Lock , , 84 , , - , , 995 , , Operation successful , - , 20 - 28 November 2022 , , Syria and Iraqi Kurdistan, Northern Iraq , Airstrikes , , Operation Claw-Sword , , 1 , , 1 , , 254 , , Airstrikes successful , - ! colspan="4" , Total : , , 538 (769) , , 1,481 , , 20,750+ (3,219), 40+ camps destroyed
*: Most of Turkey's Operation Euphrates Shield combats were between TSK & TFSA against IS on one side, and between YPG against IS on the other, while the Turkish forces and US-allied YPG avoided full scale clashed. Turkey strategic objective was to prevent Afrin canton from connecting with Shahba Canton, YPG Manbij and other Regions of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, Rojava regions. Accordingly, only a minor part of these operations casualties were from Turkey forces vs YPG forces.

Demographic effect

{{further, Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey The

of predominantly Kurdish areas in Turkey's East and South-East were also bound in the early ideas and policies of modern Turkish nationalism, going back to as early as 1918 to the manifesto of Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp "Turkification, Islamization and Modernization". The evolving Young Turks, Young Turk conscience adopted a specific interpretation of progressism, a trend of thought which emphasizes the human ability to make, improve and reshape human society, relying on science, technology and experimentation.{{Cite book, last=Üngör, first=Ugur Ümit, title=The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950, date=2012-03-01, publisher=OUP Oxford, isbn=978-0-19-164076-6, pages=153–154, language=en This notion of social evolution was used to support and justify policies of population control. The Kurdish rebellions in Turkey, Kurdish rebellions provided a comfortable pretext for Turkish Kemalism, Kemalists to implement such ideas, and in a 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, Settlement Law was issued in 1934. It created a complex pattern of interaction between state of society, in which the regime favored its people in a distant geography, populated by locals marked as hostile. During the 1990s, a predominantly Kurdish-dominated Eastern and South-Eastern Turkey (Kurdistan) was depopulated due to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.Joost Jongerden. ''The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds – an Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War'': p. 38. 2007. Turkey depopulated and destroyed rural settlements on a large scale, resulting in massive resettlement of a rural Kurdish population in urban areas and leading to development and re-design of population settlement schemes across the countryside. According to Dr. Joost Jongerden, Turkish settlement and re-settlement policies during the 1990s period were influenced by two different forces – the desire to expand administration to rural areas and an alternative view of urbanization, allegedly producing "Turkishness".

Human rights abuses

Both Turkey and the PKK have committed numerous

during the conflict. Former French ambassador to Turkey Eric Rouleau states:{{cite journal, last=Rouleau , first=Eric , date=November–December 2000 , title=Turkey's Dream of Democracy , journal=Foreign Affairs , volume=79 , issue=6 , pages=100–114 , doi=10.2307/20049970 , jstor=20049970 , url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20001101faessay939/eric-rouleau/turkey-s-dream-of-democracy.html , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607210126/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20001101faessay939/eric-rouleau/turkey-s-dream-of-democracy.html , archive-date=7 June 2007

According to the Ministry of Justice (Turkey), Ministry of Justice, in addition to the 35,000 people killed in military campaigns, 17,500 were assassinated between 1984, when the conflict began, and 1998. An additional 1,000 people were reportedly assassinated in the first nine months of 1999. According to the Turkish press, the authors of these crimes, none of whom have been arrested, belong to groups of mercenaries working either directly or indirectly for the security agencies.

Abuses by the Turkish side

{{Main, Turkish war crimes {{further, Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey} Since the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people. The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians, forced recruitments, torturing, forced displacements,{{cite book, title=Human Rights Watch, date=2002, publisher=HRW, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blm_4gIcaZoC&pg=PA7, page=7 thousands of destroyed villages,{{cite book, last1=Abdulla, first1=Jamal Jalal, title=The Kurds: A Nation on the Way to Statehood, publisher=AuthorHouse, isbn=9781467879729, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usQ2i-P7oPIC&pg=PA36, access-date=29 December 2015, page=36, date=7 February 2012 arbitrary arrests, murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists.{{cite news, title=Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist , url=http://www.khrp.org/khrp-news/news-archive/2000-news/189-justice-comes-from-european-court-for-a-murdered-kurdish-journalist.html, access-date=29 December 2015, publisher=Kurdish Human Rights Project The latest judgments are from 2014. According to David L. Philips, more than 1,500 people affiliated with the Kurdish opposition parties and organizations were murdered by unidentified assailants between 1986 and 1996. The government-backed mercenaries assassinated hundreds of suspected PKK sympathizers. The Turkish government is held responsible by Turkish human rights organizations for at least 3,438 civilian deaths in the conflict between 1987 and 2000. Hakkari, Yüksekova

