2020 coronavirus pandemic in Manitoba
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The COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba is a viral pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19), a novel infectious disease caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The virus previously had a No ...
(SARS-CoV-2).
Manitoba officially reported its first cases on March 12, 2020. A state of emergency was declared on March 20, and implemented its first lockdown on April 1—ordering the closure of all non-essential businesses. In comparison to other provinces, case counts remained relatively low in Manitoba throughout the spring and summer months, and the province began lifting some of its health orders on May 4. Some isolated outbreaks occurred in
communal Communal may refer to: *A commune or also intentional community * Communalism (Bookchin) * Communalism (South Asia), the South Asian sectarian ideologies *Relating to an administrative division called comune * Sociality in animals *Community owne ...
Hutterite colonies and in the
Brandon, Manitoba Brandon () is the second-largest city in the province of Manitoba, Canada. It is located in the southwestern corner of the province on the banks of the Assiniboine River, approximately west of the provincial capital, Winnipeg, and east of the ...
area in late-July and August respectively. By September 2020, the province had begun to develop a harsher ''second wave'', which led to restrictions being reimplemented in parts of the province (including the city of Winnipeg), and by November 12, all of Manitoba being placed under the highest, "Critical" (red) level of the province's tier-based ''response system'', which reintroduced strong restrictions on gatherings and non-essential activities similar to the first wave. While some restrictions were eased in early-2021 while remaining under the Critical tier, strong restrictions on gatherings, retail capacity, and specific non-essential sectors of businesses were reintroduced in May 2021 due to a harsher ''third wave'' of COVID-19 fuelled by variants of SARS-CoV-2. The province's healthcare system was overwhelmed, which required it to send some of its COVID-19 intensive care patients to neighbouring provinces, and seek federal aid. By June 2021, the province had begun to lift some of its restrictions due to vaccination progress. However, due to Omicron variant, the province began to reintroduce restrictions on gatherings in late-2021. These restrictions were phased out in February and March 2022.


Timeline


March–April 2020

On March 12, 2020, Manitoba Health reported three presumptive cases of COVID-19, all among residents of Winnipeg that had recently returned from travel. Officials initially announced the first probable case that could not be linked to travel or contact with known patients on March 18, but the case was later determined to be a false positive. On March 20, a state of emergency was issued by Premier Brian Pallister, which implemented enforceable restrictions on gatherings and business sectors. The province reported its first death from COVID-19 on March 27.. The first two recoveries were reported on March 29.. The province confirmed on April 1 that they had seen evidence of community transmission in Winnipeg. On April 2, officials announced that a worker at a personal care home in Gimli had tested positive, and that nine residents were showing symptoms of respiratory illness, but later confirmed on April 5 that the worker's case was a false positive. An incident at the
Health Sciences Centre Health, according to the World Health Organization, is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity".World Health Organization. (2006)''Constitution of the World Health Organiza ...
in Winnipeg exposed numerous employees to the virus, including nurses, doctors, therapists, health care aides, and security guards. By April 3, approximately 100 HSC employees had been required to isolate themselves. Following the event, four nurses at the HSC had tested positive for COVID-19, as well as health care workers at
Saint Boniface Hospital Saint Boniface Hospital (french: Hôpital Saint-Boniface; also called St. B; previously called the Saint-Boniface General Hospital) is Manitoba's second-largest hospital, located in the Saint Boniface neighbourhood of Winnipeg. Founded by the ...
and Grace Hospital in Winnipeg, a hospital in Selkirk, and a personal care home in the
St. Vital St. Vital (french: Saint-Vital) is a ward and neighbourhood of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Located in the south-central part of the city, it is bounded on the north by Carrière Avenue; on the south by the northern limit of the Rural Municipal ...
area of Winnipeg. By April 5, Manitoba reached 200 confirmed cases.. On April 16, the province stated that about 56% of the 250 known cases were directly linked to travel. The number of daily new cases diminished through mid-April, and on April 17, the province announced that the number of known recoveries from COVID-19 had overtaken the number of known cases in Manitoba. On April 29, Premier Pallister announced that the province would begin a phased lifting of restrictions beginning May 4, beginning with outdoor recreation, retail businesses, patio restaurants, non-urgent healthcare, daycamps, and libraries, galleries, and museums. He emphasized that this would not be a "return to normal", but told residents that "You stuck to the fundamentals, and those fundamentals are what will take us forward. But this isn't a victory lap. Today is a celebration because of what you've done and tomorrow will be a celebration because of what you'll continue to do." The province's Chief Public Health Officer Brent Roussin stated based on modelling, that Manitoba had 666 fewer confirmed cases as of April 25 than it would have had without public health measures.


