The 2009 southeast Queensland oil spill occurred off the coast of southeast

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , establishe ...

, Australia on 11 March 2009, when 230 tonnes of fuel oil, 30 tonnes of other fuel and 31

shipping container A shipping container is a container with strength suitable to withstand shipment, storage, and handling. Shipping containers range from large reusable steel boxes used for intermodal shipments to the ubiquitous corrugated boxes. In the context of ...

s containing 620 tonnes of

ammonium nitrate Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is a white crystalline salt consisting of ions of ammonium and nitrate. It is highly soluble in water and hygroscopic as a solid, although it does not form hydrates. It is ...

spilled into the Coral Sea, north of

Moreton Bay Moreton Bay is a bay located on the eastern coast of Australia from central Brisbane, Queensland. It is one of Queensland's most important coastal resources. The waters of Moreton Bay are a popular destination for recreational anglers and are ...

during Cyclone Hamish. It happened after unsecured cargo on damaged other cargo, causing the spillage. Over the following days, the spill washed ashore along of coastline encompassing the Sunshine Coast,

, Bribie Island and Moreton Island. The ship proceeded through Moreton Bay and docked at the

Port of Brisbane Port of Brisbane is the shipping port and coastal suburb of the City of Brisbane, on the east coast of Queensland, Australia. In the , Port of Brisbane had no residents living in the suburb. The port is the largest in the state of Queensland. ...

where it continued to spread a long slick in the mouth of the Brisbane River. The Queensland government declared a state of emergency. Premier Anna Bligh described the spill as the "worst environmental disaster Queensland has ever seen." It took over 1,425 people 16 months to clean up the affected areas.Moreton oil spill clean up finally declared over
. The Age. Retrieved 24 July

Cause and initial responses

MV ''Pacific Adventurer'' was sailing from

Newcastle Newcastle usually refers to: *Newcastle upon Tyne, a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England *Newcastle-under-Lyme, a town in Staffordshire, England *Newcastle, New South Wales, a metropolitan area in Australia, named after Newcastle ...

to the

. Cyclone Hamish had formed off the coast of Queensland. Subsequently, the improperly stowed cargo dislodged from the deck damaging other cargo and containers, causing various substances to spill into the ocean. The ship was damaged at and below the waterline and began to leak fuel and lubricant oil. Over the following days the spill washed ashore over a 60 km stretch of coastline. In an interview, crew members stated that the captain, Bernardino Santos, was to blame for the incident. The captain decided to stay on course, directly through the storm. As the ship encountered heavy swells, the 20 crew members went below deck, fearing for their lives. At 3:12 a.m., a wave broke the restraints for the cargo and sent 31 containers of ammonium nitrate overboard. The Queensland maritime safety authorities estimated that the ship was at a 25-degree angle at the time the containers were knocked off. When the ship came back down, one of the containers damaged the hull. After rolling to the opposite side, it crashed onto another container, creating a large hole underneath the ship, which was not noticed until it docked in Brisbane. Swire Shipping initially reported that only 20 tonnes had been spilled. This was later revised to 30 tonnes, 100 tonnes, 230 tonnes and 250 tonnes. The Queensland Government reacted to the situation based on the initial information of 20 tonnes, which was later discovered to be inaccurate, leading to claims of an inadequate initial clean-up response. After divers inspected the ship for the source of the spill, two holes were found. One, located just above the waterline, was 10 mm (0.4 in) long 15 mm (0.6 in) wide. The second and larger hole was underneath the ship and measured about 1 m (3.3 ft) long and 300 mm (12 in) wide.

Affected areas

In the days following the spill, substances washed ashore along a stretch of coastline. Oil covered beaches, rocky reefs, coastal wetlands and mangrove wetlands. Most of these areas were declared restricted zones and public access was limited. Radar satellite images acquired in preparation for cyclone damage captured the extent of the spill before it hit the coastline. * Sunshine Coast ** Bokarina beach ** Marcoola beach **

Maroochy River The Maroochy River is a river in South East Queensland, Australia. The river rises from the eastern slopes of the Blackall Range and flows east through Eumundi, before entering the sea at Cotton Tree, Maroochydore. Other populated centres in ...

mouth ** Minyama beach ** Mudjimba beach ** Warana beach ** Wurtulla beach *

: Bribie Island – northern coastline : Moreton Island – from Eagers Creek on the ocean beach, north around

Cape Moreton Cape Moreton is a rocky headland at the north eastern tip of Moreton Island in South East Queensland, Australia. The surrounding area is part of the Moreton Island National Park. Flinders Reef is north-west of Cape Moreton. The outcrop is mos ...

and on to

Comboyuro Point Moreton Island is a large sand island on the eastern side of Moreton Bay, on the coast of South East Queensland, Australia. Due to the island's importance in navigating the northern passage into Moreton Bay and Brisbane, at least five lighthouses ...