Massacres

In November 1992, the Turkish gendarmerie officers forced the leader of the Kelekçi village to evacuate all of the inhabitants, before shooting at them and their houses with heavy weapons. The soldiers set up fire to nine houses and forced all villagers to flee. Later soldiers burned the rest of the village and destroyed all 136 houses. In 1993, Mehmet Ogut, his pregnant wife and all their seven children were burned to death by Special Forces (Turkish Armed Forces), Turkish special forces soldiers. The Turkish authorities initially blamed the PKK and refused to investigate the case until it was opened again 17 years later. The investigations eventually came to an end in late 2014 with sentences of life imprisonment for three gendarme officers, a member of the special forces and nine soldiers. In August 1993, Turkish security forces opened fire during the protest, killing 10 people and wounding 51. On 8 September 1993, the

dropped a bomb near the Munzur mountains, killing 2 women. In the same year, Turkish security forces attacked the town of Lice, destroying 401 houses, 242 shops and massacring more than thirty civilians, and leaving one hundred wounded.{{Cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b99dfVMJNRMC&q=lice+1993+turkey&pg=PA120, title=Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey, last1=Ron, first1=James, last2=Watch (Organization), first2=Human Rights, date=1995, publisher=Human Rights Watch, isbn=9781564321619, language=en On 26 March 1994 the Turkish military planes (F-16's) and a helicopter circled two villages and bombed them, killing 38 Kurdish civilians. The Turkish authorities blamed the PKK and took pictures of the dead children and spread in the press. The European Court of Human rights condemned Turkey to pay 2,3 million euros to the families of victims. The event is known as the Kuşkonar massacre. In 1995, a fifty-two year old woman claimed that Turkish soldiers killed her husband and her husbands brother and took pictures of their corpses with weapons. She said that the two killed people were laughed upon as PKK members. In 1995, The European (newspaper), The European newspaper published in its front-page pictures of Turkish people, Turkish soldiers who posed for camera with the decapitated heads of the Kurdish people, Kurdish

fighters. Kurdish fighters were beheaded by Turkish special forces soldiers. In late March 2006, the Turkish security forces who tried to prevent the funerals of the PKK fighters clashed with the demonstrators, killing at least eight Kurdish protesters, including four children under the age of 10.{{cite web, url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/46fa537528.html, title=Refworld {{! Turkey: Status of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and Turkish Hezbollah; situation and treatment of members, supporters and sympathizers of these parties (2006–2007), last=Refugees, first=United Nations High Commissioner for, website=Refworld, language=en, access-date=2019-01-02 Cizre çatışmaları, 2 Mart 2016

In August 2015, Amnesty International reported that the Turkish government airstrikes killed eight residents and injured at least eight others – including a child – in a flagrantly unlawful attack on the village of Zergele, in the Kandil Mountains in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. On 21 January 2016, a report published by Amnesty International stated that more than 150 civilians had been killed in Cizre. According to Amnesty International, the curfews had been imposed in more than 19 different towns and districts, putting the lives of hundreds of thousands of people at risk. Additionally, the report stated that the government's disproportionate restrictions on movement and other arbitrary measures were resembling collective punishment, a war crime under the 1949 Geneva Conventions. In 2019, Turkish soldiers killed 11 Kurdish civilians, 8 of them children in artillery attack. Human Rights Watch notes in 1992 that: * As Human Rights Watch has often reported and condemned, Turkish government forces have, during the conflict with the PKK, also committed serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including torture, extrajudicial killings, and indiscriminate fire. We continue to demand that the Turkish government investigate and hold accountable those members of its security forces responsible for these violations. Nonetheless, under international law, the government abuses cannot under any circumstances be seen to justify or excuse those committed by Ocalan's PKK.Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema
Human Rights Watch. * The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK), a separatist group that espouses the use of violence for political ends, continues to wage guerrilla warfare in the southeast, frequently in violation of international humanitarian law, or the laws of war. Instead of attempting to capture, question and indict people suspected of illegal activity, Turkish security forces killed suspects in house raids, thus acting as investigator, judge, jury and executioner. Police routinely asserted that such deaths occurred in shoot-outs between police and "terrorists". In many cases, eyewitnesses reported that no firing came from the attacked house or apartment. Reliable reports indicated that while the occupants of raided premises were shot and killed, no police were killed or wounded during the raids. This discrepancy suggests that the killings were summary, extrajudicial executions, in violation of international human rights and humanitarian law. Turkish–Kurdish human rights activists in Germany accused Turkey of using chemical weapons against PKK. Hans Baumann, a German expert on photo forgeries, investigated the authenticity of the photos and claimed that the photos were authentic. A forensics report released by the Hamburg University Hospital has backed the allegations. Claudia Roth from Germany's Green Party demanded an explanation from the Turkish government.{{cite news, last=Steinvorth, first=Daniel, title=Shocking Images of Dead Kurdish Fighters: Turkey Accused of Using Chemical Weapons against PKK, url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/shocking-images-of-dead-kurdish-fighters-turkey-accused-of-using-chemical-weapons-against-pkk-a-711536.html, access-date=23 July 2013, newspaper=Spiegel Online, date=12 August 2010, author2=Musharbash, Yassin The Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Selçuk Ünal commented on the issue. He said that he did not need to emphasize that the accusations were groundless. He added that Turkey signed to the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997, and Turkey did not possess chemical weapons. In response to the activities of the PKK, the Turkish government placed Southeastern Anatolia, where citizens of Kurdish descent are in the majority, under military rule. The Turkish Army and the Kurdish village guards loyal to it have abused Kurdish civilians, resulting in mass migrations to cities. The Government claimed that the displacement policy aimed to remove the shelter and support of the local population and consequently, the population of cities such as Diyarbakır and

more than doubled.{{cite book, last1=David L., first1=Phillips, title=From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition, date=2011, publisher=Transaction Publishers, isbn=9781412812016, page=121, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cNq0gvBPcGQC&pg=PA121 However, martial law and military rule was lifted in the last provinces in 2002.