May–June 2020

In May, the number of new cases continued to decline, with 13 reported in the first 27 days of the month, and only 6 new cases reported after May 12. On May 23, the province announced that there were no COVID-19 patients remaining in the province's hospitals. In July, a spike of new clusters began to emerge in Manitoba, centred primarily among communal Hutterite colonies. Representatives of the colonies criticized health officials for publicly linking them to these outbreaks, as they were facing stigmatization from the public as a result. The province announced on July 25 that it would no longer publicly link outbreaks to colonies unless they pose a risk to the general public. On July 28, the province reported its first new death from the virus since May 5. On August 5, an employee of a Maple Leaf Foods facility in Brandon was reported to have tested positive for COVID-19. The next day, the province announced its second-largest increase in daily new cases since the pandemic began, with a
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of 18 cases being connected to the facility, although transmission was reported to not be occurring within the facility itself. This cluster grew to 64 cases on August 8, which the province announced had developed into community spread within Brandon. By August 12, Manitoba's active case count surpassed 200 for the first time since the pandemic began. On August 19, the province announced "RestartMB", a colour-coded ''response system'' that would classify risks and restrictions on a regional basis. The province was initially placed under the yellow "Caution" tier. On August 20, the Prairie Mountain Health Region became the first region to move to the orange "Restricted" tier, due to increasing community transmission. Face masks became mandatory in public places, and gathering sizes were restricted to 10. On August 28, Winnipeg mandated the wearing of masks on Winnipeg Transit and at city-owned facilities.


September–November 2020

As of September 3, an outbreak at the Bethesda Place long-term care facility in Steinbach, Manitoba had accounted for four deaths (bringing the provincial total to 16), and at least 17 positive cases among residents and staff. On September 11, the first probable cases within First Nations colonies were reported, including three cases in the
Fisher River Cree Nation Fisher River ( cr, ᐅᒉᑯ ᓰᐱᐩ, ocêko-sîpiy) is a Cree First Nations reserve located approximately 193 km north of Manitoba's capital city, Winnipeg. The Fisher River Cree Nation is composed of two reserves; Fisher River 44 and F ...
and Peguis First Nation. In mid-September, testing capacity in Winnipeg was exhausted for two consecutive days amid a growth in community transmission. Multiple cohorts at the John Pritchard School were also quarantined and switched to remote classes amid cases involving students and staff. By late-September, a major surge had emerged in Winnipeg. The Winnipeg Metropolitan Region was placed under the "Restricted" (orange) tier of the ''response system'' on September 28, restricting the size of gatherings and mandating the wearing of face masks within indoor public spaces; on October 13, the province experienced a triple-digit gain in new cases for the first time, at 124, with 95 of them being within the Winnipeg Health Region. This was surpassed the next day with 146 new cases. On October 19, new restrictions were instituted in Winnipeg for 14 days on top of the existing Orange-tier restrictions. All gatherings were limited to five people. Retail establishments, restaurants, libraries, galleries, and museums were restricted to 50% capacity, while gyms, libraries, galleries, and museums must also take contact tracing logs. Sports venues were limited to 25% capacity, and bars, gaming establishments, and live entertainment facilities were ordered closed.


