The 2011 Malawian Air Fouling Legislation is a section of the Local Courts bill submitted to the parliament of

Malawi Malawi (; or aláwi Tumbuka: ''Malaŵi''), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in Southeastern Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the west, Tanzania to the north and northeast ...

in February 2011 that bans fouling the air. When the Minister of Justice claimed that the bill made

flatulence Flatulence, in humans, is the expulsion of gas from the intestines via the anus, commonly referred to as farting. "Flatus" is the medical word for gas generated in the stomach or bowels. A proportion of intestinal gas may be swallowed environm ...

in public illegal, the story made headlines around the world. Later, the minister retracted his statement.

History

The Local Courts Bill was first introduced in

Nyasaland Nyasaland () was a British protectorate located in Africa that was established in 1907 when the former British Central Africa Protectorate changed its name. Between 1953 and 1963, Nyasaland was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasala ...

(colonial Malawi) in 1929 under Penal Code Act 22 of the colonial government. It was meant to redefine which types of cases local courts could oversee. The stipulated violations covered under this bill would be under the jurisdiction of local Chiefs. The actual provision against air fouling that was included in the new Penal Code Act 198 was carried over from the Nyasaland laws. This opened up a criticism in Malawi about the government's policy of carrying over antiquated colonial laws and clarification of laws.

Legislation

The relevant clause in the bill reads: "Any person who vitiates the

atmosphere An atmosphere () is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A s ...

in any place so as to make it noxious to the public to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying on business in the neighbourhood or passing along a public way shall be guilty of a misdemeanour".

Additional clauses

The bill would also punish "any person disturbing religious assemblies, trespassing on burial places," or "insulting the modesty of a woman", as well as citizens who hinder the burial of dead bodies and people who pretend to be fortune tellers. It also includes making it illegal to challenge someone to fight a

duel A duel is an arranged engagement in combat between two people, with matched weapons, in accordance with agreed-upon Code duello, rules. During the 17th and 18th centuries (and earlier), duels were mostly single combats fought with swords (the r ...

Interpretation

Journalists at the briefing argued that the way the bill was written, it could be interpreted as including a ban on

. The hypothetical example is what was then published in Malawian papers by some Malawian journalists to gain attention for the story about the bill. The sensational story on the ban of flatulence became popular within the country due to its humorous and impractical nature. Even though flatulence was not the target of the bill, when responding to a journalist who inquired about the ban on flatulence in January 2011 on

Capital Radio Malawi Capital Radio Malawi is a radio station in Malawi that was launched on 29 March 1999 by journalist Alaudin Osman. The station broadcasts across all three regions of Malawi, and covers the urban centers of Blantyre, Zomba, Lilongwe, Dedza Mangochi ...

's popular ''Straight Talk'' program,

George Chaponda George T. Chaponda (born 1 November 1942) is a Malawian career diplomat and politician who served as Malawi's Minister of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development from 2016 to 2017. He is a founding member of the ruling Democratic Progress ...

, Minister for Justice and Constitutional Affairs, agreed that the legislation can essentially be interpreted as a banning

farting Flatulence, in humans, is the expulsion of gas from the Gastrointestinal tract, intestines via the anus, commonly referred to as farting. "Flatus" is the medical word for gas generated in the stomach or bowels. A proportion of intestinal gas m ...

in public places and makes it an official criminal offence. This helped to confirm that news that the ban in fact, did target flatulence.

Minister of Justice's interpretation

Minister of Justice

, a Yale law school graduate, insisted that technically the law included flatulence after it was widely reported in the media. In the radio interview on Capital FM, he went further by taking the opportunity to address what he felt really was a

social problem A social issue is a problem that affects many people within a society. It is a group of common problems in present-day society and ones that many people strive to solve. It is often the consequence of factors extending beyond an individual's cont ...

in matters of

social etiquette Etiquette () is the set of norms of personal behaviour in polite society, usually occurring in the form of an ethical code of the expected and accepted social behaviours that accord with the conventions and norms observed and practised by a ...

concerning

in Malawi society. He said, ''"Would you be happy to see people farting anyhow? ... Just go to the toilet when you feel like farting".'' Chaponda said that people had felt free to fart anywhere since Malawi embraced multi-party politics 16 years earlier. He said, ''"It was not there during the time of dictatorship because people were afraid of the consequences. Now because of multipartism or freedom, people would like to fart anywhere".'' He added "Nature can be controlled... it becomes a nuisance if people fart anywhere". He added that the enforcement of such a law would be similar to laws banning urinating in public and would be treated as a minor offence.

Solicitor General's interpretation

Solicitor General

Anthony Kamanga Anthony D. Kamanga is a lawyer who has held various senior official positions in Malawi, and as of 6 December 2012 is the Attorney General of Malawi. Career Kamanga earned an LLB (Bachelor of Laws) in Malawi in 1978, an LLM (Master of Laws) in T ...

argued that the bill was not intended to include farting but instead, "fouling the air" was a reference to air pollution. He said fouling of the air can be done by burning tyres, rubbish and old computers or smoking, and thus spoiling the atmosphere of the neighbourhood. Kamanga said "How any reasonable or sensible person can construe the provision to criminalizing farting in public is beyond me".

Reaction

When ''

Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency was estab ...

'' distributed the story, saying "farting in public will no longer be just rude and discourteous to others, it will now be a crime", it was quickly picked up by the foreign press.

British media

The British tabloids in particular had a field day. The ''

Daily Mirror The ''Daily Mirror'' is a British national daily tabloid. Founded in 1903, it is owned by parent company Reach plc. From 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply ''The Mirror''. It had an average daily print ...