State terrorism

Since its foundation, the Republic of turkey, Republic of Turkey has pursued variously assimilationist and Political repression, repressive policies towards the Kurdish people. At the beginning of the conflict, the PKK's relationship with its civilian supporters created incentives for the Turkish government to use state terrorism, terrorism against the Kurdish citizens in the Kurdish dominated southeast region of Turkey. Since the early 1980s, the authorities have systematically used arbitrary arrests, executions of suspects, excessive force, and torture to suppress the opponents. In 1993, the report published by Human Rights Watch stated: {{blockquote, Kurds in Turkey have been killed, tortured and disappeared at an appalling rate since the coalition government of Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel took office in November 1991. In addition, many of their cities have been brutally attacked by security forces, hundreds of their villages have been forcibly evacuated, their ethnic identity continues to be attacked, their rights to free expression denied and their political freedom placed in jeopardy., sign=, source= According to Human Rights Watch, the authorities even executed the Kurdish civilians and took the pictures of their corpses with the weapons, they carried for staging the events, in order to show them as Kurdistan Workers' Party, Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) "terrorists" to press. In 1995, another report published by Human Rights Watch stated: {{blockquote, Based on B.G.'s statement and substantial additional evidence, Human Rights Watch believes that the official government casualty estimates severely misrepresent the true number of civilians slain by government forces. It is likely that many of the persons referred to in the official estimates as "PKK casualties" were in fact civilians shot by mistake or deliberately killed by security forces. Witness testimony also demonstrates that many of the Turkish government's denials of wrong-doing by the Turkish security forces are fabrications manufactured by soldiers or officials somewhere along the government's chain of command. Shooting and killing peaceful demonstrators was one of the methods the security forces used to spread fear. In 1992, the security forces killed more than 103 demonstrators, 93 of them during the celebration of Newroz in three Kurdish cities. No security force member was ever charged with any of the deaths. In the early 1990s, hundreds of people had disappeared after they had been taken into custody by security forces. Only in 1992, more than 450 people had been reportedly killed. Among those killed were journalists, teachers, doctors, human rights activists and political leaders. The security forces usually denied to have detained the victims but sometimes they claimed that they had released the victims after "holding them briefly".{{Cite journal, date=1993, title=THE KURDS OF TURKEY: KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE, url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/TURKEY933.PDF, journal=HRW: The Kurds of Turkey: Killings, Disappearances and Torture, page=2 According to the Human Rights Association (Turkey), Human Rights Association (İHD), there have been 940 cases of enforced disappearance since the 1990s. In addition to that, more than 3,248 people who were murdered in extrajudicial killings are believed to have been buried in 253 separate burial places. On 6 January 2011, the bodies of 12 people were found in a mass grave near an old police station in Mutki, Bitlis. A few months later, three other mass graves were reportedly found in the garden of Çemişgezek police station. In 2006, the former ambassador Rouleau stated that the continuing human rights abuses of ethnic Kurds is one of the main obstacles to Accession of Turkey to the European Union, Turkish membership of the EU.{{cite web, url=http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/107/73068.pdf , title=U.S. Policy In The Mediterranean: Managing The Greece, Turkey, Cyprus Triangle , publisher=United States House of Representatives , access-date=1 September 2006 , url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070131230422/http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/107/73068.pdf , archive-date=31 January 2007

Illegal abductions and enforced disappearances

During the 1990s and onward Turkish security services have detained Kurds, in some cases they were never seen again with only eyewitnesses coming forward to tell the story.{{cite web, url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/11/05/turkey-no-answers-kurdish-victims, publisher=Human Rights Watch, title=Turkey: No Answers for Kurdish Victims, date=5 November 2015 In 1997, Amnesty International (AI) reported that disappearances and extrajudicial executions had emerged as new and disturbing patterns of human rights violations by the Turkish state.Turkey campaign (Chapter 2)
Amnesty International, 1997. {{webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714171715/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk2.htm , date=14 July 2007 {{cite web, url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/09/03/time-justice/ending-impunity-killings-and-disappearances-1990s-turkey, publisher=Human Rights Watch (HRW), title=Time for Justice Ending Impunity for Killings and Disappearances in 1990s Turkey, date=3 September 2012 The Stockholm Center for Freedom (SCF) documented eleven cases since 2016 in which people have been abducted by men identifying themselves as police officers. It appears to be mostly in the Turkish capital of Ankara as victims are forced into transit vans. Family members were unable to find out their locations from the state, indicating that they were detained secretly or by clandestine groups. In a case where one was finally located after 42 days missing, he was tortured for days, forced to sign a confession and handed over to police.{{cite web, url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TR/OHCHR_South-East_TurkeyReport_10March2017.pdf, publisher=The Stockholm Center for Freedom (SCF), title=Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey

Torture

In August 1992, Human Rights Watch reported the vile practice of torture by security forces in Turkey. The victims of torture interviewed by Helsinki Watch had revealed the systematic practice of torture against detainees in police custody. Sixteen people had died in suspicious circumstances in police custody, ten of them Kurds in the Southeast. In 2013, ''The Guardian'' reported that the rape and torture of Kurdish prisoners in Turkey are disturbingly commonplace. According to the report, published by Amnesty International in 2003, Hamdiye Aslan, a prisoner accused of supporting the Kurdish group, the PKK, had been detained in Mardin Prison, south-east Turkey, for almost three months in which she was reportedly blindfolded, anally raped with a truncheon, threatened and mocked by officers.{{cite web, author=Meral Duzgun , url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jun/10/turkey-history-sexual-violence , title=Turkey: a history of sexual violence , work=The Guardian , date=10 June 2013 , access-date=2013-12-03 In February 2017, a report published by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stated the Turkish authorities had beaten and punched detainees, using sexual violence, including rape and threat of rape. In some cases, the detainees were photographed nude and threatened with public humiliation after being tortured by Turkish army, Turkish authorities.