Province-wide critical alert

On October 30, 2020, after announcing a total of 480 new cases, it was announced that effective November 3, Winnipeg would be moved to the "Critical" (red) tier of the ''response system'', and all other regions of Manitoba moved to the "Restricted" tier, for at least 14 days. Under the Critical tier dine-in bars and restaurants, cinemas, and concert halls were ordered closed. Retail establishments were capped at 25% capacity, and faith-based gatherings were capped at 15% capacity or 100 people (whichever is lower). Most elective and non-urgent medical procedures were suspended. The mask mandate extended to gyms while exercising, The Orange tier restrictions elsewhere mirrored the restrictions that had been in place in Winnipeg since October 19. On November 9, the Southern health region was moved to Critical tier. Chief Medical Health Officer Brent Roussin stated that a circuit breaker was being considered due to widespread community transmission province-wide, with the province having reported over 2,000 cases in the past week alone. On November 10, it was announced that the entire province would be moved to Critical on the ''response system'' effective November 12, prohibiting any social, religious, or cultural gathering, and ordering the closure of all non-critical businesses (with critical businesses restricted to 25% capacity), dine-in bars and restaurants, cinemas, concert halls, gaming facilities (casinos and
video lottery A video lottery terminal (VLT), also sometimes known as a video gaming terminal (VGT), video slots, or the video lottery, is a type of electronic gambling machine. They are typically operated by a region's lottery, and situated at licensed establis ...
), gyms, sports and recreation facilities, and personal care services. K-12 schools remained open to in-person classes, with Roussin arguing that the province was "not seeing a lot of transmission within schools." On November 20, additional restrictions were added province-wide: visitors at homes are prohibited unless they are providing a critical service or are otherwise covered by an exception, while critical retailers may only admit a maximum of 250 customers at once, and are prohibited from displaying or selling non-critical goods to in-store customers. On November 23, the province reported its largest increase in cases to-date, at 546.


December 2020–January 2021

On December 8, all present health orders were extended through January 8, 2021 in order to discourage holiday gatherings. Amendments were also announced effective December 12, making school supplies considered critical goods, and a "seasonal exception" for goods related to holidays. Thrift stores were allowed to reopen without restrictions on goods in order to reduce disproportionate impact on low-income families. Drive-in events would also be permitted, provided that vehicle passengers are from the same household only, and must remain in the vehicle at all times. On January 21, 2021, it was announced that restrictions would be modified in the Interlake-Eastern, Prairie Mountain Health, Southern Health, and Winnipeg regions effective January 23, to allow households to have up to two designated visitors, non-critical retail to resume (25% capacity or 250 customers, whichever is lower), and hair salons and non-regulated health services to resume operations with restrictions. Due to a surge in the area, Northern Manitoba remained under the existing restrictions.


February–March 2021

On February 12, 2021, the health orders were modified to allow some indoor businesses (besides casinos and concert venues) to reopen at 25% capacity, including restaurants (same household at tables only), gyms, indoor sports facilities (individual instruction only), outdoor sports facilities to resume operations (multi-team tournaments prohibited), weddings to be held with 10 guests, and places of worship to hold in-person services with a limited capacity (10% capacity or 50 people, whichever is lower). The province remained at the "Critical" tier. On March 5, 2021, the health orders were modified, so that a household may now form a bubble with a second household, and outdoor gatherings of 10 people are now allowed. Any business that was still closed could resume operations, excluding bingo halls, casinos, and indoor theatre or concert venues. Capacity limits for retail stores were raised to 50% or 250 customers (whichever is lower). Restaurants were also raised to 50% capacity and may resume video lottery. Places of worship are increased to 25% capacity or 100 people (whichever is lower), and dance companies, operas, symphonies, and theatre groups are allowed to resume private rehearsals. Indoor sports facilities are relieved from the previous restriction to individual instruction only. Roussin stated that these changes were not a "return to normal", but "a sign that as we continue to follow the fundamentals, and our case numbers continue to decline, we can ensure access to businesses, activities and services that may make our lives better." On March 18, the province issued a survey asking for feedback on a future downgrade to the "Restricted" (orange) tier. On April 19, new restrictions were announced due to a ''third wave'' and increasing cases of variants of SARS-CoV-2; beginning April 20, gatherings were limited to 10 people, households may only have two designated visitors, places of worship are limited to 25% capacity or 50 people (whichever is lower), and weddings and funerals are limited to 10 people. Beginning April 21, all retail outlets must operate at a maximum of 13 capacity or 333 people (whichever is lower).