'' had the headline "Breaking wind is to become a crime in Malawi" and added "and it is already causing a stink". The ''

Daily Express The ''Daily Express'' is a national daily United Kingdom middle-market newspaper printed in tabloid format. Published in London, it is the flagship of Express Newspapers, owned by publisher Reach plc. It was first published as a broadsheet i ...

'' headline was "Law that put the wind up for you… Malawi bans flatulence". ''

The Register ''The Register'' is a British technology news website co-founded in 1994 by Mike Magee, John Lettice and Ross Alderson. The online newspaper's masthead sublogo is "''Biting the hand that feeds IT''." Their primary focus is information tec ...

'' added a sub-headline: "Clampdown on undisciplined bowels".

Chaponda's retraction

On 4 February 2011, the

BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board ex ...

reported that the Solicitor General

had contradicted Chaponda, saying the legislation referred to other forms of pollution. Reporting the controversy, ''The Registers story was headed "Big stink over Malawi farting ban: Solicitor general challenges trouser cough clampdown". Later, Chaponda retracted his remarks, saying he had not read the proposed bill before commenting. The head of ''Capital Radio'', which had aired the interview, signed an agreement with the government on 14 February 2011 in which the media committed to refrain from reporting stories that would destroy the image and credibility of the country. Chaponda also notes that the media misunderstood him and the laws. He noted that the reporting of this bill was a reflection of media trying to discredit the

Bingu wa Mutharika Bingu wa Mutharika (; born Brightson Webster Ryson Thom; 24 February 1934 – 5 April 2012) was a Malawian politician and economist who was President of Malawi from May 2004 until his death in April 2012. He was also President of the Democ ...

government.

Political fallout with media

The farting legislation led to further tension between the Malawian press and the

administration. Relations between the press and the Mutharika administration were strained due to the passage of a publications law that restricted press coverage. The press saw it as a part of on-going attempts by the Mutharika administration to crack down on press and limit democracy during his second term in office. The government saw the reporting as a direct attempt by the Malawian media to discredit and embarrass the Bingu wa Mutharika administration.

Media government agreement

A few weeks after the story made international headlines, the Malawi government Minister of Information and Civic Education,

Simon Vuwa Kaunda Symon Vuwa Kaunda is a Malawian Politician and the former Minister of Environment Tourism and Wildlife in the Republic of Malawi. He has also previously served the ruling Democratic Progressive Party Government as Minister of Lands, Housing and Ur ...

signed an agreement with the local press with regards to reporting about the Bingu wa Mutharika administration and the country. The intent of the agreement was to create greater communication between the press and the government. The request that journalists refrain from reporting stories that destroy Malawi's image and credibility both domestically and internationally without seeking clarification from the government. It led the way to government and press in Malawi meeting at regular intervals to be briefed on national affairs. However, continuing suppression of the media by the administration was one of the causes of the 2011 Malawi Protests.

References

{{reflist, 1, refs= {{cite web , url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/classified-odd/02/04/11/malawi-debate-public-farting-ban , work=ABS-CBN News , title=Malawi to debate public farting ban , date=2 April 2011 , accessdate=2 March 2011, archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110220195545/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/classified-odd/02/04/11/malawi-debate-public-farting-ban, archivedate= 20 February 2011 , url-status= live {{cite web , url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jgHJDMfZqA69ri5WF_ozl0JU2caw?docId=CNG.c1b5c6cfc38ca0ccf2065aa117dbf1d6.2e1 , title=Malawi to debate public farting ban , work=AFP , date=4 February 2011 , accessdate=2 March 2011 {{cite web , url=http://www.afrik-news.com/article18831.html , title=Malawi bill seeks to punish public farting and fortune tellers , date=26 January 2011 , author=KABELO MARUPI , work=Afrik News , accessdate=2 March 2011 {{cite news , url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12363852 , date=4 February 2011 , title=Malawi row over whether new law bans farting , work=BBC , accessdate=2 March 2011, archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110301104516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12363852, archivedate= 1 March 2011 , url-status= live {{cite news , url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/04/malawi-bill-proposes-fart_n_818674.html , title=Malawi Government Proposes Fart Ban , date=2 April 2011 , work=Huffington Post , accessdate=2 March 2011, archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110209143840/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/04/malawi-bill-proposes-fart_n_818674.html, archivedate= 9 February 2011 , url-status= live , first=Curtis M. , last=Wong {{cite web , url=http://maravipost.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4663:chaponda-oops-i-goofed-you-can-fart&catid=74:general&Itemid=160#ixzz1D8VQamqG , title=Chaponda: Oops I goofed, you can fart! , date=4 February 2011 , accessdate=2 March 2011 , author=Joe Chibewa , work=Marevi Post , url-status=dead , archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714032623/http://maravipost.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4663%3Achaponda-oops-i-goofed-you-can-fart&catid=74%3Ageneral&Itemid=160 , archivedate=14 July 2011 , df=dmy {{cite web , url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/malawi-%E2%80%98farting-crime%E2%80%99-makes-british-headlines.html , title=Malawi 'farting crime' makes British headlines , work=Nyasa Times , date=30 January 2011 , accessdate=2 March 2011 {{cite web , url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/02/04/malawi_stink/ , title=Big stink over Malawi farting ban: Solicitor general challenges trouser cough clampdown , author=Lester Haines , work=The Register , date=4 February 2011 , accessdate=2 March 2011, archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110207005146/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/02/04/malawi_stink/, archivedate= 7 February 2011 , url-status= live {{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/idUS347731415720110201 , title=Malawi To Make Farting in Public Illegal , publisher=

, date=2 February 2011 , accessdate=1 March 2011 , url-status=dead , archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219143432/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/idUS347731415720110201 , archivedate=19 February 2011 2011 in Malawi 2011 in law Law of Malawi Flatulence