Executions

On 24 February 1992, Cengiz Altun, the Batman correspondent for the weekly pro-Kurdish newspaper, ''Yeni Ülke,'' was killed. More than 33 Kurdish journalists working for different newspapers were killed between 1990 and 1995. The killings of Kurdish journalists had started after the pro-Kurdish press had started to publish the first daily newspaper by the name of "Özgür Gündem" (Free Agenda). Musa Anter, a prominent Kurdish intellectual and journalist of Özgur Gundem, was assassinated by members of Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization in 1992. In 1992, Turkish security forces executed seventy-four people in house raids and more than a hundred people in demonstrations. In October 2016, amateur footage emerged showing Turkish soldiers executing two female PKK members they had captured alive. In February 2017, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights published a report condemning the Turkish government for carrying out systematic executions, displacing civilians, and raping and torturing detainees in Southeastern Turkey.{{cite web, url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TR/OHCHR_South-East_TurkeyReport_10March2017.pdf, publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, title= Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey, access-date=5 January 2019 In October 2019, nine people were executed, including Hevrin Khalaf, a 35-year-old Kurdish woman who was secretary-general of the Future Syria Party and who worked for interfaith unity.

Drug trafficking

The Turkish state has similarly involved itself with drug trafficking through the conflict. During the Susurluk scandal in the mid-1990s, it was revealed the government of

had employed contract killers from the Grey Wolves and Turkish mafia to assassinate between 2,500 and 5,000 members of and businessmen accused of supporting the PKK. Later on, state officials used the organizations to collect profits from the heroin trade, an industry larger than the state budget at the time. In 2021, the Syrian National Army, Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army was reported to be planting cannabis in the countryside of Afrin Region, Afrin, an area captured from Kurdish forces during Operation Euphrates Shield.

Abuses by the Kurdish side

The

has faced international condemnation for using terrorist tactics, which include kidnapping, civilian

s, summary executions,

s, and child soldiers, and for its involvement in drug trafficking.{{cite web, url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/pkk-claims-responsibility-suicide-bombing-left-11-dead-turkey-1381604350, title=PKK claims deadly suicide bombing at Turkish police station, website=Middle East Eye, access-date=5 January 2019{{cite web, url=https://hrwf.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Child-soldiers-in-ISIS-PKK-Boko-Haram%E2%80%A6.pdf, title=Child soldiers in ISIS, PKK, Boko Haram…, website=Hrwf.eu, access-date=5 January 2019, archive-date=16 October 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016064155/https://hrwf.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Child-soldiers-in-ISIS-PKK-Boko-Haram%E2%80%A6.pdf, url-status=dead{{cite web, url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/condemnation-of-ankara-terror-attack-grows/536823, title=Condemnation of Ankara terror attack grows, website=Aa.com.tr, access-date=5 January 2019 The organization has targeted civilians, doctors, teachers, schools, hospitals, and other government institutions on a mass scale since the 1984, and is responsible for thousands of civilian deaths.{{cite web, url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2016/vol1/253316.htm, title=Turkey, website=U.S. Department of State, access-date=5 January 2019 The number of total civilian deaths perpetrated by the PKK between 1989 and 1999 was determined as 1,205 by the independent Uppsala One-Sided Violence Dataset.{{cite journal, last1=Belge, first1=Ceren, title=Civilian victimization and the politics of information in the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey, journal=World Politics, date=2016, volume=67, issue=2, pages=275–306, doi=10.1017/S0043887115000398, s2cid=155139277{{cite book, last=Aliza, first=Marcus, title=The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence, year=2007, publisher=New York University Press, location=NY, USA, pages=115–120 In 1999, a report published by Human Rights Watch, HRW, stated that the PKK was believed to have been responsible for more than 768 executions only between 1992 and 1995. The organization had also reportedly committed 25 massacres between 1992 and 1995, killing 360 innocent people, including 39 women and 76 children.{{cite web, url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1999/01/20/rights-group-decries-missed-opportunity-prosecute-pkk-leader, title=Rights Group Decries Missed Opportunity to Prosecute PKK Leader, date=20 January 1999, website=Human Rights Watch, access-date=5 January 2019 According to Nil Satana, the author of the Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections, PKK attacks on civilians persisted until the organization realized that these were damaging their international prestige.{{cite journal, last1=Satana, first1=Nil S., title=The Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections: Continuity or Change in Turkey's Democratization?, journal=Turkish Studies, date=2012, volume=13, issue=2, pages=169–189, doi=10.1080/14683849.2012.686575, hdl=11693/21264, s2cid=55920795, hdl-access=free In the early 1980s, Abdullah Öcalan, the organization's leader, demanded the civilians to choose between loyalty to the government and support for the PKK, which reportedly led to a campaign against civilians, doctors, nurses, Kurdish elites, government institutions, schools and even hospitals.{{Citation needed, date=April 2022 Additionally, hundreds of schools were burned and only between 1984 and 1987, more than 217 teachers were murdered.{{Citation needed, date=April 2022 The PKK saw schools as "emblems of Turkish imperialism" that belonged to the "colonial assimilation system" and a justification for the killing of teachers was that they taught Turkish to Kurdish children.{{Page needed, date=April 2022 In the early 1990s, the organization allegedly began to bomb civilian targets and commit massacres against innocent civilians after the government refused to negotiate. According to Jessica Stanton, an associate professor in the global policy area, the shift in PKK tactics was a direct response to government behavior. Abdullah Öcalan, the organization's leader, has been claimed to have stated publicly: {{blockquote, If attacks on military and police targets could not force the government to negotiate, then perhaps attacks on civilian targets would.{{cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIgwDQAAQBAJ&q=pkk+targeted+tourism+finish+tourists+book&pg=PA221, title=Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law, first=Jessica A., last=Stanton, date=26 September 2016, publisher=Cambridge University Press, access-date=5 January 2019, via=Google Books, isbn=9781316720592 According to Amnesty International reports in 1997, the PKK has tortured and killed Kurdish peasants and its own members that were against them in the 1980s. Dozens of Kurdish civilians have been abducted and killed because they were suspected of being collaborators or informers.Turkey campaign (Chapter 3)
Amnesty International, 1997. {{webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808091353/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk3.htm, date=8 August 2007 According to a 1996 report by Amnesty International, "in January 1996 the [Turkish] government announced that the PKK had massacred 11 men near the remote village of Güçlükonak. Seven of the victims were members of the local village guard forces".Turkey campaign
Amnesty International, 1996. {{webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807152827/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/, date=7 August 2007{{cite web , title=PKK's , url=https://dogruhaber.com.tr/haber/313627-pkk-s-derince-massacre/ , access-date=5 January 2019 , website=Doğruhaber Gazetesi – haber, haberler, sondakika haber, haberleri The organization's 'suicide guerrilla teams', mainly made up of women, were responsible for 21 List of suicide attacks in Turkey, suicide attacks in Turkey between 1995 and 1999. The same number was 11 between 2 August 2015 and 25 August 2016.{{Cite journal, url=https://www.pa.edu.tr/Upload/editor/files/PKK_Case_Report_ENG.pdf, title=Terrorism Threat Against Humanity and Democracy The PKK Case