April–May 2021

On April 26, Pallister announced further restrictions to lasting for at least four weeks, including prohibiting indoor gatherings and household visitors, restricting gyms, faith-based gatherings, and retail to 25% capacity, and personal services to 50% by-appointment only. Roussin stated that "we need Manitobans to understand how critical we are right now in a race between vaccinations and the variants of concern." On May 7, Pallister announced that it would impose further and "significant" restrictions effective May 9–30. They restrict retail stores to 10% capacity or 100 people (whichever is fewer), and order the closure of all dine-in restaurants (even outdoors), dance, music, and performing arts schools, galleries, gyms and fitness centres, libraries, museums, and personal care services. Indoor community, cultural, and religious gatherings, indoor sports and recreation, and outdoor sports and recreation with more than five people are prohibited. Outdoor gatherings are limited to five people, On May 20, ahead of the Victoria Day long weekend and after recording a record 603 new cases (with 409 being in Winnipeg alone), Pallister announced new restrictions that were to be in effect from May 22 through May 26. They prohibit all outdoor gatherings (including outdoor recreation) with people from outside of the immediate household, and restrict entry into retail stores to one person per-household (with an exception for a caregiver and their patient), in addition to all other public health orders. These health orders were extended through June 12. Manitoba sought aid from the federal government due to the current surge. As of May 25, 79 COVID-19 patients in Manitoba were in intensive care. In order to preserve critical care capacity, the province has had to send ICU patients to hospitals in the neighbouring provinces of Ontario and Saskatchewan.


June 2021

On June 8, Pallister announced that the province would offer cards to verify those who have been fully vaccinated. They will initially allow for exceptions from restrictions on health care visitation. On June 9, Roussin announced that outdoor gatherings of up to five people from up to two households would be allowed beginning June 12. All other public health orders remain in force through at least June 26. On June 10, Pallister announced plans to ease the current public health orders if certain targets for vaccination (both first and second doses) are met, with the first phase expected to begin by July 1. Roussin emphasized that "the goal is to get to a post-pandemic Manitoba where we have public health recommendations and not restrictions". On June 26, Manitoba entered milestone 1 of the new framework, allowing some restrictions on gatherings and businesses to be eased to 25% capacity.


July 2021

On July 3, the province reported its lowest single-day increase in cases since March, with only 48 new cases. On July 7, ahead of schedule, the province announced that it had reached the vaccination thresholds required for the second milestone, and that details for the next phase could be revealed as soon as the following week. The province also announced plans for a one-day "vax-a-thon" with a "festive" atmosphere on July 14, during which all of Manitoba's "supersite" vaccine clinics would have an expanded capacity for walk-in appointments. Details were announced for milestone 2 on July 14, taking effect on July 17.


August 2021

Details were announced for milestone 3 on August 3, taking effect on August 7; this phase lifted the indoor mask mandate and further eased some restrictions on gatherings and retail. On August 11, the province announced that its "supersite" vaccine clinics would also begin to offer youth "catch-up" appointments for other immunizations such as Hepatitis B and
HPV Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the '' Papillomaviridae'' family. Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. In some cases, an HPV infection persists and re ...
, as school-based immunization programs had been suspended due to the pandemic. On August 24, Pallister announced that new pre-emptive public health orders would be implemented in order to reduce spread of Delta variant and prevent a ''fourth wave'', including the reinstatement of mask mandates province-wide, new vaccination requirements for various provincial employees who do not agree to regular COVID-19 testing, and plans to restrict further activities to the fully-vaccinated only.


September 2021

Effective September 3, proof of vaccination is required for entry to any dining area and all licensed premises (also including food courts effective September 7), casinos and VLT lounges, gyms, cinemas, indoor recreational businesses and activities, and any ticketed concert or sporting event. Furthermore, outdoor gatherings will be capped at 500 unless otherwise exempted by public health. By late-September, a ''fourth wave'' had begun to develop; the Southern health region, which has had some of the lowest vaccination rates province-wide, was noted as having the larger proportion of new cases in the province.