, in Moreton Bay * Brisbane River mouth – long slick

Clean-up

Following the oil spill Queensland Premier Anna Bligh declared two islands and parts of the Sunshine Coast disaster areas. Clean-up efforts were reportedly going to cost at least A$100,000 a day and last more than a week as the oil continued to spread. Several search parties have been sent to the spill area to attempt to find the potentially explosive materials that were in the 31 containers. Press reports stated that if the ammonium nitrate were to mix with the heavy fuel, the mixture could ignite and cause a large explosion. If the chemical did not react with the fuel but still leaked out, marine life could be threatened by large blooms of algae. By 15 March, the cost of the spill jumped to $A10 million (US$6.6 million). A team of 88 people were sent out to begin the clean-up process and a further 58 were expected to join within the following days. On 16 March, the Royal Australian Navy began searching for the 31 containers of ammonium nitrate that were knocked off the ship. A navy minehunter was sent to look for the containers to reduce the amount of impact the chemical could cause. The clean-up was a delicate operation, because high tides had already eroded beaches after ex-tropical cyclone Hamish battered the coast over the previous week. At the same time, high tides carried off some of the fuel oil initially deposited along shorelines and dispersed it back into the sea. By 15 March, the federal government reported that 50% of the oil had been contained and that the slick had been removed from about 95% of Bribie Island, 85% of the Sunshine Coast and 25% of the waters around Moreton Island. On Moreton Island, 290 people worked to clean up the oil, with most focusing on Middle Creek and Cape Moreton. Even though hundreds of people had worked on cleaning the spill, the average amount of oil cleaned each day was 1 km (0.6 mi) per day. At that rate, it would have taken more than a month to clean all the affected areas. The Federal Government promised to provide $A2 million (US$1.3 million) to help with the clean-up.

Clean-up in process

In late July 2010, the clean-up effort was declared "complete". Federal Environment Minister

Peter Garrett Peter Robert Garrett (born 16 April 1953) is an Australian musician, environmentalist, activist and former politician. In 1973, Garrett became the lead singer of the Australian rock band Midnight Oil. As a performer he is known for his signa ...

attended clean-up sites to celebrate the end of clean-up efforts. 1,425 personnel took 16 months to clean up 155 hectares of coastal area and included installation of 21,220 plants and 2.6 km of fencing to protect recovering vegetation.

Effects and consequences

Disaster declaration

Shortly after the slick washed ashore the Queensland government declared a state of emergency. The disaster declaration restricted public access to beaches affected by the oil slick and allow clean-up teams unobstructed access. The declaration covers all of Moreton Island, coastal waters and beaches in the Sunshine Coast, Redcliffe and Brisbane disaster districts and the southern tip of Bribie Island to Point Arkwright.

Local economy

Several of the local restaurants which receive shipments of fish from the waters off the Queensland coast refused to stock any more fish due to the spill. The cost of the clean-up also hurt the economy, costing at least A$10 million. In July 2009 the total bill was estimated to be A$34 million. The Australian Government provided A$750,000 to help jump-start the tourist industry. Fourteen of the 19 beaches affected along the Sunshine Coast that had been cleaned were reopened in March 2009.

Fines and legal implications

Once the ship was at port, Captain Santos was forced to surrender his passport to Australian officials and he was to remain in Brisbane for at least two weeks to help with the investigation. On 14 October 2011, Swire Navigation and Bluewind Shipping were fined $A600,000 each and ordered to publish a public apology after earlier pleading guilty to causing the spill. The court heard the two companies have already paid $A17.5 million under a limitation order in the Federal Court, as well as an additional $A7.5 million to help cover the $A31 million cost of cleaning up the damage. Charges against Santos were dropped earlier in the week.

Wildlife

The Environmental Protection Agency reports that the full extent of wildlife affected by the spill has yet to be realised. "The flow-on effects of oil spills can be substantive," according to a spokesperson for the agency. "The longer-term impacts are yet to be realised." Several birds have been found covered with oil. By 17 March, about 30 animals had been recovered after being covered with oil. All of the animals were immediately treated and cleaned. Oiled animals included pelicans, ghost crabs and sea snakes.

References

External links

Map of affected areas from ABC News
{{DEFAULTSORT:2009 Southeast Queensland Oil Spill Southeast Queensland oil spill Pollution in Australia Southeast Queensland oil spill Southeast Queensland Oil Spill, 2009 Disasters in Queensland 2009 in the environment South East Queensland 2000s in Queensland Oil spills in Australia