Massacres

On 23 January 1987, PKK militias committed a massacre in Ortabağ, Şırnak Province killing 8 civilians including 4 women and 2 children. On 20 June 1987, the organization committed Pınarcık massacre, a massacre in the village of Pınarcık in the Mardin Province of

, killing more than 30 people, mainly women and children. On 18 August 1987, PKK fighters massacred 14 children, including one three-day-old and one six-day-old baby, and 11 adults in Kılıçkaya village,

. On 10 June 1990, a group of guerrillas raided on Çevrimli village in Şırnak's Güçlükonak district, killing more than 27 people, most of them women and children. The event is known as Çevrimli massacre. On 21 March 1990, PKK members blocked a road where they killed 9 engineers and a worker.{{Citation needed, date=November 2020 On 15 July 1991, PKK guerrillas burned nine villagers to death in their houses in the villages of Pazarcık and Çağlayancerit districts.{{Citation needed, date=November 2020 2016 Ankara bombing 1

On 25 December 1991, PKK attacked a store in the Bakırköy district with Molotov cocktails, resulting in 11 deaths, including 7 women and 1 child. Between 1992 and 1995 the organisation has committed 25 massacres killing 360 innocent people, including 39 women and 76 children. On 11 June 1992, the guerrillas executed more than 13 people from a bus they stopped in Tatvan.{{Citation needed, date=November 2020 On 22 June 1992, a group of PKK members killed fourteen villagers, nine of them children, and wounded eight others in raids on the houses of village guards in the village of Seki in Batman Province and in Guroymak in Bitlis Province. On 26 June 1992, 30 PKK militants raided a mosque in

and killed 10 worshippers. In late June 1992, PKK militants killed five people, including a member of the village guard, in an attack on Elmasirti village in Bingöl Province. In late September 1992, PKK militants massacred 29 civilians including many women and children in Cevizdalı, Bitlis, Cevizdalı village of Bitlis Province. On 24 May 1993, a group of 150 PKK militants Çewlik massacre, massacred 33 unarmed recruits and 5 civilians on the Elazığ-Bingöl highway. On 21 October 1993, a group of PKK members killed 22 people, including 13 children in the yard of the school in Siirt. The incident is called Derince massacre.{{cite book, last1=Nachmani, first1=Amikam, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbxrBgAAQBAJ, title=Turkey: facing a new millennium: Coping with intertwined conflicts, date=2009, publisher=Manchester University Press, isbn=9781847795595{{Page needed, date=April 2022 On 25 October 1993, 4 teachers and a 2-year-old girl were murdered by PKK militants in Yolalan, Bitlis Province. In 1998, Human Rights Watch stated in a letter to the Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema that in response of Turkeys declaration of an all-out war, the PKK adapted its tactics in the following way:{{Cite web , date=1998-11-20 , title=Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema , url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/11/20/letter-italian-prime-minister-massimo-dalema , access-date=2022-04-05 , website=Human Rights Watch , language=en * All economic, political, military, security institutions, formations and nationalist organizations—and those who serve in them—have become targets. PKK has attacked Turkish authorities outside of Kurdish areas. * The PKK is against Turkish political parties, cultural and educational institutions, legislative and representative bodies, and "all local collaborators and agents working for the Republic of Turkey". * Many who died were unarmed civilians, caught in the middle between the PKK and security forces, targeted for attacks by both sides.Turkey: Human Rights Developments
Human Rights Watch. On 21 January 1994, PKK militants massacred 21 people including 11 children in Savur, Mardin Province and claimed responsibility for the attack. On 1 January 1995, PKK guerrillas carried out a massacre in the Hamzali neighborhood of Kulp in Diyarbakir, killing 1 village guard and more than 20 civilians, mainly women and children. The memorial has been created for the victims in the neighborhood. In September 1995, the PKK members raided on a mine in the Seldiren village, executing nine miners and wounding two. According to the authorities, the PKK members had threatened the miners to bring food before executing them for unknown reasons. The organization later claimed the attack in Serxwebun publication by claiming the killed miners were soldiers and 'fascists'.{{Citation needed, date=November 2020 According to a 1996 report by Amnesty International, "in January 1996 the [Turkish] government announced that the PKK had massacred 11 men near the remote village of Güçlükonak. Seven of the victims were members of the local village guard forces". On 30 June 1996, 1996 Tunceli bombing, a suicide bombing targeting a group of 60 unarmed military personnel perpetrated by PKK occurred in