October 2021

On October 1, all of Manitoba was moved back to Orange on the ''Pandemic Response System'', and new public health orders were announced effective October 5 to further restrict gatherings involving unvaccinated residents. The province also announced capacity restrictions for retail in the Southern health region. On October 25, all existing public health orders were renewed for an additional three weeks beginning November 2. In addition, it was stated that due to vaccination rates, as well as their proximity to Winnipeg, the rural municipalities of Cartier, Headingley, Macdonald, Niverville-Ritchot, St. Francois Xavier, and Tache would be excluded from the existing health orders in affect for the Southern health region, and would follow the regulations in effect for the rest of the province (and in particular Winnipeg).


Provincial government response


First wave

On March 20, a provincial state of emergency was declared under the ''Emergency Measures Act'' by Premier Brian Pallister, effective for 30 days.''The Emergency Measures Act'', CCSM, c. E80.
/ref> The order restricted public gatherings to no more than 50 people, required retail stores and public transit to enforce social distancing, limited hospitality businesses and theatres to 50% capacity or 50 people (whichever is fewer), and shut down all fitness facilities. Breaches of the order could trigger fines of up to $50,000 or six months imprisonment. On March 30, further directives under the ''Public Health Act'' came into effect, which reduced the maximum size of public gatherings to 10 people, and required retail businesses to ensure one to two metres of social distancing between customers. On April 1, the province ordered the closure of all non-critical businesses to the public, including bars, hair salons, massage clinics, and dine-in restaurants (delivery and take-out would still be allowed, with some restaurants having already done so voluntarily). The order would last for at least 14 days, but could be extended. On April 3, Pallister appealed to people refusing to comply with social distancing recommendations, calling them "thoughtless and stupid" during a press conference. As of April 9, health orders issued pursuant to the state of emergency became enforceable under provincial law, starting at $486 for individuals and $2,542 for businesses. In Winnipeg, by-law officers were authorized to issue fines of up to $1,000 to those violating the orders in municipal parks, and Winnipeg mayor
Brian Bowman Brian Leslie Bowman (born July 22, 1946) is an American virtuoso euphonium artist and music professor who, among other things, held the principal euphonium chair and was a featured soloist with the premier concert bands of the United States Navy ...
warned that a penalty of up to six months in jail would be possible in extreme circumstances. On April 13, the province extended the closure on non-essential businesses by an additional two weeks, and stated that distancing measures would likely continue into the summer. On April 15, an emergency sitting of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba was held, in which legislation was passed that granted province's chief public health officer the power to restrict travel within Manitoba and to order individuals to take precautionary measures, such as self-isolation. It also gave the
cabinet Cabinet or The Cabinet may refer to: Furniture * Cabinetry, a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and/or drawers * Display cabinet, a piece of furniture with one or more transparent glass sheets or transparent polycarbonate sheets * Filing ...
the authority to fix prices for essential goods, and to establish penalties for price gouging. On April 20, Pallister announced a 30-day extension of the province's state of emergency, while also setting a goal for Manitoba to be the first Canadian province to reopen its economy.


Lifting of first wave health orders

On May 4, Manitoba began the first phase of lifting its public health orders.


Health care and testing

By March 14, the province was
testing An examination (exam or evaluation) or test is an educational assessment intended to measure a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics (e.g., beliefs). A test may be administered verba ...
500 patients per-day. All patients in Manitoba's intensive care units, as well as those admitted to a hospital for respiratory illnesses, have also been tested. On March 21, a drive-through testing centre opened in Winnipeg, at a site close to the Victoria General Hospital. As with walk-in testing centres, a referral is necessary to use the drive-through testing centre. As of March 21, 2020, there were four other walk-in test centres in Winnipeg, as well as test centres in Brandon,
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, Selkirk, Flin Flon, Steinbach and The Pas. On April 16, testing became available by-request for essential workers. The province also established an online
cognitive behavioural therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression and anxiety disorders. CBT focuses on challenging and changing cognitive distortions (su ...
program for those with anxiety as a result of the pandemic. On April 28, testing became available to any resident showing symptoms. On May 4, the province began to increase its testing of asymptomatic patients. By August, the province expected a testing capacity of 2500 per day.


Vaccination


Travel advisories and restrictions

On March 15, Roussin issued an advisory against international travel, and recommended 14 days of self-isolation on return. On March 27, informational checkpoints were established at the Ontario and Saskatchewan borders on the Trans-Canada Highway, and on the Saskatchewan border on highways 16, 5, and 2. Vehicles entering Manitoba would be briefly stopped, and their drivers provided with an informational pamphlet on health risks and international travel restrictions. On April 17, it was announced that anyone travelling to Manitoba from outside of the province (including interprovincial travel) would be required by law to self-isolate for 14 days on arrival, although a 50-kilometre "buffer zone" exists in
Northwestern Ontario Northwestern Ontario is a secondary region of Northern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario which lies north and west of Lake Superior and west of Hudson Bay and James Bay. It includes most of subarctic Ontario. Its western boundary is the ...
. In order to protect vulnerable and remote northern communities, the province also restricted non-essential travel across the 53rd parallel. In Phase 2, these restrictions were softened to allow "direct" travel to sites such as campgrounds in the region. The self-isolation requirement for interprovincial travel was removed in Phase 3 for those travelling into Manitoba from Western Canada,
Northern Canada Northern Canada, colloquially the North or the Territories, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. Politically, the term refers to the three Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada#Territories, territor ...
, or Ontario west of Terrace Bay. Interprovincial travel from outside of these regions will also be exempted for those participating in a film production or professional sporting event, provided that 14 days of self-isolation are completed before travel, and that proper hygiene is practised whilst travelling to Manitoba. On August 12, Peguis First Nation re-introduced self-isolation restrictions for individuals travelling from Brandon and Steinbach, due to increasing COVID-19 spread in those areas. On January 26, 2021, due to concerns surrounding variants of SARS-CoV-2, Premier Pallister announced that the 14-day self-isolation requirement for interprovincial travel into Manitoba would be reinstated effective at 11:59 p.m. CT on January 28, 2021. Essential travel, medical travel, and those who regularly perform essential cross-border travel will be exempt.


RestartMB system

On August 19, 2020, the provincial government migrated to a tier-based response framework known as the #''RestartMB Pandemic Response System'', which would classify local risk of COVID-19 transmission based on health metrics such as test positivity, the rate of new cases, contact tracing, and health care capacity. It would allow restrictions to be imposed at the local level and by-sector to control outbreaks, without the need to impose more province-wide restrictions. All of Manitoba was initially placed at the "Caution" (yellow) tier, and it was stated that the "Restricted" (orange) and "Critical" (red) tiers would involve the reimplementation of wider restrictions.


4-3-2-One Great Summer

In June 2021, Premier Pallister and Roussin announced a new reopening plan replacing RestartMB known as ''4-3-2-One Great Summer'', which is based on vaccination progress. The plan is named for four categories of activities that residents "want most" ("Gathering and socializing", "Travel and tourism", "Shopping and services", and "Dining out and entertainment"), three milestones with targets around holidays (
Canada Day Canada Day (french: Fête du Canada), formerly known as Dominion Day (french: Fête du Dominion), is the national day of Canada. A federal statutory holiday, it celebrates the anniversary of Canadian Confederation which occurred on July 1, 18 ...
,
Civic Holiday Civic is something related to a city or municipality. It also can refer to multiple other things: General *Civics, the science of comparative government * Civic engagement, the connection one feels with their larger community *Civic center, a com ...
, and
Labour Day Labour Day ('' Labor Day'' in the United States) is an annual holiday to celebrate the achievements of workers. Labour Day has its origins in the labour union movement, specifically the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for ...
), and two responsibilities for all residents to receive a COVID-19 vaccine and continue following all public health orders. Roussin stated that details on restrictions lifted for each milestone would not be immediately revealed, in order to allow for flexibility,


Fourth wave health orders


See also

* COVID-19 pandemic in Canada


References

{{COVID-19 pandemic in Canada Manitoba Disasters in Manitoba Health in Manitoba 2020 in Manitoba Manitoba Manitoba 2021 in Manitoba