, killing 8 people and injuring 29 others. On 25 October 1996, a suicide bombing was carried out when a PKK member detonated the explosives she had with her in front of Adana Riot Control Police Directorate, killing 5 people including a civilian and injuring 18 others.{{Citation needed, date=November 2020 On 29 October 1996, a suicide bombing occurred in Sivas and killed 6 people including a civilian while injuring 10 others.{{Citation needed, date=November 2020 On 13 March 1999, 3 PKK militants poured petroleum and threw molotov cocktails at a small sized local department store in Göztepe, Kadıköy, Göztepe, Istanbul, 13 civilians, mostly women and employees of the store, were killed and 5 were injured.{{cite news, date=14 March 1999, title=13 shoppers die in Istanbul arson attack, publisher=Independent UK, url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/13-shoppers-die-in-istanbul-arson-attack-1080615.html, url-status=live, access-date=27 January 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202084708/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/13-shoppers-die-in-istanbul-arson-attack-1080615.html, archive-date=2 February 2017, df=dmy-all On 22 May 2007, a PKK member Güven Akkuş carried out 2007 Ankara bombing, a suicide attack in Ulus, Ankara, Ulus, Altındağ killing 9 people and injuring more than 121 others, all civilians. On 22 June 2010, the TAK claimed responsibility for a bombing on a bus carrying soldiers and civilians killing 5. On 20 September 2011, 3 people died and 34 people were injured in 2011 Ankara bombing, a bomb attack in Ankara which was claimed by TAK. On 18 October 2011, a bomb planted by PKK militants exploded in Güroymak, killing five policemen and three civilians, including a child. On 17 February 2016, February 2016 Ankara bombing, a car bomb perpetrated by TAK detonated in Ankara, killing 15 civilians and 14 soldiers while injuring 60 others.{{Citation needed, date=November 2020 On 13 March 2016, a member of the TAK carried out March 2016 Ankara bombing, a suicide attack in Ankara, killing more than 37 civilians. On 27 April 2016, Eser Cali, a female member of the TAK, 2016 Bursa bombing, blew herself up near an Ottoman-era mosque in the Turkish city of Bursa, wounding 13 people. Two days later, the Kurdish militant group TAK claimed the responsibility. On 10 May 2016, 3 people were killed and 33 civilians and 12 police officers were injured in May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing, a bombing in Diyarbakır perpetrated by PKK members who targeted an armored police vehicle.{{cite web, title=PKK terror bombing targets police vehicle in Turkeys southeastern Diyarbakır, 3 killed, 45 injured, url=http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2016/05/10/pkk-terror-bombing-targets-police-vehicle-in-turkeys-southeastern-diyarbakir-3-killed-45-injured, access-date=2016-05-11, website=DailySabah, archive-date=4 June 2016, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604125930/http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2016/05/10/pkk-terror-bombing-targets-police-vehicle-in-turkeys-southeastern-diyarbakir-3-killed-45-injured, url-status=dead On 12 May 2016, May 2016 Dürümlü bombing, a truck bombing took place in Dürümlü hamlet in Diyarbakir's Sur, Diyarbakır, Sur district. killing 16 people and injuring 23 others, all civilians. The People's Defence Forces (HPG), claimed that the truck was driven by members of the HPG, but that the explosives should have detonated elsewhere and the truck only detonated as villagers opened fire on the truck.{{cite web, last=Haber, first=Internet, date=2016-05-15, title=Diyarbakır patlamasını PKK üstlendi köylüleri suçladı!, url=https://www.internethaber.com/diyarbakir-patlamasini-pkk-ustlendi-koyluleri-sucladi-1593510h.htm, access-date=2020-11-07, language=tr-TR On 7 June 2016, June 2016 Istanbul bombing, a bombing targeting security officers perperated by TAK occurred in central Istanbul, killing 12 people including 6 security officers and 6 civilians and injuring 51 others,{{cite web, title=HDP pays respect to PKK suicide bomber who killed 12 people in Istanbul, date=17 June 2016, url=http://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2016/06/17/hdp-pays-respect-to-pkk-suicide-bomber-who-killed-12-people-in-istanbul-1466119660, access-date=25 June 2016, publisher=Daily Sabah three of them seriously.{{cite web, title=İstanbul Vezneciler'de polis aracına bombalı saldırı, 7'si polis, 11 kişi hayatını kaybetti, url=http://t24.com.tr/haber/dha-istanbulda-veznecilerde-polis-aracina-bombali-saldiri-duzenlendi,344080, access-date=7 June 2016, publisher=T24, language=tr On 5 January 2017, PKK members detonated a car bomb outside a courthouse in Bayraklı, İzmir killing 1 civilian and 1 police officer while injuring 7 others including 3 civilians.{{cite news, date=6 January 2017, title=Four dead after car bombing and shootout in Turkish city of Izmir, url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/two-killed-in-car-bomb-attack-in-turkeys-izmir-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=108184&NewsCatID=341, access-date=17 January 2017 On 26 October 2020, 2020 İskenderun bombing, a suicide bombing in İskenderun injured 2 civilians.

Kidnappings

In its early stages, some PKK members and groups systematically recruited children, men and women by kidnapping them.{{Citation needed, date=April 2022 This forced families whose children were already a member of the organization to cooperate and thus turning them into accomplices, which increased the number of women joining the group, according to the publication, published by the Jamestown Foundation. The systematic kidnapping of men, women and even children was at its peak between the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the PKK decided to force every family to send someone to serve their armed wings after the third Congress. Many members who had been kidnapped were described as heroes in Serxwebun, the PKK's monthly magazine, after they were killed in the clashes.{{Citation needed, date=April 2022 Some victims like Esengul Akgul, a child soldier who had been allegedly kidnapped when she was only ten years old in 1990, were described as model 'revolutionary fighters' when they died.Ali Özcan, Nihat{{cite web, url=http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373638, title=PKK Recruitment of Female Operatives, access-date=2010-08-23, url-status=bot: unknown, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915044101/http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373638, archive-date=15 September 2007, df=dmy, ''Global Terrorism Analysis'',

, Volume 4, Issue 28, 11 September 2007. In early September 1992, PKK militants kidnapped five tourists, including three Americans, two Austrians and a British people, British, near the town of Karlıova, Karliova, Bingöl Province, and detained them briefly.{{cite web, date=March 1993, title=THE KURDS OF TURKEY: KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE, url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/TURKEY933.PDF, website=Human Rights Watch A report published by Federation of American Scientists stated that the PKK's policy of forced recruitment by kidnapping has dramatically increased since the 1994. The organization has used the policy to offset its heavy losses since the early days of the conflict. In 2014, Mothers of Diyarbakır, a group of Kurdish families staged a sit-in in front of the town hall in the southeastern Turkish province of

to protest the forced recruitment of their children by PKK. After two weeks of protesting, the families started

to demand the return of their kidnapped children. On 28 May 2012, a group of militants kidnapped 10 workers working on a road construction project in Iğdır. A month later, another group of militants blocked the road between

and Bingöl, and kidnapped a British tourist. All of them were released later. Terrorism In 1997, the State Department listed the PKK as a foreign terrorism, terrorist organization for their continuous use of violence during the 1990s. On 6 November 2018, the State Department listed the PKK's three top executives,

Murat Karayılan Murat Karayılan ( ku, Mirad Qarayîlan) (born 1954),Murat Karayılan yakalandı mı?< ...

and

Duran Kalkan Duran Kalkan (born Güzelim, Tufanbeyli, Adana Province, Turkey, 1954), also known as Selahattin Abbas,

, in its Rewards for Justice Program which is developed by the U.S. Department of State for counter-terrorism. The program lists the names and information of the most wanted US designated terrorists in the world.

Executions

Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the organization, who captured power by brutally suppressing dissent and purging opponents after the PKK's third Congress, consolidated absolute power through a campaign of torture and executions he started against the closest cadres in 1980. Only in 1986, the PKK executed more than sixty of its members, including

, who is believed to have been murdered during the clashes on 28 March 1986. The organization also targeted the defectors and assassinated at least eight of them in the European Union, EU. Hüseyin Yıldırım, a lawyer and the PKK's former spokesman in Brussels, who broke with Öcalan and left the organization in 1987 stated: {{blockquote, The PKK executed many of its members. The revolutionaries I knew, whom I trusted, were shot. Many people, regardless of whether they were women or children, were killed in the country. Öcalan wanted to be accepted through violence. Many people were killed in Bekaa valley, Bekaa Valley (old training camps). If you dig, you will find corpses., author=, title=, source= Many governors and other politicians of AK Party in Kurdish inhabited cities were threatened with death and forced to resign by the PKK, while many politicians who refused to resign were executed and assassinated. Only between August 2016 and October 2016, 6 AK Party politicians were murdered by the organization such as Assassination of Deryan Aktert, Deryan Aktert. In September 2016, AK Party governors of Doğubayazıt, Özalp, Van, Özalp and Lice resigned because of the death threats while 3 other AK Party politicians in Ergani resigned in the first week of October 2016. In March 1984, 4 people from the same family were executed in Çukurca. Serxwebûn accused them of being informers. On 15 May 1987, İsa Karaaslan, a father of 3 children and a teacher was accused of being a spy for the Turkish Intelligence and was executed. On 21 August 1987, in Yolçatı village of Lice, teacher Asim Özmen{{cite web, title=Teachers killed in Turkey between 12 September 1980 and 12 September 2000, url=http://ob.nubati.net/en/life/teachers.html, access-date=2020-11-07, website=ob.nubati.net and imam Mehmet Bayram were taken from their houses and executed. Serxwebûn accused both of them of being spies. On 17 July 1987, 5 people were executed by PKK in Şırnak Province. Serxwebûn, a publication of the PKK announced the executions and stated that executed people were all "traitors".{{Cite journal, date=August 1987, title=Serxwebûn Ağustos 1987 Özel Sayı, journal=Serxwebûn, page=8 On 31 July 1987, Serxwebûn announced that PKK executed Hıdır Kılıçaslan in Kuyubaşı hamlet of Akören village in Hozat and accused him of being an "ungrained traitor". Between 1992 and 1995, PKK carried out 768 extrajudicial executions, mostly of civil servants and teachers, political opponents, off-duty police officers and soldiers, and those deemed by the PKK to be "state supporters". On 12 February 2006, PKK's former representative of Europe, Kani Yılmaz was assassinated by PKK via a bomb that was put into his car. Yılmaz was burned to death in the car with a former PKK militant Sabri Tori.{{cite web, title=Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006), url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006073753/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html, archive-date=6 October 2010, access-date=15 April 2011, work=Turkish Weekly On 27 September 2017, the organization kidnapped and executed Mahmut Bazancir who was mistakenly accused of being an informer. On 25 November 2017, PKK executed 2 of its own members in Dohuk Governorate, Duhok Governorate of Iraq. On 25 July 2018, Mevlüt Bengi, a father of 6 children, was executed and tied to an electricity tower by guerrillas, who reportedly justified the execution by accusing him of being a collaborator with the AK Party, which he had served as an election observer at the ballot boxes in his district during the 2018 Turkish parliamentary election, 24 June elections. The HPG released a statement that it has killed Mevlüt Bengi, but for having caused serious harm to the Kurdish movement, and not for being a member of a certain party.

Child soldiers

According to the TEPAV think-tank which did research on the identities of 1,362 PKK fighters who lost their lives between 2001 and 2011, 42% of the recruits were under 18, with over a quarter of these being under 15 years of age at the time of recruiting. The organization is still actively recruiting child soldiers and it has been accused of abducting more than 2,000 children by Turkish Security Forces. The latest independent reports by the Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch (HRW), the United Nations, United Nations (UN) and the Amnesty International have confirmed the recruitment and use of child soldiers by the organization and its armed wings since the 1990s. The organization is also believed to have used the children in the drug trade. In 2008, a report published by Child Soldiers International stated that the PKK was believed in 1998 to have had 3,000 child soldiers in its forces based in Iraq and operating in Southeast Turkey.{{Citation needed, date=March 2021 The armed wing of the PKK, signed in October 2008 a Deed of Commitment of the Geneva Call, which prohibits the employment of youth below 18 years old to be recruited. Following repeated reports in the international media about child soldiers in PKK ranks, representatives of Geneva Call visited PKK camps in order to monitor the application of the Deed of Commitment.{{cite web, date=2015-07-25, title=Turkey: monitoring the HPG/PKK's prohibition on using children in hostilities, url=https://www.genevacall.org/turkey-monitoring-hpgpkks-prohibition-using-children-hostilities/, access-date=2021-03-01, website=Geneva Call, language=en-US They visited camps in which youths of the age between sixteen and eighteen would be accepted on a voluntary basis and while being there would stay away from armed conflict and be educated.

Drug trafficking

In 2011, the report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) , based on Turkish official reports from The Turkish Addiction Monitoring Centre stated that the instability in Iraq had helped the PKK to develop and use Iraq as a transhipment point for heroin. The PKK was reported by this source to collect taxes per kilogram of heroin trafficked to Turkey from the borders of Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq, with potential profits reaching US$200 million annually. Another report published by EUROPOL, European Police Office (EUROPOL) in the same year stated the organization is actively involved in money laundering, illicit drugs and human trafficking, as well as illegal immigration inside and outside the EU for funding and running its activities, without citing any official source or specific investigation by justice or police.{{cite web, url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/te-sat2011_0.pdf, title=EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report, website=Europol.europa.eu, access-date=28 December 2018 In 2012, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) announced the designation of Zeyneddin Geleri, Cerkez Akbulut (a.k.a. Cernit Murat), and Omer Boztepe as three Moldovan-based specially designated narcotics traffickers for Illegal drug trade, drug trafficking on behalf of the PKK in Europe. According to the OFAC, Zeyneddin Geleri was identified as a high-ranking member of the PKK while two others were reportedly just PKK activists. The OFAC stated that the drug trafficking is one of the PKK's criminal activities it uses to obtain weapons and materials to fight the Turkish government.{{cite web, url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1406.aspx, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105132007/https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1406.aspx, archive-date=2021-11-05, title=Treasury Sanctions Supporters of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) Tied to Drug Trafficking in Europe, website=www.treasury.gov

Notes

{{reflist, group=note

References

{{reflist, colwidth=30em {{Kurdish–Turkish conflict {{Turkey topics {{Middle East conflicts {{Post-Cold War Asian conflicts {{DEFAULTSORT:Kurdish-Turkish conflict (1978-present) Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present), 20th-century rebellions 21st-century rebellions 20th century in Turkey 21st century in Turkey Turkish Kurdistan History of the Kurdistan Workers' Party Iraqi Kurdistan Kurdish–Turkish conflict, 1978 Wars involving Turkey Conflicts in 2022 Wars involving the Peshmerga Kurdistan Region (Iraq) Rebellions in Turkey